Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-913

Allowed-with-Review

Improper Control of Dynamically-Managed Code Resources

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product does not properly restrict reading from or writing to dynamically-managed code resources such as variables, objects, classes, attributes, functions, or executable instructions or statements.

168 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2017-3202 (GCVE-0-2017-3202)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2018-06-11 17:00 – Updated: 2024-08-05 14:16
VLAI
Title
The implementation of Action Message Format (AMF3) deserializers in Flamingo amf-serializer by Exadel, version 2.2.0, may allow instantiation of arbitrary classes due to improper code control
Summary
The Java implementation of AMF3 deserializers used in Flamingo amf-serializer by Exadel, version 2.2.0, may allow instantiation of arbitrary classes via their public parameter-less constructor and subsequently call arbitrary Java Beans setter methods. The ability to exploit this vulnerability depends on the availability of classes in the class path that make use of deserialization. A remote attacker with the ability to spoof or control information may be able to send serialized Java objects with pre-set properties that result in arbitrary code execution when deserialized.
Severity
No CVSS data available.
CWE
  • CWE-913 - Improper Control of Dynamically-Managed Code Resources
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Date Public
2017-04-04 00:00
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2017-3200 (GCVE-0-2017-3200)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2018-06-11 17:00 – Updated: 2024-08-05 14:16
VLAI
Title
The implementation of Action Message Format (AMF3) deserializers in GraniteDS, version 3.1.1.GA, may allow instantiation of arbitrary classes due to improper code control
Summary
The Java implementation of AMF3 deserializers used in GraniteDS, version 3.1.1.G, may allow instantiation of arbitrary classes via their public parameter-less constructor and subsequently call arbitrary Java Beans setter methods. The ability to exploit this vulnerability depends on the availability of classes in the class path that make use of deserialization. A remote attacker with the ability to spoof or control information may be able to send serialized Java objects with pre-set properties that result in arbitrary code execution when deserialized.
Severity
No CVSS data available.
CWE
  • CWE-913 - Improper Control of Dynamically-Managed Code Resources
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
GraniteDS Framework Affected: 3.1.1.G
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2017-04-04 00:00
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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GHSA-27FG-773W-QWFR

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:02 – Updated: 2023-01-05 18:30
VLAI
Details

An issue was discovered in Thunar before 4.16.7 and 4.17.x before 4.17.2. When called with a regular file as a command-line argument, it delegates to a different program (based on the file type) without user confirmation. This could be used to achieve code execution.

Severity
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

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  "id": "GHSA-27fg-773w-qwfr",
  "modified": "2023-01-05T18:30:30Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:02:11Z",
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GHSA-28QJ-GVXV-P5G9

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-18 03:30 – Updated: 2024-01-18 03:30
VLAI
Details

Cross SiteScripting vulnerability in Citrix Session Recording allows attacker to perform Cross Site Scripting

Severity
5.0 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

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  "aliases": [
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  "details": "Cross SiteScripting vulnerability in Citrix Session Recording allows attacker to perform Cross Site Scripting",
  "id": "GHSA-28qj-gvxv-p5g9",
  "modified": "2024-01-18T03:30:24Z",
  "published": "2024-01-18T03:30:24Z",
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      "type": "ADVISORY",
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      "url": "https://support.citrix.com/article/CTX583930/citrix-session-recording-security-bulletin-for-cve20236184"
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}

GHSA-2JV3-V37P-65W3

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-09-14 00:00 – Updated: 2023-09-11 22:15
VLAI
Summary
CrafterCMS Crafter Studio Improperly Controls Dynamically-Managed Code Resources
Details

Improper Control of Dynamically-Managed Code Resources vulnerability in Crafter Studio of Crafter CMS allows authenticated developers to execute OS commands via FreeMarker SSTI.

Severity
7.2 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

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      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.craftercms:crafter-studio"
      },
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        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "3.1.0"
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  ],
  "aliases": [
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  ],
  "database_specific": {
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      "CWE-913"
    ],
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    "github_reviewed_at": "2022-09-20T18:04:54Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-09-13T19:15:00Z",
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  },
  "details": "Improper Control of Dynamically-Managed Code Resources vulnerability in Crafter Studio of Crafter CMS allows authenticated developers to execute OS commands via FreeMarker SSTI.",
  "id": "GHSA-2jv3-v37p-65w3",
  "modified": "2023-09-11T22:15:22Z",
  "published": "2022-09-14T00:00:45Z",
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      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-40634"
    },
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      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://docs.craftercms.org/en/3.1/security/advisory.html#cv-2022051601"
    },
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      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/craftercms/studio"
    }
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}

GHSA-2MW4-WJ8C-7F93

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-11-03 09:32 – Updated: 2023-11-03 19:46
VLAI
Summary
Eclipse Glassfish remote code execution issue
Details

In Eclipse Glassfish 5 or 6, running with old versions of JDK (lower than 6u211, or < 7u201, or < 8u191), allows remote attackers to load malicious code on the server via access to insecure ORB listeners.

