CWE-862
Weakness Allowed-with-ReviewMissing Authorization
Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete
The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.
Dimensions
- Behavior-Property: Missing
- Behavior-Type: Authorization
Mapping guidance
This CWE entry is a Class and might have Base-level children that would be more appropriate
Examine children of this entry to see if there is a better fit
Relationships and members
Modes of introduction
OMISSION: This weakness is caused by missing a security tactic during the architecture and design phase.
Authorization weaknesses may arise when a single-user application is ported to a multi-user environment.
A developer may introduce authorization weaknesses because of a lack of understanding about the underlying technologies. For example, a developer may assume that attackers cannot modify certain inputs such as headers or cookies.
Detection methods
Automated Static Analysis
Automated static analysis is useful for detecting commonly-used idioms for authorization. A tool may be able to analyze related configuration files, such as .htaccess in Apache web servers, or detect the usage of commonly-used authorization libraries.
Generally, automated static analysis tools have difficulty detecting custom authorization schemes. In addition, the software's design may include some functionality that is accessible to any user and does not require an authorization check; an automated technique that detects the absence of authorization may report false positives.
Effectiveness: Limited
Automated Dynamic Analysis
Automated dynamic analysis may find many or all possible interfaces that do not require authorization, but manual analysis is required to determine if the lack of authorization violates business logic.
Manual Analysis
This weakness can be detected using tools and techniques that require manual (human) analysis, such as penetration testing, threat modeling, and interactive tools that allow the tester to record and modify an active session.
Specifically, manual static analysis is useful for evaluating the correctness of custom authorization mechanisms.
Effectiveness: Moderate
These may be more effective than strictly automated techniques. This is especially the case with weaknesses that are related to design and business rules. However, manual efforts might not achieve desired code coverage within limited time constraints.
Manual Static Analysis - Binary or Bytecode
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Binary / Bytecode disassembler - then use manual analysis for vulnerabilities & anomalies
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Dynamic Analysis with Automated Results Interpretation
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Web Application Scanner
Web Services Scanner
Database Scanners
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Dynamic Analysis with Manual Results Interpretation
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Host Application Interface Scanner
Fuzz Tester
Framework-based Fuzzer
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Manual Static Analysis - Source Code
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Focused Manual Spotcheck - Focused manual analysis of source
Manual Source Code Review (not inspections)
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Automated Static Analysis - Source Code
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Source code Weakness Analyzer
Context-configured Source Code Weakness Analyzer
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Architecture or Design Review
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Inspection (IEEE 1028 standard) (can apply to requirements, design, source code, etc.)
Formal Methods / Correct-By-Construction
Effectiveness: High
Notes
Terminology
Assuming a user with a given identity, authorization is the process of determining whether that user can access a given resource, based on the user's privileges and any permissions or other access-control specifications that apply to the resource.
Content history
Suggested mappings to ISA/IEC 62443.
Provided diagram to improve CWE usability
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationships
updated Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Observed_Examples, References, Relationships
updated Potential_Mitigations
updated Relationships
updated Detection_Factors
updated Relationships
updated Applicable_Platforms, Modes_of_Introduction, References, Relationships
updated References
updated Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Alternate_Terms, Observed_Examples
updated Observed_Examples, Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Observed_Examples
updated Description, Potential_Mitigations
updated References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Mapping_Notes, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Common_Consequences, Description, Diagram, Relationships, Terminology_Notes
updated Applicable_Platforms, Detection_Factors, Observed_Examples, References
updated Applicable_Platforms, Relationships, Weakness_Ordinalities
updated Applicable_Platforms, Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Applicable_Platforms, Dimensions, References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
19863 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-8F5V-G9HX-QC4Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-20 03:31 – Updated: 2026-02-20 03:31A vulnerability was identified in Dromara RuoYi-Vue-Plus up to 5.5.3. This vulnerability affects the function SaServletFilter of the file /workflow/instance/deleteByInstanceIds of the component Workflow Module. The manipulation leads to missing authorization. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit is publicly available and might be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-2819"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-20T02:16:55Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was identified in Dromara RuoYi-Vue-Plus up to 5.5.3. This vulnerability affects the function SaServletFilter of the file /workflow/instance/deleteByInstanceIds of the component Workflow Module. The manipulation leads to missing authorization. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit is publicly available and might be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-8f5v-g9hx-qc4q",
"modified": "2026-02-20T03:31:39Z",
"published": "2026-02-20T03:31:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-2819"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.346944"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.346944"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.753321"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-8F6M-3C4P-C477
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-08 09:31 – Updated: 2026-04-13 21:30Missing Authorization vulnerability in Brainstorm Force CartFlows cartflows allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects CartFlows: from n/a through <= 2.2.3.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-39477"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-08T09:16:22Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Brainstorm Force CartFlows cartflows allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects CartFlows: from n/a through \u003c= 2.2.3.",
"id": "GHSA-8f6m-3c4p-c477",
"modified": "2026-04-13T21:30:35Z",
"published": "2026-04-08T09:31:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-39477"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/cartflows/vulnerability/wordpress-cartflows-plugin-2-2-3-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8F7G-F5Q3-FC3X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-13 15:30 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:35Missing Authorization vulnerability in Uncanny Owl Uncanny Toolkit for LearnDash allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Uncanny Toolkit for LearnDash: from n/a through 3.6.4.3.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-34019"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-12-13T15:15:14Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Uncanny Owl Uncanny Toolkit for LearnDash allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Uncanny Toolkit for LearnDash: from n/a through 3.6.4.3.",
"id": "GHSA-8f7g-f5q3-fc3x",
"modified": "2026-04-28T21:35:23Z",
