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CWE-409
Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)
The product does not handle or incorrectly handles a compressed input with a very high compression ratio that produces a large output.
CVE-2026-21441 (GCVE-0-2026-21441)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-07 22:09 – Updated: 2026-07-06 12:05
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
urllib3 vulnerable to decompression-bomb safeguard bypass when following HTTP redirects (streaming API)
Summary
urllib3 is an HTTP client library for Python. urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once. urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP `Content-Encoding` header (e.g., `gzip`, `deflate`, `br`, or `zstd`). When using the streaming API, the library decompresses only the necessary bytes, enabling partial content consumption. Starting in version 1.22 and prior to version 2.6.3, for HTTP redirect responses, the library would read the entire response body to drain the connection and decompress the content unnecessarily. This decompression occurred even before any read methods were called, and configured read limits did not restrict the amount of decompressed data. As a result, there was no safeguard against decompression bombs. A malicious server could exploit this to trigger excessive resource consumption on the client. Applications and libraries are affected when they stream content from untrusted sources by setting `preload_content=False` when they do not disable redirects. Users should upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.3, in which the library does not decode content of redirect responses when `preload_content=False`. If upgrading is not immediately possible, disable redirects by setting `redirect=False` for requests to untrusted source.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-409 - Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)
Assigner
References
114 references
Impacted products
136 products
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"timeline": [
{
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"time": "2026-01-07T23:01:59.422Z",
"value": "Reported to Red Hat."
},
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2026-01-07T22:09:01.936Z",
"value": "Made public."
}
],
"title": "urllib3: urllib3 vulnerable to decompression-bomb safeguard bypass when following HTTP redirects (streaming API)",
"x_adpType": "supplier",
"x_generator": {
"engine": "sadp-cli 1.0.0"
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],
"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"product": "urllib3",
"vendor": "urllib3",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "\u003e= 1.22, \u003c 2.6.3"
}
]
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "urllib3 is an HTTP client library for Python. urllib3\u0027s streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once. urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP `Content-Encoding` header (e.g., `gzip`, `deflate`, `br`, or `zstd`). When using the streaming API, the library decompresses only the necessary bytes, enabling partial content consumption. Starting in version 1.22 and prior to version 2.6.3, for HTTP redirect responses, the library would read the entire response body to drain the connection and decompress the content unnecessarily. This decompression occurred even before any read methods were called, and configured read limits did not restrict the amount of decompressed data. As a result, there was no safeguard against decompression bombs. A malicious server could exploit this to trigger excessive resource consumption on the client. Applications and libraries are affected when they stream content from untrusted sources by setting `preload_content=False` when they do not disable redirects. Users should upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.3, in which the library does not decode content of redirect responses when `preload_content=False`. If upgrading is not immediately possible, disable redirects by setting `redirect=False` for requests to untrusted source."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV4_0": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackRequirements": "PRESENT",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"baseScore": 8.9,
"baseSeverity": "HIGH",
"privilegesRequired": "NONE",
"subAvailabilityImpact": "HIGH",
"subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
"subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H",
"version": "4.0",
"vulnAvailabilityImpact": "HIGH",
"vulnConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
"vulnIntegrityImpact": "NONE"
}
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CVE-2026-22776 (GCVE-0-2026-22776)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-12 18:18 – Updated: 2026-01-12 18:49
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
cpp-httplib vulnerable to a denial of service (DOS) using a zip bomb
Summary
cpp-httplib is a C++11 single-file header-only cross platform HTTP/HTTPS library. Prior to version 0.30.1, a Denial of Service (DoS) vulnerability exists in cpp-httplib due to the unsafe handling of compressed HTTP request bodies (Content-Encoding: gzip, br, etc.). The library validates the payload_max_length against the compressed data size received from the network, but does not limit the size of the decompressed data stored in memory.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-409 - Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/yhirose/cpp-httplib/security/a… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/yhirose/cpp-httplib/commit/2e2… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| yhirose | cpp-httplib |
Affected:
< 0.30.1
|
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CVE-2026-22870 (GCVE-0-2026-22870)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-13 20:43 – Updated: 2026-01-13 21:23
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
GuardDog Zip Bomb Vulnerability in safe_extract() Allows DoS
Summary
GuardDog is a CLI tool to identify malicious PyPI packages. Prior to 2.7.1, GuardDog's safe_extract() function does not validate decompressed file sizes when extracting ZIP archives (wheels, eggs), allowing attackers to cause denial of service through zip bombs. A malicious package can consume gigabytes of disk space from a few megabytes of compressed data. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.7.1.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-409 - Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/DataDog/guarddog/security/advi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
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CVE-2026-23943 (GCVE-0-2026-23943)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-13 09:11 – Updated: 2026-06-10 14:35
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Pre-auth SSH DoS via unbounded zlib inflate
Summary
Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Compression Bomb) vulnerability in Erlang OTP ssh (ssh_transport modules) allows Denial of Service via Resource Depletion.
