CVE-2025-22149 (GCVE-0-2025-22149)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-01-09 17:22 – Updated: 2025-05-23 19:56
VLAI
Title
JWK Set's HTTP client only overwrites and appends JWK to local cache during refresh
Summary
JWK Set (JSON Web Key Set) is a JWK and JWK Set Go implementation. Prior to 0.6.0, the project's provided HTTP client's local JWK Set cache should do a full replacement when the goroutine refreshes the remote JWK Set. The current behavior is to overwrite or append. This is a security issue for use cases that utilize the provided auto-caching HTTP client and where key removal from a JWK Set is equivalent to revocation. The affected auto-caching HTTP client was added in version v0.5.0 and fixed in v0.6.0. The only workaround would be to remove the provided auto-caching HTTP client and replace it with a custom implementation. This involves setting the HTTPClientStorageOptions.RefreshInterval to zero (or not specifying the value).
Severity
2.1 (Low)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:H/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:L/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-01-09 18:08 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-672 - Operation on a Resource after Expiration or Release
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7843 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version CPE status
MicahParks jwkset Affected: >= 0.5.0, < 0.6.0
guessed Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2025-22149",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2025-01-09T18:08:52.573069Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2025-01-09T18:09:01.964Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      },
      {
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2025-05-23T19:56:35.937Z",
          "orgId": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
          "shortName": "CVE"
        },
        "references": [
          {
            "url": "https://www.vicarius.io/vsociety/posts/cve-2025-22149-detect-jwkset-vulnerability-in-go-projects-1"
          },
          {
            "url": "https://www.vicarius.io/vsociety/posts/cve-2025-22149-mitigate-jwkset-vulnerability-in-go-projects"
          }
        ],
        "title": "CVE Program Container",
        "x_generator": {
          "engine": "ADPogram 0.0.1"
        }
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "product": "jwkset",
          "vendor": "MicahParks",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003e= 0.5.0, \u003c 0.6.0"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "JWK Set (JSON Web Key Set) is a JWK and JWK Set Go implementation. Prior to 0.6.0, the project\u0027s provided HTTP client\u0027s local JWK Set cache should do a full replacement when the goroutine refreshes the remote JWK Set. The current behavior is to overwrite or append. This is a security issue for use cases that utilize the provided auto-caching HTTP client and where key removal from a JWK Set is equivalent to revocation. The affected auto-caching HTTP client was added in version v0.5.0 and fixed in v0.6.0. The only workaround would be to remove the provided auto-caching HTTP client and replace it with a custom implementation. This involves setting the HTTPClientStorageOptions.RefreshInterval to zero (or not specifying the value)."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV4_0": {
            "attackComplexity": "HIGH",
            "attackRequirements": "PRESENT",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "baseScore": 2.1,
            "baseSeverity": "LOW",
            "privilegesRequired": "HIGH",
            "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "subIntegrityImpact": "LOW",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:H/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:L/SA:N",
            "version": "4.0",
            "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "vulnIntegrityImpact": "NONE"
          }
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-672",
              "description": "CWE-672: Operation on a Resource after Expiration or Release",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2025-01-09T17:22:59.757Z",
        "orgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
        "shortName": "GitHub_M"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/MicahParks/jwkset/security/advisories/GHSA-675f-rq2r-jw82",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_CONFIRM"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/MicahParks/jwkset/security/advisories/GHSA-675f-rq2r-jw82"
        },
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/MicahParks/jwkset/issues/40",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/MicahParks/jwkset/issues/40"
        },
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/MicahParks/jwkset/commit/01db49a90f7f20c7fb39a699a2f19a7a5f379ed3",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/MicahParks/jwkset/commit/01db49a90f7f20c7fb39a699a2f19a7a5f379ed3"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "advisory": "GHSA-675f-rq2r-jw82",
        "discovery": "UNKNOWN"
      },
      "title": "JWK Set\u0027s HTTP client only overwrites and appends JWK to local cache during refresh"
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
    "assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
    "cveId": "CVE-2025-22149",
    "datePublished": "2025-01-09T17:22:59.757Z",
    "dateReserved": "2024-12-30T03:00:33.654Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2025-05-23T19:56:35.937Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.1",
  "vulnerability-lookup:meta": {
    "epss": {
      "cve": "CVE-2025-22149",
      "date": "2026-11-13",
      "epss": "0.00756",
      "percentile": "0.55717"
    },
    "nvd": {
      "cve": {
        "affected": [
          {
            "affectedData": [
              {
                "product": "jwkset",
                "vendor": "MicahParks",
                "versions": [
                  {
                    "status": "affected",
                    "version": "\u003e= 0.5.0, \u003c 0.6.0"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ],
            "source": "security-advisories@github.com"
          }
        ],
        "cveTags": [],
        "descriptions": [
          {
            "lang": "en",
