CVE-2025-13587 (GCVE-0-2025-13587)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-19 04:36 – Updated: 2026-04-08 16:36
VLAI
Title
Two Factor (2FA) Authentication via Email <= 1.9.8 - Two-Factor Authentication Bypass via token
Summary
The Two Factor (2FA) Authentication via Email plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Two-Factor Authentication Bypass in versions up to, and including, 1.9.8. This is because the SS88_2FAVE::wp_login() method only enforces the 2FA requirement if the 'token' HTTP GET parameter is undefined, which makes it possible to bypass two-factor authentication by supplying any value in the 'token' parameter during login, including an empty one.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-02-19 17:04 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-20 - Improper Input Validation
Assigner
Wordfence CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 65/100 over 2451 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version CPE status
ss88_uk Two Factor (2FA) Authentication via Email Affected: 0 , ≤ 1.9.8 (semver)
guessed Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Ulyses Saicha
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2025-13587",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-02-19T17:04:07.323978Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2026-02-19T17:39:55.138Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "Two Factor (2FA) Authentication via Email",
          "vendor": "ss88_uk",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "1.9.8",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "credits": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "finder",
          "value": "Ulyses Saicha"
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "The Two Factor (2FA) Authentication via Email plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Two-Factor Authentication Bypass in versions up to, and including, 1.9.8. This is because the SS88_2FAVE::wp_login() method only enforces the 2FA requirement if the \u0027token\u0027 HTTP GET parameter is undefined, which makes it possible to bypass two-factor authentication by supplying any value in the \u0027token\u0027 parameter during login, including an empty one."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "baseScore": 6.5,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
            "version": "3.1"
          }
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-20",
              "description": "CWE-20 Improper Input Validation",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-04-08T16:36:20.584Z",
        "orgId": "b15e7b5b-3da4-40ae-a43c-f7aa60e62599",
        "shortName": "Wordfence"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/11fbe76c-dc5c-413c-b6a8-d0f4aa56935d?source=cve"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/two-factor-2fa-via-email/trunk/ss88-two-factor-via-email.php#L218"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026old=3408531%40two-factor-2fa-via-email\u0026new=3408531%40two-factor-2fa-via-email\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
        }
      ],
      "timeline": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "time": "2026-02-18T15:31:37.000Z",
          "value": "Disclosed"
        }
      ],
      "title": "Two Factor (2FA) Authentication via Email \u003c= 1.9.8 - Two-Factor Authentication Bypass via token"
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "b15e7b5b-3da4-40ae-a43c-f7aa60e62599",
    "assignerShortName": "Wordfence",
    "cveId": "CVE-2025-13587",
    "datePublished": "2026-02-19T04:36:05.735Z",
    "dateReserved": "2025-11-23T14:04:31.558Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-04-08T16:36:20.584Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2",
  "vulnerability-lookup:meta": {
    "epss": {
      "cve": "CVE-2025-13587",
      "date": "2026-11-09",
      "epss": "0.00423",
      "percentile": "0.36842"
    },
    "nvd": {
      "cve": {
        "affected": [
          {
            "affectedData": [
              {
                "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
                "product": "Two Factor (2FA) Authentication via Email",
                "vendor": "ss88_uk",
                "versions": [
                  {
                    "lessThanOrEqual": "1.9.8",
                    "status": "affected",
                    "version": "0",
                    "versionType": "semver"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ],
            "source": "security@wordfence.com"
          }
        ],
        "cveTags": [],
        "descriptions": [
          {
            "lang": "en",
            "value": "The Two Factor (2FA) Authentication via Email plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Two-Factor Authentication Bypass in versions up to, and including, 1.9.8. This is because the SS88_2FAVE::wp_login() method only enforces the 2FA requirement if the \u0027token\u0027 HTTP GET parameter is undefined, which makes it possible to bypass two-factor authentication by supplying any value in the \u0027token\u0027 parameter during login, including an empty one."
          },
          {
            "lang": "es",
            "value": "El plugin de Autenticaci\u00f3n de Dos Factores (2FA) v\u00eda Correo Electr\u00f3nico para WordPress es vulnerable a la omisi\u00f3n de autenticaci\u00f3n de dos factores en versiones hasta la 1.9.8, inclusive. Esto se debe a que el m\u00e9todo SS88_2FAVE::wp_login() solo aplica el requisito de 2FA si el par\u00e1metro GET HTTP \u0027token\u0027 no est\u00e1 definido, lo que hace posible omitir la autenticaci\u00f3n de dos factores al proporcionar cualquier valor en el par\u00e1metro \u0027token\u0027 durante el inicio de sesi\u00f3n, incluyendo uno vac\u00edo."
          }
        ],
        "id": "CVE-2025-13587",
        "lastModified": "2026-06-17T08:34:24.443",
        "metrics": {
          "cvssMetricV31": [
            {
              "cvssData": {
                "attackComplexity": "LOW",
                "attackVector": "NETWORK",
                "availabilityImpact": "NONE",
                "baseScore": 6.5,
                "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
                "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
                "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
                "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
                "scope": "UNCHANGED",
                "userInteraction": "NONE",
                "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
                "version": "3.1"
              },
              "exploitabilityScore": 2.8,
              "impactScore": 3.6,
              "source": "security@wordfence.com",
