Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-862

Allowed-with-Review

Missing Authorization

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.

14698 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-QQ4X-P2F8-C2J8

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-13 15:30 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:35
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Wpexpertsio APIExperts Square for WooCommerce allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects APIExperts Square for WooCommerce: from n/a through 4.4.1.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-47182"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-12-13T15:15:10Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Wpexpertsio APIExperts Square for WooCommerce allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects APIExperts Square for WooCommerce: from n/a through 4.4.1.",
  "id": "GHSA-qq4x-p2f8-c2j8",
  "modified": "2026-04-28T21:35:23Z",
  "published": "2024-12-13T15:30:39Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-47182"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/woosquare/vulnerability/wordpress-apiexperts-square-for-woocommerce-plugin-4-2-5-broken-access-control?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-QQ5J-344J-X663

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:50 – Updated: 2024-04-04 01:18
VLAI
Details

MailCleaner before c888fbb6aaa7c5f8400f637bcf1cbb844de46cd9 is affected by: Unauthenticated MySQL database password information disclosure. The impact is: MySQL database content disclosure (e.g. username, password). The component is: The API call in the function allowAction() in NewslettersController.php. The attack vector is: HTTP Get request. The fixed version is: c888fbb6aaa7c5f8400f637bcf1cbb844de46cd9.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2019-1010246"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2019-07-18T19:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "MailCleaner before c888fbb6aaa7c5f8400f637bcf1cbb844de46cd9 is affected by: Unauthenticated MySQL database password information disclosure. The impact is: MySQL database content disclosure (e.g. username, password). The component is: The API call in the function allowAction() in NewslettersController.php. The attack vector is: HTTP Get request. The fixed version is: c888fbb6aaa7c5f8400f637bcf1cbb844de46cd9.",
  "id": "GHSA-qq5j-344j-x663",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T01:18:23Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T16:50:39Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-1010246"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/MailCleaner/MailCleaner/commit/c888fbb6aaa7c5f8400f637bcf1cbb844de46cd9"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-QQ5M-8WPJ-8Q6H

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-09-25 06:30 – Updated: 2024-09-25 06:30
VLAI
Details

The myCred – Loyalty Points and Rewards plugin for WordPress and WooCommerce – Give Points, Ranks, Badges, Cashback, WooCommerce rewards, and WooCommerce credits for Gamification plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the mycred_update_database() function in all versions up to, and including, 2.7.3. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to upgrade an out of date database.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-8658"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-09-25T06:15:05Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The myCred \u2013 Loyalty Points and Rewards plugin for WordPress and WooCommerce \u2013 Give Points, Ranks, Badges, Cashback, WooCommerce rewards, and WooCommerce credits for Gamification plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the mycred_update_database() function in all versions up to, and including, 2.7.3. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to upgrade an out of date database.",
  "id": "GHSA-qq5m-8wpj-8q6h",
  "modified": "2024-09-25T06:30:42Z",
  "published": "2024-09-25T06:30:42Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-8658"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3156989/mycred/trunk/includes/mycred-database-upgrade.php"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/20be9a37-9e9f-4791-a27c-e0db007be787?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-QQ5V-44Q6-JJQM

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-07-16 12:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:35
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in WPFactory Wishlist for WooCommerce allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Wishlist for WooCommerce: from n/a through 3.2.3.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-49319"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-07-16T12:15:27Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in WPFactory Wishlist for WooCommerce allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Wishlist for WooCommerce: from n/a through 3.2.3.",
  "id": "GHSA-qq5v-44q6-jjqm",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:35:48Z",
  "published": "2025-07-16T12:30:26Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-49319"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/wish-list-for-woocommerce/vulnerability/wordpress-wishlist-for-woocommerce-3-2-3-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-QQ9G-QWFF-4X48

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-11 09:31 – Updated: 2026-04-08 18:33
VLAI
Details

The Salon Booking System, Appointment Scheduling for Salons, Spas & Small Businesses plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the ajax function in all versions up to, and including, 10.20. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to execute AJAX actions, including limited file uploads.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-8492"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-09-11T08:15:34Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Salon Booking System, Appointment Scheduling for Salons, Spas \u0026 Small Businesses plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the ajax function in all versions up to, and including, 10.20. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to execute AJAX actions, including limited file uploads.",
  "id": "GHSA-qq9g-qwff-4x48",
  "modified": "2026-04-08T18:33:55Z",
  "published": "2025-09-11T09:31:44Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-8492"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/salon-booking-system/tags/10.20/src/SLN/Plugin.php#L232"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3360651/salon-booking-system/trunk/src/SLN/Action/Ajax/UploadFile.php"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/9a63a4ec-80e6-48cc-a778-97fa3917817e?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-QQ9H-5Q8C-XW5R

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-24 18:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:34
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in VW Themes Sirat allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Sirat: from n/a through 1.5.1.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-39385"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-04-24T16:15:31Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in VW Themes Sirat allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Sirat: from n/a through 1.5.1.",
  "id": "GHSA-qq9h-5q8c-xw5r",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:34:55Z",
  "published": "2025-04-24T18:31:05Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-39385"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/theme/sirat/vulnerability/wordpress-sirat-theme-1-5-1-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-QQCV-C52C-7244

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-26 15:32 – Updated: 2026-06-26 15:32
VLAI
Details

Subscriber Broken Access Control in Email Marketing for WooCommerce by Omnisend <= 1.19.0 versions.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-57632"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-26T15:16:50Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Subscriber Broken Access Control in Email Marketing for WooCommerce by Omnisend \u003c= 1.19.0 versions.",
  "id": "GHSA-qqcv-c52c-7244",
  "modified": "2026-06-26T15:32:17Z",
  "published": "2026-06-26T15:32:17Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-57632"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/omnisend-connect/vulnerability/wordpress-email-marketing-for-woocommerce-by-omnisend-plugin-1-19-0-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-QQCV-VG9F-5RR3