            "value": "JWK Set (JSON Web Key Set) is a JWK and JWK Set Go implementation. Prior to 0.6.0, the project\u0027s provided HTTP client\u0027s local JWK Set cache should do a full replacement when the goroutine refreshes the remote JWK Set. The current behavior is to overwrite or append. This is a security issue for use cases that utilize the provided auto-caching HTTP client and where key removal from a JWK Set is equivalent to revocation. The affected auto-caching HTTP client was added in version v0.5.0 and fixed in v0.6.0. The only workaround would be to remove the provided auto-caching HTTP client and replace it with a custom implementation. This involves setting the HTTPClientStorageOptions.RefreshInterval to zero (or not specifying the value)."
          },
          {
            "lang": "es",
            "value": "JWK Set (JSON Web Key Set) es una implementaci\u00f3n de JWK y JWK Set Go. Antes de la versi\u00f3n 0.6.0, la cach\u00e9 local de JWK Set del cliente HTTP proporcionado por el proyecto deber\u00eda realizar un reemplazo completo cuando la goroutine actualiza el JWK Set remoto. El comportamiento actual es sobrescribir o agregar. Este es un problema de seguridad para los casos de uso que utilizan el cliente HTTP de almacenamiento en cach\u00e9 autom\u00e1tico proporcionado y donde la eliminaci\u00f3n de claves de un JWK Set es equivalente a la revocaci\u00f3n. El cliente HTTP de almacenamiento en cach\u00e9 autom\u00e1tico afectado se agreg\u00f3 en la versi\u00f3n v0.5.0 y se solucion\u00f3 en la v0.6.0. El \u00fanico workaround ser\u00eda eliminar el cliente HTTP de almacenamiento en cach\u00e9 autom\u00e1tico proporcionado y reemplazarlo con una implementaci\u00f3n personalizada. Esto implica configurar HTTPClientStorageOptions.RefreshInterval en cero (o no especificar el valor)."
          }
        ],
        "id": "CVE-2025-22149",
        "lastModified": "2026-06-17T08:45:21.110",
        "metrics": {
          "cvssMetricV40": [
            {
              "cvssData": {
                "Automatable": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "Recovery": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "Safety": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "attackComplexity": "HIGH",
                "attackRequirements": "PRESENT",
                "attackVector": "NETWORK",
                "availabilityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "baseScore": 2.1,
                "baseSeverity": "LOW",
                "confidentialityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "exploitMaturity": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "integrityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "modifiedAttackComplexity": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "modifiedAttackRequirements": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "modifiedAttackVector": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "modifiedPrivilegesRequired": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "modifiedSubAvailabilityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "modifiedSubConfidentialityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "modifiedSubIntegrityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "modifiedUserInteraction": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "modifiedVulnAvailabilityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "modifiedVulnConfidentialityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "modifiedVulnIntegrityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "privilegesRequired": "HIGH",
                "providerUrgency": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
                "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
                "subIntegrityImpact": "LOW",
                "userInteraction": "NONE",
                "valueDensity": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:H/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:L/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
                "version": "4.0",
                "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
                "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
                "vulnIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
                "vulnerabilityResponseEffort": "NOT_DEFINED"
              },
              "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
              "type": "Secondary"
            }
          ],
          "ssvcV203": [
            {
              "source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
              "ssvcData": {
                "id": "CVE-2025-22149",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "technicalImpact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2025-01-09T18:08:52.573069Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              }
            }
          ]
        },
        "published": "2025-01-09T18:15:30.233",
        "references": [
          {
            "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
            "url": "https://github.com/MicahParks/jwkset/commit/01db49a90f7f20c7fb39a699a2f19a7a5f379ed3"
          },
          {
            "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
            "url": "https://github.com/MicahParks/jwkset/issues/40"
          },
          {
            "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
            "url": "https://github.com/MicahParks/jwkset/security/advisories/GHSA-675f-rq2r-jw82"
          },
          {
            "source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
            "url": "https://www.vicarius.io/vsociety/posts/cve-2025-22149-detect-jwkset-vulnerability-in-go-projects-1"
          },
          {
            "source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
            "url": "https://www.vicarius.io/vsociety/posts/cve-2025-22149-mitigate-jwkset-vulnerability-in-go-projects"
          }
        ],
        "sourceIdentifier": "security-advisories@github.com",
        "vulnStatus": "Deferred",
        "weaknesses": [
          {
            "description": [
              {
                "lang": "en",
                "value": "CWE-672"
              }
            ],
            "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
            "type": "Secondary"
          }
        ]
      }
    },
    "redhat_vex": {
      "current_release_date": "2025-05-28T17:10:29+00:00",
      "cve": "CVE-2025-22149",
      "id": "CVE-2025-22149",
      "initial_release_date": "2025-01-01T00:00:00+00:00",
      "product_status:known_not_affected": "1",
