CWE-862
Weakness Allowed-with-ReviewMissing Authorization
Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete
The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.
Dimensions
- Behavior-Property: Missing
- Behavior-Type: Authorization
Mapping guidance
This CWE entry is a Class and might have Base-level children that would be more appropriate
Examine children of this entry to see if there is a better fit
Relationships and members
Modes of introduction
OMISSION: This weakness is caused by missing a security tactic during the architecture and design phase.
Authorization weaknesses may arise when a single-user application is ported to a multi-user environment.
A developer may introduce authorization weaknesses because of a lack of understanding about the underlying technologies. For example, a developer may assume that attackers cannot modify certain inputs such as headers or cookies.
Detection methods
Automated Static Analysis
Automated static analysis is useful for detecting commonly-used idioms for authorization. A tool may be able to analyze related configuration files, such as .htaccess in Apache web servers, or detect the usage of commonly-used authorization libraries.
Generally, automated static analysis tools have difficulty detecting custom authorization schemes. In addition, the software's design may include some functionality that is accessible to any user and does not require an authorization check; an automated technique that detects the absence of authorization may report false positives.
Effectiveness: Limited
Automated Dynamic Analysis
Automated dynamic analysis may find many or all possible interfaces that do not require authorization, but manual analysis is required to determine if the lack of authorization violates business logic.
Manual Analysis
This weakness can be detected using tools and techniques that require manual (human) analysis, such as penetration testing, threat modeling, and interactive tools that allow the tester to record and modify an active session.
Specifically, manual static analysis is useful for evaluating the correctness of custom authorization mechanisms.
Effectiveness: Moderate
These may be more effective than strictly automated techniques. This is especially the case with weaknesses that are related to design and business rules. However, manual efforts might not achieve desired code coverage within limited time constraints.
Manual Static Analysis - Binary or Bytecode
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Binary / Bytecode disassembler - then use manual analysis for vulnerabilities & anomalies
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Dynamic Analysis with Automated Results Interpretation
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Web Application Scanner
Web Services Scanner
Database Scanners
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Dynamic Analysis with Manual Results Interpretation
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Host Application Interface Scanner
Fuzz Tester
Framework-based Fuzzer
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Manual Static Analysis - Source Code
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Focused Manual Spotcheck - Focused manual analysis of source
Manual Source Code Review (not inspections)
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Automated Static Analysis - Source Code
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Source code Weakness Analyzer
Context-configured Source Code Weakness Analyzer
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Architecture or Design Review
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Inspection (IEEE 1028 standard) (can apply to requirements, design, source code, etc.)
Formal Methods / Correct-By-Construction
Effectiveness: High
Notes
Terminology
Assuming a user with a given identity, authorization is the process of determining whether that user can access a given resource, based on the user's privileges and any permissions or other access-control specifications that apply to the resource.
Content history
Suggested mappings to ISA/IEC 62443.
Provided diagram to improve CWE usability
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationships
updated Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Observed_Examples, References, Relationships
updated Potential_Mitigations
updated Relationships
updated Detection_Factors
updated Relationships
updated Applicable_Platforms, Modes_of_Introduction, References, Relationships
updated References
updated Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Alternate_Terms, Observed_Examples
updated Observed_Examples, Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Observed_Examples
updated Description, Potential_Mitigations
updated References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Mapping_Notes, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Common_Consequences, Description, Diagram, Relationships, Terminology_Notes
updated Applicable_Platforms, Detection_Factors, Observed_Examples, References
updated Applicable_Platforms, Relationships, Weakness_Ordinalities
updated Applicable_Platforms, Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Applicable_Platforms, Dimensions, References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
19869 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-957M-P4PQ-MXMF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-09 06:31 – Updated: 2026-05-14 21:30A missing authorization vulnerability in HCL BigFix WebUI allows an authenticated user without proper permissions to view sensitive environmental information via direct URL access to the unauthorized page.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-15634"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-09T06:16:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A missing authorization vulnerability in HCL BigFix WebUI allows an authenticated user without proper permissions to view sensitive environmental information via direct URL access to the unauthorized page.",
"id": "GHSA-957m-p4pq-mxmf",
"modified": "2026-05-14T21:30:37Z",