              "type": "Secondary"
            }
          ],
          "ssvcV203": [
            {
              "source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
              "ssvcData": {
                "id": "CVE-2025-13587",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "technicalImpact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-02-19T17:04:07.323978Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              }
            }
          ]
        },
        "published": "2026-02-19T07:17:31.087",
        "references": [
          {
            "source": "security@wordfence.com",
            "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/two-factor-2fa-via-email/trunk/ss88-two-factor-via-email.php#L218"
          },
          {
            "source": "security@wordfence.com",
            "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026old=3408531%40two-factor-2fa-via-email\u0026new=3408531%40two-factor-2fa-via-email\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
          },
          {
            "source": "security@wordfence.com",
            "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/11fbe76c-dc5c-413c-b6a8-d0f4aa56935d?source=cve"
          }
        ],
        "sourceIdentifier": "security@wordfence.com",
        "vulnStatus": "Deferred",
        "weaknesses": [
          {
            "description": [
              {
                "lang": "en",
                "value": "CWE-20"
              }
            ],
            "source": "security@wordfence.com",
            "type": "Secondary"
          }
        ]
      }
    },
    "redhat_vex": {
      "current_release_date": "2026-02-20T07:22:20+00:00",
      "cve": "CVE-2025-13587",
      "id": "CVE-2025-13587",
      "initial_release_date": "2025-01-01T00:00:00+00:00",
      "product_status:known_not_affected": "1",
      "source": "Red Hat CSAF VEX",
      "status": "final",
      "title": "Two Factor (2FA) Authentication via Email \u003c= 1.9.8 - Two-Factor Authentication Bypass via token",
      "url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2025/cve-2025-13587.json",
      "version": "3"
    },
    "vulnrichment": {
      "containers": {
        "adp": [
          {
            "metrics": [
              {
                "other": {
                  "content": {
                    "id": "CVE-2025-13587",
                    "options": [
                      {
                        "Exploitation": "none"
                      },
                      {
                        "Automatable": "no"
                      },
                      {
                        "Technical Impact": "partial"
                      }
                    ],
                    "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                    "timestamp": "2026-02-19T17:04:07.323978Z",
                    "version": "2.0.3"
                  },
                  "type": "ssvc"
                }
              }
            ],
            "providerMetadata": {
              "dateUpdated": "2026-02-19T17:04:08.899Z",
              "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
              "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
            },
            "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
          }
        ],
        "cna": {
          "affected": [
            {
              "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
              "product": "Two Factor (2FA) Authentication via Email",
              "vendor": "ss88_uk",
              "versions": [
                {
                  "lessThanOrEqual": "1.9.8",
                  "status": "affected",
                  "version": "*",
                  "versionType": "semver"
                }
              ]
            }
          ],
          "credits": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "finder",
              "value": "Ulyses Saicha"
            }
          ],
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "The Two Factor (2FA) Authentication via Email plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Two-Factor Authentication Bypass in versions up to, and including, 1.9.8. This is because the SS88_2FAVE::wp_login() method only enforces the 2FA requirement if the \u0027token\u0027 HTTP GET parameter is undefined, which makes it possible to bypass two-factor authentication by supplying any value in the \u0027token\u0027 parameter during login, including an empty one."
            }
          ],
          "metrics": [
            {
              "cvssV3_1": {
                "baseScore": 6.5,
                "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
                "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
                "version": "3.1"
              }
            }
          ],
          "problemTypes": [
            {
              "descriptions": [
                {
                  "cweId": "CWE-20",
                  "description": "CWE-20 Improper Input Validation",
                  "lang": "en",
                  "type": "CWE"
                }
              ]
            }
          ],
          "providerMetadata": {
            "dateUpdated": "2026-02-19T04:36:05.735Z",
            "orgId": "b15e7b5b-3da4-40ae-a43c-f7aa60e62599",
            "shortName": "Wordfence"
          },
          "references": [
            {
              "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/11fbe76c-dc5c-413c-b6a8-d0f4aa56935d?source=cve"
            },
            {
              "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/two-factor-2fa-via-email/trunk/ss88-two-factor-via-email.php#L218"
            },
            {
              "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026old=3408531%40two-factor-2fa-via-email\u0026new=3408531%40two-factor-2fa-via-email\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
            }
          ],
          "timeline": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "time": "2026-02-18T15:31:37.000Z",
              "value": "Disclosed"
            }
          ],
          "title": "Two Factor (2FA) Authentication via Email \u003c= 1.9.8 - Two-Factor Authentication Bypass via token"
        }
      },
      "cveMetadata": {
        "assignerOrgId": "b15e7b5b-3da4-40ae-a43c-f7aa60e62599",
        "assignerShortName": "Wordfence",
        "cveId": "CVE-2025-13587",
        "datePublished": "2026-02-19T04:36:05.735Z",
        "dateReserved": "2025-11-23T14:04:31.558Z",
        "dateUpdated": "2026-02-19T17:39:55.138Z",
        "state": "PUBLISHED"
      },
      "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
      "dataVersion": "5.2"
    }
  }
}