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-27 21:32 – Updated: 2024-07-05 18:09
VLAI
Summary
litellm vulnerable to improper access control in team management
Details

berriai/litellm version 1.34.34 is vulnerable to improper access control in its team management functionality. This vulnerability allows attackers to perform unauthorized actions such as creating, updating, viewing, deleting, blocking, and unblocking any teams, as well as adding or deleting any member to or from any teams. The vulnerability stems from insufficient access control checks in various team management endpoints, enabling attackers to exploit these functionalities without proper authorization.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "litellm"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.40.15"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-5710"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-284",
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2024-06-28T14:34:15Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-06-27T19:15:15Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "berriai/litellm version 1.34.34 is vulnerable to improper access control in its team management functionality. This vulnerability allows attackers to perform unauthorized actions such as creating, updating, viewing, deleting, blocking, and unblocking any teams, as well as adding or deleting any member to or from any teams. The vulnerability stems from insufficient access control checks in various team management endpoints, enabling attackers to exploit these functionalities without proper authorization.",
  "id": "GHSA-qqcv-vg9f-5rr3",
  "modified": "2024-07-05T18:09:04Z",
  "published": "2024-06-27T21:32:08Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-5710"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/BerriAI/litellm/commit/da3ae00bd68f451ed8ddf0bc0a9fd34bde5554d6"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/BerriAI/litellm/blob/224148d6133ee50801cb129cbd21ccc213992e25/litellm/proxy/auth/user_api_key_auth.py#L1020"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/berriai/litellm"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://huntr.com/bounties/70897f59-a966-4d93-b71e-745e3da91970"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "litellm vulnerable to improper access control in team management"
}

GHSA-QQFG-QR8H-9G2V

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-23 15:31 – Updated: 2026-01-23 22:35
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Passionate Brains Add Expires Headers & Optimized Minify add-expires-headers allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Add Expires Headers & Optimized Minify: from n/a through <= 3.1.0.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-24633"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-01-23T15:16:22Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Passionate Brains Add Expires Headers \u0026 Optimized Minify add-expires-headers allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Add Expires Headers \u0026 Optimized Minify: from n/a through \u003c= 3.1.0.",
  "id": "GHSA-qqfg-qr8h-9g2v",
  "modified": "2026-01-23T22:35:53Z",
  "published": "2026-01-23T15:31:38Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-24633"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/add-expires-headers/vulnerability/wordpress-add-expires-headers-optimized-minify-plugin-3-1-0-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-QQFQ-FG56-QV34

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-24 09:30 – Updated: 2026-06-24 09:30
VLAI
Details

The Ultimate Member plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Account Takeover via Password Reset Link Disclosure in all versions up to and including 2.11.4. This is due to a chain of three logic bugs: (1) an MD5 hash fallback in get_directory_by_hash() that allows any post to be used as a member directory by computing SUBSTRING(MD5(post_id), 11, 5), (2) a strstr() parsing logic flaw in post_data() that allows bypassing WordPress's protected meta key restrictions by placing 'um' anywhere in the meta key name rather than at the start, and (3) missing field name validation in build_user_card_data() that allows arbitrary field names including 'password_reset_link' to be passed to um_filtered_value(). This makes it possible for authenticated attackers with Contributor-level access and above to create a malicious post via XMLRPC with crafted meta fields, use the MD5 fallback to point the member directory AJAX handler to their post, inject 'password_reset_link' into the tagline_fields configuration, and leak live password reset URLs for all users in the member directory response, including administrators.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-7761"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-24T08:16:24Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The Ultimate Member plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Account Takeover via Password Reset Link Disclosure in all versions up to and including 2.11.4. This is due to a chain of three logic bugs: (1) an MD5 hash fallback in get_directory_by_hash() that allows any post to be used as a member directory by computing SUBSTRING(MD5(post_id), 11, 5), (2) a strstr() parsing logic flaw in post_data() that allows bypassing WordPress\u0027s protected meta key restrictions by placing \u0027_um_\u0027 anywhere in the meta key name rather than at the start, and (3) missing field name validation in build_user_card_data() that allows arbitrary field names including \u0027password_reset_link\u0027 to be passed to um_filtered_value(). This makes it possible for authenticated attackers with Contributor-level access and above to create a malicious post via XMLRPC with crafted meta fields, use the MD5 fallback to point the member directory AJAX handler to their post, inject \u0027password_reset_link\u0027 into the tagline_fields configuration, and leak live password reset URLs for all users in the member directory response, including administrators.",
  "id": "GHSA-qqfq-fg56-qv34",
  "modified": "2026-06-24T09:30:49Z",
  "published": "2026-06-24T09:30:49Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-7761"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/ultimate-member/tags/2.11.4/includes/core/class-member-directory.php#L2726"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/ultimate-member/tags/2.11.4/includes/core/class-member-directory.php#L289"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/ultimate-member/tags/2.11.4/includes/core/class-query.php#L439"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/ultimate-member/tags/2.11.4/includes/um-short-functions.php#L2611"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/ultimate-member/trunk/includes/core/class-member-directory.php#L2726"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/ultimate-member/trunk/includes/core/class-member-directory.php#L289"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/ultimate-member/trunk/includes/core/class-query.php#L439"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/ultimate-member/trunk/includes/um-short-functions.php#L2611"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3569970"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/9aff7b03-4f03-434c-be87-b10ceeb4e625?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
  • Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].

Mitigation MIT-4.4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
  • One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
System Configuration Installation

Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.

CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws

An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.