Severity
6.8 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.glassfish.main.orb:orb-connector"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "5.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "7.0.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-5763"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-20",
      "CWE-913"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2023-11-03T19:46:48Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-11-03T07:15:14Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "In Eclipse Glassfish 5 or 6, running with old versions of JDK (lower than 6u211, or \u003c 7u201, or \u003c 8u191), allows remote attackers to load malicious code on the server via access to insecure ORB listeners.\n",
  "id": "GHSA-2mw4-wj8c-7f93",
  "modified": "2023-11-03T19:46:48Z",
  "published": "2023-11-03T09:32:49Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-5763"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gitlab.eclipse.org/security/cve-assignement/-/issues/14"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://glassfish.org/docs/latest/security-guide.html#securing-glassfish-server"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Eclipse Glassfish remote code execution issue"
}

GHSA-2QPH-Q8XW-GV7Q

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-01 00:30 – Updated: 2025-04-01 19:06
VLAI
Summary
Drupal Core Improperly Controlled Modification of Dynamically-Determined Object Attributes Vulnerability
Details

Improperly Controlled Modification of Dynamically-Determined Object Attributes vulnerability in Drupal Drupal core allows Object Injection.This issue affects Drupal core: from 8.0.0 before 10.3.13, from 10.4.0 before 10.4.3, from 11.0.0 before 11.0.12, from 11.1.0 before 11.1.3.

Severity
4.5 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:U
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "drupal/core"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "8.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "10.3.13"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "drupal/core"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "10.4.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "10.4.3"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "drupal/core"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "11.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "11.0.12"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "drupal/core"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "11.1.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "11.1.3"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-31674"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-913",
      "CWE-915"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-04-01T19:06:02Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-03-31T22:15:19Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Improperly Controlled Modification of Dynamically-Determined Object Attributes vulnerability in Drupal Drupal core allows Object Injection.This issue affects Drupal core: from 8.0.0 before 10.3.13, from 10.4.0 before 10.4.3, from 11.0.0 before 11.0.12, from 11.1.0 before 11.1.3.",
  "id": "GHSA-2qph-q8xw-gv7q",
  "modified": "2025-04-01T19:06:02Z",
  "published": "2025-04-01T00:30:33Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-31674"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/drupal/core"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.drupal.org/sa-core-2025-003"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:U",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Drupal Core Improperly Controlled Modification of Dynamically-Determined Object Attributes Vulnerability"
}

GHSA-2W3F-9W3Q-QW77

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-10-12 18:30 – Updated: 2021-10-20 17:12
VLAI
Summary
Prototype Pollution in config-handler
Details

All versions of package config-handler are vulnerable to Prototype Pollution when loading config files.

Severity
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "config-handler"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "2.0.3"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-23448"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-913"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2021-10-12T17:01:08Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-10-11T21:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "All versions of package config-handler are vulnerable to Prototype Pollution when loading config files.",
  "id": "GHSA-2w3f-9w3q-qw77",
  "modified": "2021-10-20T17:12:24Z",
  "published": "2021-10-12T18:30:37Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-23448"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/jarradseers/config-handler/issues/1"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/jarradseers/config-handler"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JS-CONFIGHANDLER-1564947"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Prototype Pollution in config-handler"
}

GHSA-36RR-WW3J-VRJV

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-19 20:12 – Updated: 2026-06-06 00:33
VLAI
Summary
The Keras `Model.load_model` method **silently** ignores `safe_mode=True` and allows arbitrary code execution when a `.h5`/`.hdf5` file is loaded.
Details

Note: This report has already been discussed with the Google OSS VRP team, who recommended that I reach out directly to the Keras team. I’ve chosen to do so privately rather than opening a public issue, due to the potential security implications. I also attempted to use the email address listed in your SECURITY.md, but received no response.

Summary

When a model in the .h5 (or .hdf5) format is loaded using the Keras Model.load_model method, the safe_mode=True setting is silently ignored without any warning or error. This allows an attacker to execute arbitrary code on the victim’s machine with the same privileges as the Keras application. This report is specific to the .h5/.hdf5 file format. The attack works regardless of the other parameters passed to load_model and does not require any sophisticated technique—.h5 and .hdf5 files are simply not checked for unsafe code execution.