The SSH transport layer advertises legacy zlib compression by default and inflates attacker-controlled payloads pre-authentication without any size limit, enabling reliable memory exhaustion DoS.
Two compression algorithms are affected:
* zlib: Activates immediately after key exchange, enabling unauthenticated attacks
* zlib@openssh.com: Activates post-authentication, enabling authenticated attacks
Each SSH packet can decompress ~255 MB from 256 KB of wire data (1029:1 amplification ratio). Multiple packets can rapidly exhaust available memory, causing OOM kills in memory-constrained environments.
This vulnerability is associated with program files lib/ssh/src/ssh_transport.erl and program routines ssh_transport:decompress/2, ssh_transport:handle_packet_part/4.
This issue affects OTP from OTP 17.0 until OTP 28.4.1, 27.3.4.9 and 26.2.5.18 corresponding to ssh from 3.0.1 until 5.5.1, 5.2.11.6 and 5.1.4.14.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-409 - Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)
Assigner
References
7 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/erlang/otp/security/advisories… | vendor-advisoryrelated |
| https://cna.erlef.org/cves/CVE-2026-23943.html | related |
| https://osv.dev/vulnerability/EEF-CVE-2026-23943 | related |
| https://www.erlang.org/doc/system/versions.html#o… | x_version-scheme |
| https://github.com/erlang/otp/commit/43a87b949bdf… | patch |
| https://github.com/erlang/otp/commit/93073c3bd338… | patch |
| https://github.com/erlang/otp/commit/0c1c04b191f6… | patch |
Impacted products
Credits
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CVE-2026-24264 (GCVE-0-2026-24264)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-01 15:11 – Updated: 2026-07-01 15:55
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
NVIDIA Triton Inference Server for Linux contains a vulnerability where an attacker can cause improper handling of highly compressed data. A successful exploit of this vulnerability might lead to denial of service.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-409 - Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| NVIDIA | Triton Inference Server |
Affected:
0.0 - 26.03
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CVE-2026-2575 (GCVE-0-2026-2575)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-18 03:19 – Updated: 2026-03-18 13:34
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Keycloak: keycloak: denial of service due to excessive samlrequest decompression
Summary
A flaw was found in Keycloak. An unauthenticated remote attacker can trigger an application level Denial of Service (DoS) by sending a highly compressed SAMLRequest through the SAML Redirect Binding. The server fails to enforce size limits during DEFLATE decompression, leading to an OutOfMemoryError (OOM) and subsequent process termination. This vulnerability allows an attacker to disrupt the availability of the service.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-409 - Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:3947 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:3948 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-2575 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2440149 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
3 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of Keycloak 26.4 |
Unaffected:
26.4.10-1 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:build_keycloak:26.4::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of Keycloak 26.4 |
Unaffected:
26.4-12 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:build_keycloak:26.4::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of Keycloak 26.4.10 |
cpe:/a:redhat:build_keycloak:26.4::el9 |
Date Public
2026-02-16 08:08
Credits
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CVE-2026-25962 (GCVE-0-2026-25962)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-06 02:48 – Updated: 2026-03-06 16:10
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MarkUs: Zip bomb in config upload enables DoS
Summary
MarkUs is a web application for the submission and grading of student assignments. Prior to version 2.9.4, MarkUs currently extracts zip files without any size or entry-count limits. For example, instructors can upload a zip file to provide an assignment configuration; students can upload a zip file for an assignment submission and indicate its contents should be extracted. This issue has been patched in version 2.9.4.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-409 - Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/MarkUsProject/Markus/security/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/MarkUsProject/Markus/releases/… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| MarkUsProject | Markus |
