Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-838
AllowedInappropriate Encoding for Output Context
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
The product uses or specifies an encoding when generating output to a downstream component, but the specified encoding is not the same as the encoding that is expected by the downstream component.
21 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-55859 (GCVE-0-2026-55859)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-28 22:48 – Updated: 2026-08-28 22:48
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MariaDB Connector/R2DBC: Inappropriate Encoding for Output Context and Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output in org.mariadb:r2dbc-mariadb
Summary
MariaDB Connector/R2DBC is a non-blocking MariaDB and MySQL client implemented in Java. Prior to 1.4.1, org.mariadb:r2dbc-mariadb encodes and decodes all character data under the assumption that the connection character set is UTF-8. A server can announce a mid-session change to character_set_client through the OK-packet session-state-tracking mechanism, including through SET NAMES executed by a stored routine or trigger, server configuration, or a hostile or man-in-the-middle server. If the new character set is not UTF-8, the driver continues to exchange UTF-8 while the server interprets the same bytes under a different encoding, causing silent data corruption and a client/server charset-confusion mismatch that can defeat byte-wise quoting or escaping. The fix accepts only utf8, utf8mb3, or utf8mb4 after initialization; any other value raises R2dbcNonTransientResourceException with SQLState 08000 and closes the connection. This issue is fixed in version 1.4.1.
Severity
5.9 (Medium)
CWE
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-co… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-co… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-co… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://jira.mariadb.org/browse/R2DBC-124 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| mariadb-corporation | mariadb-connector-r2dbc |
Affected:
< 1.4.1
|
|
| org.mariadb | r2dbc-mariadb |
Affected:
< 1.4.1
|
{
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}
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CVE-2026-55858 (GCVE-0-2026-55858)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-28 22:46 – Updated: 2026-08-28 22:46
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MariaDB Connector/J: Inappropriate Encoding for Output Context in org.mariadb.jdbc:mariadb-java-client
Summary
MariaDB Connector/J is used to connect applications developed in Java to MariaDB and MySQL databases. Prior to 2.7.14, 3.3.5, 3.4.3, and 3.5.9, the connector encodes and decodes protocol text and performs client-side escaping under the assumption that the connection character set is UTF-8. The server can report a mid-session change to character_set_client through OK-packet session-state tracking, including a change caused by SET NAMES, a stored routine or trigger, server configuration, or a hostile server. If character_set_client changes to a non-UTF-8 value, the driver continues to read and write UTF-8 while the server interprets the same bytes under another encoding, causing silent data corruption and a client/server charset-confusion mismatch that can defeat byte-wise quoting or escaping. The fix accepts only utf8, utf8mb3, or utf8mb4 after initialization; any other value causes SQLException with SQLState 08000 and closes the connection. This issue is fixed in versions 2.7.14, 3.3.5, 3.4.3, and 3.5.9.
Severity
5.9 (Medium)
CWE
- CWE-838 - Inappropriate Encoding for Output Context
Assigner
References
10 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-co… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-co… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-co… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-co… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-co… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-co… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-co… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-co… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-co… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://jira.mariadb.org/browse/CONJ-1317 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| mariadb-corporation | mariadb-connector-j |
Affected:
< 2.7.14
Affected: >= 3.0.0-alpha, < 3.3.5 Affected: >= 3.4.0, < 3.4.3 Affected: >= 3.5.0, < 3.5.9 |
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CVE-2026-53641 (GCVE-0-2026-53641)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-06 22:36 – Updated: 2026-07-08 19:41
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
FOSSBilling has stored XSS in client email views via unescaped content in JavaScript template literal
Summary
FOSSBilling is a free, open-source billing and client management system. Versions 0.6.0 through 0.7.2 have a stored cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the client-facing email history views of FOSSBilling. Email HTML content (`content_html`) is rendered into a JavaScript template literal using the `|raw` filter, bypassing all output escaping. An attacker with admin access can inject malicious JavaScript payloads into email content that execute in the browser of any client who views their email history. Version 0.8.0 contains a fix. Some workarounds are available. Restrict admin account access, audit email content in the database for suspicious payloads, and/or monitor client accounts for unusual activity.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-08 17:48 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/FOSSBilling/FOSSBilling/securi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| FOSSBilling | FOSSBilling |
Affected:
>= 0.6.0, < 0.8.0
|
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CVE-2026-47079 (GCVE-0-2026-47079)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-21 09:52 – Updated: 2026-08-21 12:19
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Round-trip Corruption via Improper Entity Escaping in xml_builder
Summary
Inappropriate Encoding for Output Context vulnerability in joshnuss xml_builder (XmlBuilder module) allows Content Spoofing, Cross-site Scripting.