"published": "2026-05-09T06:31:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-15634"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.hcl-software.com/csm?id=kb_article\u0026sysparm_article=KB0130587"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-9582-7XGQ-XHQ8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-12 15:31 – Updated: 2025-08-12 15:31Missing authorization in the admin console of Ivanti Virtual Application Delivery Controller before version 22.9 allows a remote authenticated attacker to take over admin accounts by resetting the password
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-8310"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-08-12T15:15:31Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing authorization in the admin console of Ivanti Virtual Application Delivery Controller before version 22.9 allows a remote authenticated attacker to take over admin accounts by resetting the password",
"id": "GHSA-9582-7xgq-xhq8",
"modified": "2025-08-12T15:31:20Z",
"published": "2025-08-12T15:31:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-8310"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://forums.ivanti.com/s/article/August-Security-Advisory-Ivanti-Virtual-Application-Delivery-Controller-vADC-previously-vTM-CVE-2025-8310?language=en_US"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-9589-R2JC-QP9J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-08-13 00:00 – Updated: 2022-08-17 00:00In SELinux policy, there is a possible way of inferring which websites are being opened in the browser due to a missing permission check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.Product: AndroidVersions: Android-13Android ID: A-166269532
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-20340"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-08-12T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "In SELinux policy, there is a possible way of inferring which websites are being opened in the browser due to a missing permission check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.Product: AndroidVersions: Android-13Android ID: A-166269532",
"id": "GHSA-9589-r2jc-qp9j",
"modified": "2022-08-17T00:00:33Z",
"published": "2022-08-13T00:00:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-20340"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/android-13"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-9596-J6MW-33FX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-22 09:31 – Updated: 2026-09-22 09:31The WP User Manager plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the Connect::complete() function in versions up to, and including, 2.9.18. The function is registered on the admin_init hook (which fires for every authenticated user that reaches /wp-admin/, including Subscribers) and performs no current_user_can() or nonce verification before fetching Stripe credentials from the external WPUM connect service and writing them (publishable key, secret key, gateway mode, and connected Stripe account ID) into the wpum_settings option via wpum_update_option()/update_option(). This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to hijack the site's Stripe integration by completing their own Stripe Connect OAuth flow and then invoking the callback on the target site, causing all subsequent Stripe payments to be routed to the attacker's Stripe account.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-18345"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-09-22T08:16:38Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The WP User Manager plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the Connect::complete() function in versions up to, and including, 2.9.18. The function is registered on the admin_init hook (which fires for every authenticated user that reaches /wp-admin/, including Subscribers) and performs no current_user_can() or nonce verification before fetching Stripe credentials from the external WPUM connect service and writing them (publishable key, secret key, gateway mode, and connected Stripe account ID) into the wpum_settings option via wpum_update_option()/update_option(). This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to hijack the site\u0027s Stripe integration by completing their own Stripe Connect OAuth flow and then invoking the callback on the target site, causing all subsequent Stripe payments to be routed to the attacker\u0027s Stripe account.",
"id": "GHSA-9596-j6mw-33fx",
"modified": "2026-09-22T09:31:12Z",
"published": "2026-09-22T09:31:12Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-18345"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/wp-user-manager/tags/2.9.18/includes/integrations/stripe/Connect.php#L177"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/wp-user-manager/tags/2.9.18/includes/integrations/stripe/Connect.php#L203"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/wp-user-manager/tags/2.9.18/includes/integrations/stripe/Connect.php#L21"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?reponame=\u0026old=3701837%40wp-user-manager\u0026new=3701837%40wp-user-manager"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/ecae11ec-c952-4f5a-9e55-e2ac2fa05100?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-959V-HPG2-3F7W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-29 12:30 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:35Missing Authorization vulnerability in WPOmnia KB Support.This issue affects KB Support: from n/a through 1.6.0.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-33589"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-04-29T11:15:46Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in WPOmnia KB Support.This issue affects KB Support: from n/a through 1.6.0.",
"id": "GHSA-959v-hpg2-3f7w",
"modified": "2026-04-28T21:35:00Z",