Affected:
< 2.9.4
|
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CVE-2026-27460 (GCVE-0-2026-27460)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-10 19:09 – Updated: 2026-04-13 15:35
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Tandoor Recipes Affected by Denial of Service via Recipe Import
Summary
Tandoor Recipes is an application for managing recipes, planning meals, and building shopping lists. Prior to 2.6.5, a critical Denial of Service (DoS) vulnerability was in the recipe import functionality. This vulnerability allows an authenticated user to crash the server or make a significantly degrade its performance by uploading a large size ZIP file (ZIP Bomb). This vulnerability is fixed in 2.6.5.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-409 - Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/TandoorRecipes/recipes/securit… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| TandoorRecipes | recipes |
Affected:
< 2.6.5
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CVE-2026-27571 (GCVE-0-2026-27571)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-24 15:59 – Updated: 2026-02-26 21:33
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
nats-server websockets are vulnerable to pre-auth memory DoS
Summary
NATS-Server is a High-Performance server for NATS.io, a cloud and edge native messaging system. The WebSockets handling of NATS messages handles compressed messages via the WebSockets negotiated compression. Prior to versions 2.11.2 and 2.12.3, the implementation bound the memory size of a NATS message but did not independently bound the memory consumption of the memory stream when constructing a NATS message which might then fail validation for size reasons. An attacker can use a compression bomb to cause excessive memory consumption, often resulting in the operating system terminating the server process. The use of compression is negotiated before authentication, so this does not require valid NATS credentials to exploit. The fix, present in versions 2.11.2 and 2.12.3, was to bounds the decompression to fail once the message was too large, instead of continuing on. The vulnerability only affects deployments which use WebSockets and which expose the network port to untrusted end-points.
Severity
5.9 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/nats-io/nats-server/security/a… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/nats-io/nats-server/commit/f77… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/nats-io/nats-server/releases/t… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/nats-io/nats-server/releases/t… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nats-io | nats-server |
Affected:
< 2.11.12
Affected: >= 2.12.0-RC.1, < 2.12.3 |
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CVE-2026-27809 (GCVE-0-2026-27809)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-25 23:57 – Updated: 2026-02-26 15:17
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
psd-tools: Compression module has unguarded zlib decompression, missing dimension validation, and hardening gaps
Summary
psd-tools is a Python package for working with Adobe Photoshop PSD files. Prior to version 1.12.2, when a PSD file contains malformed RLE-compressed image data (e.g. a literal run that extends past the expected row size), decode_rle() raises ValueError which propagated all the way to the user, crashing psd.composite() and psd-tools export. decompress() already had a fallback that replaces failed channels with black pixels when result is None, but it never triggered because the ValueError from decode_rle() was not caught. The fix in version 1.12.2 wraps the decode_rle() call in a try/except so the existing fallback handles the error gracefully.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/psd-tools/psd-tools/security/a… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/psd-tools/psd-tools/commit/6c0… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/psd-tools/psd-tools/releases/t… | x_refsource_MISC |
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No mitigation information available for this CWE.
No CAPEC attack patterns related to this CWE.