From this point on, I will refer only to the .h5 file format, though everything equally applies to .hdf5.

Details

Intended behaviour

According to the official Keras documentation, safe_mode is defined as:

safe_mode: Boolean, whether to disallow unsafe lambda deserialization. When safe_mode=False, loading an object has the potential to trigger arbitrary code execution. This argument is only applicable to the Keras v3 model format. Defaults to True.

I understand that the behavior described in this report is somehow intentional, as safe_mode is only applicable to .keras models.

However, in practice, this behavior is misleading for users who are unaware of the internal Keras implementation. .h5 files can still be loaded seamlessly using load_model with safe_mode=True, and the absence of any warning or error creates a false sense of security. Whether intended or not, I believe silently ignoring a security-related parameter is not the best possible design decision. At a minimum, if safe_mode cannot be applied to a given file format, an explicit error should be raised to alert the user.

This issue is particularly critical given the widespread use of the .h5 format, despite the introduction of newer formats.

As a small anecdotal test, I asked several of my colleagues what they would expect when loading a .h5 file with safe_mode=True. None of them expected the setting to be silently ignored, even after reading the documentation. While this is a small sample, all of these colleagues are cybersecurity researchers—experts in binary or ML security—and regular participants in DEF CON finals. I was careful not to give any hints about the vulnerability in our discussion.

Technical Details

Examining the implementation of load_model in keras/src/saving/saving_api.py, we can see that the safe_mode parameter is completely ignored when loading .h5 files. Here's the relevant snippet:

def load_model(filepath, custom_objects=None, compile=True, safe_mode=True):
    is_keras_zip = ...
    is_keras_dir = ...
    is_hf = ...

    # Support for remote zip files
    if (
        file_utils.is_remote_path(filepath)
        and not file_utils.isdir(filepath)
        and not is_keras_zip
        and not is_hf
    ):
        ...

    if is_keras_zip or is_keras_dir or is_hf:
        ...

    if str(filepath).endswith((".h5", ".hdf5")):
        return legacy_h5_format.load_model_from_hdf5(
            filepath, custom_objects=custom_objects, compile=compile
        )

As shown, when the file format is .h5 or .hdf5, the method delegates to legacy_h5_format.load_model_from_hdf5, which does not use or check the safe_mode parameter at all.

Solution

Since the release of the new .keras format, I believe the simplest and most effective way to address this misleading behavior—and to improve security in Keras—is to have the safe_mode parameter raise an explicit error when safe_mode=True is used with .h5/.hdf5 files. This error should be clear and informative, explaining that the legacy format does not support safe_mode and outlining the associated risks of loading such files.

I recognize this fix may have minor backward compatibility considerations.

If you confirm that you're open to this approach, I’d be happy to open a PR that includes the missing check.

PoC

From the attacker’s perspective, creating a malicious .h5 model is as simple as the following:

import keras

f = lambda x: (
    exec("import os; os.system('sh')"),
    x,
)

model = keras.Sequential()
model.add(keras.layers.Input(shape=(1,)))
model.add(keras.layers.Lambda(f))
model.compile()

keras.saving.save_model(model, "./provola.h5")

From the victim’s side, triggering code execution is just as simple:

import keras

model = keras.models.load_model("./provola.h5", safe_mode=True)

That’s all. The exploit occurs during model loading, with no further interaction required. The parameters passed to the method do not mitigate of influence the attack in any way.

As expected, the attacker can substitute the exec(...) call with any payload. Whatever command is used will execute with the same permissions as the Keras application.

Attack scenario

The attacker may distribute a malicious .h5/.hdf5 model on platforms such as Hugging Face, or act as a malicious node in a federated learning environment. The victim only needs to load the model—even with safe_mode=True that would give the illusion of security. No inference or further action is required, making the threat particularly stealthy and dangerous.

Once the model is loaded, the attacker gains the ability to execute arbitrary code on the victim’s machine with the same privileges as the Keras process. The provided proof-of-concept demonstrates a simple shell spawn, but any payload could be delivered this way.