"published": "2024-04-29T12:30:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-33589"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/kb-support/wordpress-kb-support-plugin-1-6-0-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-95C6-28C3-2PJC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-03 15:30 – Updated: 2026-02-12 15:32Missing Authorization vulnerability in WP Chill Passster content-protector allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Passster: from n/a through <= 4.2.25.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-25036"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-03T15:16:21Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in WP Chill Passster content-protector allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Passster: from n/a through \u003c= 4.2.25.",
"id": "GHSA-95c6-28c3-2pjc",
"modified": "2026-02-12T15:32:42Z",
"published": "2026-02-03T15:30:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-25036"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/content-protector/vulnerability/wordpress-passster-plugin-4-2-25-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-95C7-HRR2-X2WC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-13 21:31 – Updated: 2026-03-16 15:30Missing Authorization vulnerability in raratheme App Landing Page app-landing-page allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects App Landing Page: from n/a through <= 1.2.2.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-32381"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-13T19:54:53Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in raratheme App Landing Page app-landing-page allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects App Landing Page: from n/a through \u003c= 1.2.2.",
"id": "GHSA-95c7-hrr2-x2wc",
"modified": "2026-03-16T15:30:35Z",
"published": "2026-03-13T21:31:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-32381"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Theme/app-landing-page/vulnerability/wordpress-app-landing-page-theme-1-2-2-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-95CF-VM57-R56R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-04 03:30 – Updated: 2023-12-07 15:30In firewall service, there is a possible way to write permission usage records of an app due to a missing permission check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-42700"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-12-04T01:15:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In firewall service, there is a possible way to write permission usage records of an app due to a missing permission check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed",
"id": "GHSA-95cf-vm57-r56r",
"modified": "2023-12-07T15:30:37Z",
"published": "2023-12-04T03:30:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-42700"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.unisoc.com/en_us/secy/announcementDetail/https://www.unisoc.com/en_us/secy/announcementDetail/1731138365803266049"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-95FC-M9JJ-88X5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-26 18:31 – Updated: 2026-05-26 18:31NVIDIA Display Driver for Windows and Linux contains a vulnerability in the kernel mode layer, where a user could cause improper access to GPU resources. A successful exploit of this vulnerability might lead to denial of service, escalation of privileges, information disclosure, data tampering, and code execution.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-24190"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-26T18:16:37Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "NVIDIA Display Driver for Windows and Linux contains a vulnerability in the kernel mode layer, where a user could cause improper access to GPU resources. A successful exploit of this vulnerability might lead to denial of service, escalation of privileges, information disclosure, data tampering, and code execution.",
"id": "GHSA-95fc-m9jj-88x5",
"modified": "2026-05-26T18:31:48Z",
"published": "2026-05-26T18:31:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-24190"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://nvidia.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/5821"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-24190"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-95FW-7PMC-68C4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-10-22 06:31 – Updated: 2026-10-22 12:31The MB Custom Post Types & Custom Taxonomies WordPress plugin before 2.12.3 does not perform any capability or authentication check before allowing an unauthenticated request to re-run a legacy data migration, letting anyone revert a custom post type or taxonomy definition on sites upgraded from a pre-2.0 release back to its pre-upgrade state. This discards configuration changes an administrator made after upgrading and, where those changes had restricted a definition's visibility, silently re-exposes the definition and its content to anonymous visitors.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-110010"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-10-22T06:17:13Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The MB Custom Post Types \u0026 Custom Taxonomies WordPress plugin before 2.12.3 does not perform any capability or authentication check before allowing an unauthenticated request to re-run a legacy data migration, letting anyone revert a custom post type or taxonomy definition on sites upgraded from a pre-2.0 release back to its pre-upgrade state. This discards configuration changes an administrator made after upgrading and, where those changes had restricted a definition\u0027s visibility, silently re-exposes the definition and its content to anonymous visitors.",
"id": "GHSA-95fw-7pmc-68c4",
"modified": "2026-10-22T12:31:13Z",
"published": "2026-10-22T06:31:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-110010"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wpscan.com/vulnerability/6727cd6a-335b-472e-9acf-e4e95b190578"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
- Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
- Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].
Mitigation MIT-4.4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
- For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
- One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.
CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws
An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.