This vulnerability is associated with program files lib/xml_builder.ex and program routines XmlBuilder.generate/1, XmlBuilder.generate/2, XmlBuilder.escape_string/1, XmlBuilder.escape_entity/1.
XmlBuilder.generate/1 does not escape literal & characters in text or attribute values when they are followed by an entity-like token (lt;, gt;, amp;, quot;, apos;). As a result, attacker-supplied input such as <script> is emitted verbatim into the serialized XML rather than being escaped to &lt;script&gt;. When a downstream XML parser later reads the document, it decodes the entity sequences into the literal characters <script>, promoting inert-looking text into real markup. This allows an attacker to bypass upstream filters that block raw < and > characters, injecting markup into any downstream consumer that parses the produced XML and renders the text content in a markup-sensitive context (HTML, SVG, RSS/Atom feeds). Both element text and attribute values are affected.
This issue affects xml_builder: from 0.0.6 before 2.4.1.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-21 12:17 UTC
CWE
- CWE-838 - Inappropriate Encoding for Output Context
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/joshnuss/xml_builder/security/… | vendor-advisoryrelated |
| https://cna.erlef.org/cves/CVE-2026-47079.html | related |
| https://osv.dev/vulnerability/EEF-CVE-2026-47079 | related |
| https://github.com/joshnuss/xml_builder/commit/c3… | patch |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| joshnuss | xml_builder |
Affected:
0.0.6 , < 2.4.1
(semver)
cpe:2.3:a:joshnuss:xml_builder:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| joshnuss | xml_builder |
Affected:
aae31e6e8ac837bcbb8afb816c0d14324b5cfe2b , < c3390e2046ec297b3bb8c30d5779cdfd6508c275
(git)
cpe:2.3:a:joshnuss:xml_builder:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2024-34006 (GCVE-0-2024-34006)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-05-31 20:36 – Updated: 2024-08-02 02:42
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
moodle: unsanitized HTML in site log for config_log_created
Summary
The site log report required additional encoding of event descriptions to ensure any HTML in the content is displayed in plaintext instead of being rendered.
Severity
4.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-06-03 15:10 UTC
CWE
- CWE-838 - Inappropriate Encoding for Output Context
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
4 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Affected:
4.0 , ≤ 4.3.3
(semver)
Affected: 4.2 , ≤ 4.2.6 (semver) Affected: 4.1 , ≤ 4.1.9 (semver) |
|||
| fedoraproject | fedora |
Affected:
4.0 , ≤ 4.3.3
(custom)
cpe:2.3:o:fedoraproject:fedora:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| fedoraproject | fedora |
Affected:
4.1 , ≤ 4.1.9
(custom)
cpe:2.3:o:fedoraproject:fedora:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| fedoraproject | fedora |
Affected:
4.2 , ≤ 4.2.6
(custom)
cpe:2.3:o:fedoraproject:fedora:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Date Public
2024-05-20 09:00
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CVE-2023-5770 (GCVE-0-2023-5770)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-01-09 22:02 – Updated: 2025-06-03 14:29
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
HTML injection in email body through email subject
Summary
Proofpoint Enterprise Protection contains a vulnerability in the email delivery agent that allows an unauthenticated attacker to inject improperly encoded HTML into the email body of a message through the email subject. The vulnerability is caused by inappropriate encoding when rewriting the email before delivery.This issue affects Proofpoint Enterprise Protection: from 8.20.2 before patch 4809, from 8.20.0 before patch 4805, from 8.18.6 before patch 4804 and all other prior versions.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-05-08 18:43 UTC
CWE
- CWE-838 - Inappropriate Encoding for Output Context
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Proofpoint | Proofpoint Enterprise Protection |
Affected:
8.20.2 , < patch 4809
(semver)
Affected: 8.20.0 , < patch 4805 (semver) Affected: 8.18.6 , < patch 4804 (semver) Affected: 8.0 , < 8.18.6 (semver) |
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CVE-2020-7292 (GCVE-0-2020-7292)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2020-07-15 14:50 – Updated: 2024-08-04 09:25
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Web Gateway (MWG) - Inappropriate Encoding for output context
Summary
Inappropriate Encoding for output context vulnerability in McAfee Web Gateway (MWG) prior to 9.2.1 allows a remote attacker to cause MWG to return an ambiguous redirect response via getting a user to click on a malicious URL.