Severity
8.7 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "keras"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "3.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.11.3"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-9905"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-913"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-09-19T20:12:05Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "**Note:** This report has already been discussed with the Google OSS VRP team, who recommended that I reach out directly to the Keras team. I\u2019ve chosen to do so privately rather than opening a public issue, due to the potential security implications. I also attempted to use the email address listed in your `SECURITY.md`, but received no response.\n\n---\n\n## Summary\n\nWhen a model in the `.h5` (or `.hdf5`) format is loaded using the Keras `Model.load_model` method, the `safe_mode=True` setting is **silently** ignored without any warning or error. This allows an attacker to execute arbitrary code on the victim\u2019s machine with the same privileges as the Keras application. This report is specific to the `.h5`/`.hdf5` file format. The attack works regardless of the other parameters passed to `load_model` and does not require any sophisticated technique\u2014`.h5` and `.hdf5` files are simply not checked for unsafe code execution.\n\nFrom this point on, I will refer only to the `.h5` file format, though everything equally applies to `.hdf5`.\n\n## Details\n\n### Intended behaviour \nAccording to the official Keras documentation, `safe_mode` is defined as:\n\n```\nsafe_mode: Boolean, whether to disallow unsafe lambda deserialization. When safe_mode=False, loading an object has the potential to trigger arbitrary code execution. This argument is only applicable to the Keras v3 model format. Defaults to True.\n```\nI understand that the behavior described in this report is somehow **intentional**, as `safe_mode` is only applicable to `.keras` models. \n\nHowever, in practice, this behavior is misleading for users who are unaware of the internal Keras implementation. `.h5` files can still be loaded seamlessly using `load_model` with `safe_mode=True`, and the absence of any warning or error creates a **false sense of security**. Whether intended or not, I believe silently ignoring a security-related parameter is not the best possible design decision. At a minimum, if `safe_mode` cannot be applied to a given file format, an explicit error should be raised to alert the user.\n\nThis issue is particularly critical given the widespread use of the `.h5` format, despite the introduction of newer formats.\n\nAs a small anecdotal test, I asked several of my colleagues what they would expect when loading a `.h5` file with `safe_mode=True`. None of them expected the setting to be **silently** ignored, even after reading the documentation. While this is a small sample, all of these colleagues are cybersecurity researchers\u2014experts in binary or ML security\u2014and regular participants in DEF CON finals. I was careful not to give any hints about the vulnerability in our discussion.\n\n### Technical Details\n\nExamining the implementation of `load_model` in `keras/src/saving/saving_api.py`, we can see that the `safe_mode` parameter is completely ignored when loading `.h5` files. Here\u0027s the relevant snippet:\n\n```python\ndef load_model(filepath, custom_objects=None, compile=True, safe_mode=True):\n    is_keras_zip = ...\n    is_keras_dir = ...\n    is_hf = ...\n\n    # Support for remote zip files\n    if (\n        file_utils.is_remote_path(filepath)\n        and not file_utils.isdir(filepath)\n        and not is_keras_zip\n        and not is_hf\n    ):\n        ...\n\n    if is_keras_zip or is_keras_dir or is_hf:\n        ...\n\n    if str(filepath).endswith((\".h5\", \".hdf5\")):\n        return legacy_h5_format.load_model_from_hdf5(\n            filepath, custom_objects=custom_objects, compile=compile\n        )\n```\n\nAs shown, when the file format is `.h5` or `.hdf5`, the method delegates to `legacy_h5_format.load_model_from_hdf5`, which does not use or check the `safe_mode` parameter at all.\n\n### Solution\n\nSince the release of the new `.keras` format, I believe the simplest and most effective way to address this misleading behavior\u2014and to improve security in Keras\u2014is to have the `safe_mode` parameter raise an **explicit error** when `safe_mode=True` is used with `.h5`/`.hdf5` files. This error should be clear and informative, explaining that the legacy format does not support `safe_mode` and outlining the associated risks of loading such files.\n\nI recognize this fix may have minor backward compatibility considerations.\n\nIf you confirm that you\u0027re open to this approach, I\u2019d be happy to open a PR that includes the missing check.\n\n\n## PoC\n\nFrom the attacker\u2019s perspective, creating a malicious `.h5` model is as simple as the following:\n\n```python\nimport keras\n\nf = lambda x: (\n    exec(\"import os; os.system(\u0027sh\u0027)\"),\n    x,\n)\n\nmodel = keras.Sequential()\nmodel.add(keras.layers.Input(shape=(1,)))\nmodel.add(keras.layers.Lambda(f))\nmodel.compile()\n\nkeras.saving.save_model(model, \"./provola.h5\")\n```\n\nFrom the victim\u2019s side, triggering code execution is just as simple:\n\n```python\nimport keras\n\nmodel = keras.models.load_model(\"./provola.h5\", safe_mode=True)\n```\n\nThat\u2019s all. The exploit occurs **during model loading**, with no further interaction required. The parameters passed to the method do not mitigate of influence the attack in any way.\n\n\nAs expected, the attacker can substitute the `exec(...)` call with any payload. Whatever command is used will execute with the same permissions as the Keras application.\n\n## Attack scenario\n\nThe attacker may distribute a malicious `.h5`/`.hdf5` model on platforms such as Hugging Face, or act as a malicious node in a federated learning environment. The victim only needs to load the model\u2014*even with* `safe_mode=True` that would give the illusion of security. No inference or further action is required, making the threat particularly stealthy and dangerous.\n\nOnce the model is loaded, the attacker gains the ability to execute arbitrary code on the victim\u2019s machine with the same privileges as the Keras process. The provided proof-of-concept demonstrates a simple shell spawn, but any payload could be delivered this way.",
  "id": "GHSA-36rr-ww3j-vrjv",
  "modified": "2026-06-06T00:33:31Z",
  "published": "2025-09-19T20:12:05Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/keras-team/keras/security/advisories/GHSA-36rr-ww3j-vrjv"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-9905"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/keras-team/keras/pull/21602"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/keras-team/keras"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/keras/PYSEC-2025-123.yaml"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "The Keras `Model.load_model` method **silently** ignores `safe_mode=True` and allows arbitrary code execution when a `.h5`/`.hdf5` file is loaded."
}