Log in or create an account to share your comment.




Tags
Taxonomy of the tags.




Drag nodes to arrange them. Double-click a related vulnerability to open it, or a source to visit its link. The Physics button on the left tunes the layout and the simulation; the legend at the bottom left hides or shows nodes by kind and by sighting type.

Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.

Sightings

Author Source Type Date Other

Nomenclature

  • Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
  • Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
  • Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
  • Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
  • Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Vulnerability timeline

Sightings and recorded dates, grouped by day · UTC

JSON
How durations are calculated

Following the VTEM framework (Black Hat USA 2015), time to patch starts when the vendor or a coordinator was informed, total time to patch at discovery, and disclosure to patch at public disclosure; vendor response time runs from the report to its acknowledgement. Time to exploit and time unpatched start at the earliest discovery or report, falling back to public disclosure. Unpatched time ends at the first recorded patch, or the calculation time when no patch is recorded. Exploitation to patch shows the interval between those two events; a published proof of concept is a public exploit, not exploitation.

Each result shows its source dates. A negative interval means the end event came first; when date-only inputs leave the order open, the result says so. Date-only inputs are approximate. The earliest evidence wins: KEV report dates and sightings are labelled as such. Records describing another vulnerability are listed but never calculated from, and a PoC alone does not establish exploitation. Missing patch evidence does not prove that no patch exists. Filters below change the event list only.

Loading timeline…




    Related by attack behaviour

    Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.