      "source": "Red Hat CSAF VEX",
      "status": "final",
      "title": "JWK Set\u0027s HTTP client only overwrites and appends JWK to local cache during refresh",
      "url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2025/cve-2025-22149.json",
      "version": "3"
    },
    "vulnrichment": {
      "containers": {
        "adp": [
          {
            "providerMetadata": {
              "dateUpdated": "2025-05-23T19:56:35.937Z",
              "orgId": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
              "shortName": "CVE"
            },
            "references": [
              {
                "url": "https://www.vicarius.io/vsociety/posts/cve-2025-22149-detect-jwkset-vulnerability-in-go-projects-1"
              },
              {
                "url": "https://www.vicarius.io/vsociety/posts/cve-2025-22149-mitigate-jwkset-vulnerability-in-go-projects"
              }
            ],
            "title": "CVE Program Container",
            "x_generator": {
              "engine": "ADPogram 0.0.1"
            }
          },
          {
            "metrics": [
              {
                "other": {
                  "content": {
                    "id": "CVE-2025-22149",
                    "options": [
                      {
                        "Exploitation": "none"
                      },
                      {
                        "Automatable": "no"
                      },
                      {
                        "Technical Impact": "partial"
                      }
                    ],
                    "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                    "timestamp": "2025-01-09T18:08:52.573069Z",
                    "version": "2.0.3"
                  },
                  "type": "ssvc"
                }
              }
            ],
            "providerMetadata": {
              "dateUpdated": "2025-01-09T18:08:56.235Z",
              "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
              "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
            },
            "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
          }
        ],
        "cna": {
          "affected": [
            {
              "product": "jwkset",
              "vendor": "MicahParks",
              "versions": [
                {
                  "status": "affected",
                  "version": "\u003e= 0.5.0, \u003c 0.6.0"
                }
              ]
            }
          ],
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "JWK Set (JSON Web Key Set) is a JWK and JWK Set Go implementation. Prior to 0.6.0, the project\u0027s provided HTTP client\u0027s local JWK Set cache should do a full replacement when the goroutine refreshes the remote JWK Set. The current behavior is to overwrite or append. This is a security issue for use cases that utilize the provided auto-caching HTTP client and where key removal from a JWK Set is equivalent to revocation. The affected auto-caching HTTP client was added in version v0.5.0 and fixed in v0.6.0. The only workaround would be to remove the provided auto-caching HTTP client and replace it with a custom implementation. This involves setting the HTTPClientStorageOptions.RefreshInterval to zero (or not specifying the value)."
            }
          ],
          "metrics": [
            {
              "cvssV4_0": {
                "attackComplexity": "HIGH",
                "attackRequirements": "PRESENT",
                "attackVector": "NETWORK",
                "baseScore": 2.1,
                "baseSeverity": "LOW",
                "privilegesRequired": "HIGH",
                "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
                "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
                "subIntegrityImpact": "LOW",
                "userInteraction": "NONE",
                "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:H/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:L/SA:N",
                "version": "4.0",
                "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
                "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
                "vulnIntegrityImpact": "NONE"
              }
            }
          ],
          "problemTypes": [
            {
              "descriptions": [
                {
                  "cweId": "CWE-672",
                  "description": "CWE-672: Operation on a Resource after Expiration or Release",
                  "lang": "en",
                  "type": "CWE"
                }
              ]
            }
          ],
          "providerMetadata": {
            "dateUpdated": "2025-01-09T17:22:59.757Z",
            "orgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
            "shortName": "GitHub_M"
          },
          "references": [
            {
              "name": "https://github.com/MicahParks/jwkset/security/advisories/GHSA-675f-rq2r-jw82",
              "tags": [
                "x_refsource_CONFIRM"
              ],
              "url": "https://github.com/MicahParks/jwkset/security/advisories/GHSA-675f-rq2r-jw82"
            },
            {
              "name": "https://github.com/MicahParks/jwkset/issues/40",
              "tags": [
                "x_refsource_MISC"
              ],
              "url": "https://github.com/MicahParks/jwkset/issues/40"
            },
            {
              "name": "https://github.com/MicahParks/jwkset/commit/01db49a90f7f20c7fb39a699a2f19a7a5f379ed3",
              "tags": [
                "x_refsource_MISC"
              ],
              "url": "https://github.com/MicahParks/jwkset/commit/01db49a90f7f20c7fb39a699a2f19a7a5f379ed3"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "advisory": "GHSA-675f-rq2r-jw82",
            "discovery": "UNKNOWN"
          },
          "title": "JWK Set\u0027s HTTP client only overwrites and appends JWK to local cache during refresh"
        }
      },
      "cveMetadata": {
        "assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
        "assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
        "cveId": "CVE-2025-22149",
        "datePublished": "2025-01-09T17:22:59.757Z",
        "dateReserved": "2024-12-30T03:00:33.654Z",
        "dateUpdated": "2025-05-23T19:56:35.937Z",
        "state": "PUBLISHED"
      },
      "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
      "dataVersion": "5.1"
    }
  }
}