GHSA-3M5V-4XP5-GJG2

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-20 15:58 – Updated: 2026-03-25 21:33
VLAI
Summary
Graphiti Affected by Arbitrary Method Execution via Unvalidated Relationship Names
Details

Summary

An arbitrary method execution vulnerability has been found which affects Graphiti's JSONAPI write functionality. An attacker can craft a malicious JSONAPI payload with arbitrary relationship names to invoke any public method on the underlying model instance, class or its associations.

Impact

Any application exposing Graphiti write endpoints (create/update/delete) to untrusted users is affected.

The Graphiti::Util::ValidationResponse#all_valid? method recursively calls model.send(name) using relationship names taken directly from user-supplied JSONAPI payloads, without validating them against the resource's configured sideloads. This allows an attacker to potentially run any public method on a given model instance, on the instance class or associated instances or classes, including destructive operations.

Patches

This is patched in Graphiti v1.10.2. Users should upgrade as soon as possible.

Workarounds

If upgrading to v1.10.2 is not immediately possible, consider one or more of the following mitigations:

  • Restrict write access: Ensure Graphiti write endpoints (create/update/delete) are not accessible to untrusted users.
  • Authentication & authorisation: Apply strong authentication and authorisation checks before any write operation is processed, for example use Rails strong parameters to ensure only valid parameters are processed.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 1.10.1"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "RubyGems",
        "name": "graphiti"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.10.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-33286"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-913"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-20T15:58:14Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-03-24T00:16:30Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n\nAn arbitrary method execution vulnerability has been found which affects Graphiti\u0027s JSONAPI write functionality. An attacker can craft a malicious JSONAPI payload with arbitrary relationship names to invoke any public method on the underlying model instance, class or its associations.\n\n### Impact\n\nAny application exposing Graphiti write endpoints (create/update/delete) to untrusted users is affected. \n\nThe `Graphiti::Util::ValidationResponse#all_valid?` method recursively calls `model.send(name)` using relationship names taken directly from user-supplied JSONAPI payloads, without validating them against the resource\u0027s configured sideloads. This allows an attacker to potentially run any public method on a given model instance, on the instance class or associated instances or classes, including destructive operations.\n\n### Patches\n\nThis is patched in Graphiti **v1.10.2**. Users should upgrade as soon as possible.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nIf upgrading to v1.10.2 is not immediately possible, consider one or more of the following mitigations:\n\n- **Restrict write access**: Ensure Graphiti write endpoints (create/update/delete) are not accessible to untrusted users.\n- **Authentication \u0026 authorisation**: Apply strong authentication and authorisation checks before any write operation is processed, for example use Rails strong parameters to ensure only valid parameters are processed.",
  "id": "GHSA-3m5v-4xp5-gjg2",
  "modified": "2026-03-25T21:33:29Z",
  "published": "2026-03-20T15:58:14Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/graphiti-api/graphiti/security/advisories/GHSA-3m5v-4xp5-gjg2"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-33286"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/graphiti-api/graphiti/commit/ddb5ad2b69330774bd1a47935ed89a9fe4396a54"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/graphiti-api/graphiti"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/graphiti-api/graphiti/releases/tag/v1.10.2"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/graphiti/CVE-2026-33286.yml"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Graphiti Affected by Arbitrary Method Execution via Unvalidated Relationship Names"
}
Mitigation
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

For any externally-influenced input, check the input against an allowlist of acceptable values.

Mitigation
Implementation Architecture and Design

Strategy: Refactoring

Refactor the code so that it does not need to be dynamically managed.

No CAPEC attack patterns related to this CWE.

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