Severity
4.3 (Medium)
CWE
- CWE-838 - Inappropriate Encoding for output context
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://kc.mcafee.com/corporate/index?page=conten… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| McAfee | McAfee Web Gateway (MWG) |
Affected:
unspecified , < 9.2.1
(custom)
|
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GHSA-2PGC-776H-4JHR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-05 18:32 – Updated: 2025-05-06 15:31
VLAI
Details
Inappropriate implementation in DevTools in Google Chrome prior to 136.0.7103.59 allowed a remote attacker who convinced a user to engage in specific UI gestures to bypass discretionary access control via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Low)
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
{
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"CVE-2025-4052"
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"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-838"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-05T18:15:44Z",
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"id": "GHSA-2pgc-776h-4jhr",
"modified": "2025-05-06T15:31:03Z",
"published": "2025-05-05T18:32:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-4052"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2025/04/stable-channel-update-for-desktop_29.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://issues.chromium.org/issues/401927528"
}
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"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
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"type": "CVSS_V3"
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}
GHSA-5RQC-86VF-G8R2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-28 22:49 – Updated: 2026-08-28 22:49
VLAI
Summary
org.mariadb:r2dbc-mariadb has Inappropriate Encoding for Output Context and Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Details
Summary
The connector encodes and decodes all character data assuming the connection character set is UTF-8. A server can change character_set_client mid-session to a non-UTF-8 charset, after which the driver and server interpret the same bytes under different encodings, causing silent data corruption and a client/server charset-confusion mismatch.
Details
The driver encodes and decodes all character data on the assumption that the connection character set is UTF-8. The server can, however, announce a change of character_set_client mid-session through the OK-packet session-state-tracking mechanism, for example via a SET NAMES … run by a stored routine or trigger, by server configuration, or by a hostile server.
If the new charset is not UTF-8, the driver continues to read and write UTF-8 while the server interprets the same bytes under a different encoding. The result is silent data corruption and a client/server charset-confusion mismatch. Charset confusion of this kind is also the primitive that can defeat byte-wise quoting/escaping when client and server disagree on a multi-byte encoding.
Am I affected?
You are affected if you use mariadb Connector/R2DBC (org.mariadb:r2dbc-mariadb) below 1.4.1 and a connection can be steered, by a hostile or man-in-the-middle server, or by server-side state such as a stored routine, trigger, or configuration — to switch character_set_client to a non-UTF-8 value mid-session.
Impact
Silent data corruption and a client/server encoding mismatch once the connection's charset diverges from UTF-8. Because the mismatch undermines the assumption that quoting/escaping operates on UTF-8 bytes, it belongs to the charset-confusion class that can lead to SQL injection.
Patches
Fixed in 1.4.1. Once the connection is fully initialized, any subsequent charset change to a value that is not utf8 / utf8mb3 / utf8mb4 is rejected: the driver raises R2dbcNonTransientResourceException (SQLState 08000) and closes the connection rather than continuing to exchange data under a mismatched encoding. Upgrade to 1.4.1 or later.
Workarounds
There is no reliable application-level workaround; upgrade to 1.4.1 or later.
Credit
Reported by Yalguun Tumenkhuu (@fg0x0).