Log in or create an account to share your comment.




Tags
Taxonomy of the tags.




Drag nodes to arrange them. Double-click a related vulnerability to open it, or a source to visit its link. The Physics button on the left tunes the layout and the simulation; the legend at the bottom left hides or shows nodes by kind and by sighting type.

Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.

Sightings

Author Source Type Date Other

Nomenclature

  • Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
  • Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
  • Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
  • Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
  • Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Vulnerability timeline

Sightings and recorded dates, grouped by day · UTC

JSON
How durations are calculated

Following the VTEM framework (Black Hat USA 2015), time to patch starts when the vendor or a coordinator was informed, total time to patch at discovery, and disclosure to patch at public disclosure; vendor response time runs from the report to its acknowledgement. Time to exploit and time unpatched start at the earliest discovery or report, falling back to public disclosure. Unpatched time ends at the first recorded patch, or the calculation time when no patch is recorded. Exploitation to patch shows the interval between those two events; a published proof of concept is a public exploit, not exploitation.

Each result shows its source dates. A negative interval means the end event came first; when date-only inputs leave the order open, the result says so. Date-only inputs are approximate. The earliest evidence wins: KEV report dates and sightings are labelled as such. Records describing another vulnerability are listed but never calculated from, and a PoC alone does not establish exploitation. Missing patch evidence does not prove that no patch exists. Filters below change the event list only.

Loading timeline…




    Related by attack behaviour

    Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.