"published": "2024-12-13T15:30:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-34019"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/uncanny-learndash-toolkit/vulnerability/wordpress-uncanny-toolkit-for-learndash-plugin-3-6-4-3-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8F9W-G33V-VMXC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-13 15:30 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:35Missing Authorization vulnerability in Certain Dev Booster Elementor Addons allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Booster Elementor Addons: from n/a through 1.4.9.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-38480"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-12-13T15:15:19Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Certain Dev Booster Elementor Addons allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Booster Elementor Addons: from n/a through 1.4.9.",
"id": "GHSA-8f9w-g33v-vmxc",
"modified": "2026-04-28T21:35:25Z",
"published": "2024-12-13T15:30:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-38480"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/booster-for-elementor/vulnerability/wordpress-booster-elementor-addons-plugin-1-4-9-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8FC9-GCRR-CXGQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-05-29 03:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 04:22OX App Suite before backend 7.10.6-rev37 does not enforce 2FA for all endpoints, e.g., reading from a drive, reading contact data, and renaming tokens.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-24605"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-05-29T03:15:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "OX App Suite before backend 7.10.6-rev37 does not enforce 2FA for all endpoints, e.g., reading from a drive, reading contact data, and renaming tokens.",
"id": "GHSA-8fc9-gcrr-cxgq",
"modified": "2024-04-04T04:22:32Z",
"published": "2023-05-29T03:30:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-24605"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://open-xchange.com"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2023/May/3"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8FCH-9XJ9-6929
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-24 00:30 – Updated: 2026-09-24 00:30A vulnerability was detected in ByteDance Coze Scraper Extension up to 2.0.2. Affected by this vulnerability is the function chrome.runtime.onMessageExternal.addListener of the file static/background/index.js of the component External Message Handler. The manipulation of the argument body.url/paginationConfig/xPathConfig/body.urls/xPaths results in missing authorization. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit is now public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-96680"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-09-23T23:18:50Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was detected in ByteDance Coze Scraper Extension up to 2.0.2. Affected by this vulnerability is the function chrome.runtime.onMessageExternal.addListener of the file static/background/index.js of the component External Message Handler. The manipulation of the argument body.url/paginationConfig/xPathConfig/body.urls/xPaths results in missing authorization. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit is now public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-8fch-9xj9-6929",
"modified": "2026-09-24T00:30:26Z",
"published": "2026-09-24T00:30:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-96680"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/xryj920/chrome_extensions/blob/main/Coze%20Scraper%202.0.2%20Unrestricted%20External%20Message%20Handler%20Allows%20Website-Triggered%20Arbitrary%20URL%20Scraping"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-96680"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/904123"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/409003"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/409003/cti"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-8FCJ-3M4H-C3X5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-23 15:31 – Updated: 2026-01-27 00:31Missing Authorization vulnerability in sheepfish WebP Conversion webp-conversion allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects WebP Conversion: from n/a through <= 2.1.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-24530"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-23T15:16:08Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in sheepfish WebP Conversion webp-conversion allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects WebP Conversion: from n/a through \u003c= 2.1.",
"id": "GHSA-8fcj-3m4h-c3x5",
"modified": "2026-01-27T00:31:13Z",
"published": "2026-01-23T15:31:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-24530"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/webp-conversion/vulnerability/wordpress-webp-conversion-plugin-2-1-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8FF3-F42J-2XXJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-17 09:30 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:34Missing Authorization vulnerability in Qamar Sheeraz, Nasir Ahmad Mega Addons For Elementor.This issue affects Mega Addons For Elementor: from n/a through 1.8.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-32515"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-04-17T08:15:07Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Qamar Sheeraz, Nasir Ahmad Mega Addons For Elementor.This issue affects Mega Addons For Elementor: from n/a through 1.8.",
"id": "GHSA-8ff3-f42j-2xxj",
"modified": "2026-04-28T21:34:45Z",
"published": "2024-04-17T09:30:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-32515"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/ultimate-addons-for-elementor/wordpress-mega-addons-for-elementor-plugin-1-8-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8FF3-QJ6G-3R66
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-10-21 00:32 – Updated: 2026-10-21 00:32Use after free in WebUI in Google Chrome prior to 156.0.8078.47 allowed a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code inside the sandbox via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: High)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-113058"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-416",
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-10-20T22:18:57Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Use after free in WebUI in Google Chrome prior to 156.0.8078.47 allowed a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code inside the sandbox via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: High)",
"id": "GHSA-8ff3-qj6g-3r66",
"modified": "2026-10-21T00:32:40Z",
"published": "2026-10-21T00:32:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-113058"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2026/10/stable-channel-update-for-desktop_02018666648.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://issues.chromium.org/issues/551059870"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8FG5-F59F-PH4F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-13 15:30 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:35Missing Authorization vulnerability in Designinvento DirectoryPress allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects DirectoryPress: from n/a through 3.6.2.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-37967"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-12-13T15:15:18Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Designinvento DirectoryPress allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects DirectoryPress: from n/a through 3.6.2.",
"id": "GHSA-8fg5-f59f-ph4f",
"modified": "2026-04-28T21:35:24Z",
"published": "2024-12-13T15:30:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-37967"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/directorypress/vulnerability/wordpress-directorypress-plugin-3-6-2-unauthenticated-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
- Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
- Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].
Mitigation MIT-4.4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
- For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
- One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.
CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws
An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.