Severity
5.9 (Medium)
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"details": "### Summary\n\nThe connector encodes and decodes all character data assuming the connection character set is UTF-8. A server can change character_set_client mid-session to a non-UTF-8 charset, after which the driver and server interpret the same bytes under different encodings, causing silent data corruption and a client/server charset-confusion mismatch.\n\n### Details\n\nThe driver encodes and decodes all character data on the assumption that the connection character set is UTF-8. The server can, however, announce a change of character_set_client mid-session through the OK-packet session-state-tracking mechanism, for example via a SET NAMES \u2026 run by a stored routine or trigger, by server configuration, or by a hostile server.\n\nIf the new charset is not UTF-8, the driver continues to read and write UTF-8 while the server interprets the same bytes under a different encoding. The result is silent data corruption and a client/server charset-confusion mismatch. Charset confusion of this kind is also the primitive that can defeat byte-wise quoting/escaping when client and server disagree on a multi-byte encoding.\n\n### Am I affected?\n\nYou are affected if you use mariadb Connector/R2DBC (org.mariadb:r2dbc-mariadb) below 1.4.1 and a connection can be steered, by a hostile or man-in-the-middle server, or by server-side state such as a stored routine, trigger, or configuration \u2014 to switch character_set_client to a non-UTF-8 value mid-session.\n\n### Impact\n\nSilent data corruption and a client/server encoding mismatch once the connection\u0027s charset diverges from UTF-8. Because the mismatch undermines the assumption that quoting/escaping operates on UTF-8 bytes, it belongs to the charset-confusion class that can lead to SQL injection.\n\n### Patches\n\nFixed in 1.4.1. Once the connection is fully initialized, any subsequent charset change to a value that is not utf8 / utf8mb3 / utf8mb4 is rejected: the driver raises R2dbcNonTransientResourceException (SQLState 08000) and closes the connection rather than continuing to exchange data under a mismatched encoding. Upgrade to 1.4.1 or later.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nThere is no reliable application-level workaround; upgrade to 1.4.1 or later.\n\n### Credit\n\nReported by Yalguun Tumenkhuu ([@fg0x0](https://github.com/fg0x0/)).",
"id": "GHSA-5rqc-86vf-g8r2",
"modified": "2026-08-28T22:49:03Z",
"published": "2026-08-28T22:49:03Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-connector-r2dbc/security/advisories/GHSA-5rqc-86vf-g8r2"
},
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"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-connector-r2dbc/commit/38bad9afebc6c581a853656a42f9ebf403b1b1b7"
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"url": "https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-connector-r2dbc"
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"url": "https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-connector-r2dbc/releases/tag/1.4.1"
},
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"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jira.mariadb.org/browse/R2DBC-124"
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"severity": [
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}
GHSA-7MP8-W7V3-999F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-06 03:30 – Updated: 2024-02-15 21:31
VLAI
Details
Inappropriate implementation in Web Browser UI in Google Chrome prior to 120.0.6099.62 allowed a remote attacker to potentially spoof the contents of an iframe dialog context menu via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Low)
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
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"aliases": [
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],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
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],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-12-06T02:15:07Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Inappropriate implementation in Web Browser UI in Google Chrome prior to 120.0.6099.62 allowed a remote attacker to potentially spoof the contents of an iframe dialog context menu via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Low)",
"id": "GHSA-7mp8-w7v3-999f",
"modified": "2024-02-15T21:31:26Z",
"published": "2023-12-06T03:30:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-6512"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2023/12/stable-channel-update-for-desktop.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://crbug.com/1457702"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/MMHY76AWPA46MAFXPWDGJX6FEGXZVR5Z"
},
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"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/RI3UHCTFH6KWAJGDZ2TOLT6VHKW53WCC"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202401-34"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2023/dsa-5573"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
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Mitigation
Implementation
Strategy: Output Encoding
Use context-aware encoding. That is, understand which encoding is being used by the downstream component, and ensure that this encoding is used. If an encoding can be specified, do so, instead of assuming that the default encoding is the same as the default being assumed by the downstream component.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Output Encoding
Where possible, use communications protocols or data formats that provide strict boundaries between control and data. If this is not feasible, ensure that the protocols or formats allow the communicating components to explicitly state which encoding/decoding method is being used. Some template frameworks provide built-in support.
Mitigation MIT-4.3
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
- Note that some template mechanisms provide built-in support for the appropriate encoding.
CAPEC-468: Generic Cross-Browser Cross-Domain Theft
An attacker makes use of Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) injection to steal data cross domain from the victim's browser. The attack works by abusing the standards relating to loading of CSS: 1. Send cookies on any load of CSS (including cross-domain) 2. When parsing returned CSS ignore all data that does not make sense before a valid CSS descriptor is found by the CSS parser.