CWE-787
Weakness Allowed-with-ReviewOut-of-bounds Write
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product writes data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.
Dimensions
- Behavior-Type: Write
- Resource-Type: Memory Buffer
- Resource-Property: Out-of-bounds
Mapping guidance
This CWE entry is at the Base level of abstraction, which is a preferred level of abstraction for mapping to the root causes of vulnerabilities. However, closer examination is required.
While this CWE is allowed for mapping, it has more specific children that might be a better fit. Carefully read both the name and description to ensure that this mapping is appropriate. Consider the root cause errors that have led to the out-of-bounds write by examining "CanFollow" relationships for this entry.
Relationships and members
Modes of introduction
Detection methods
Automated Static Analysis
This weakness can often be detected using automated static analysis tools. Many modern tools use data flow analysis or constraint-based techniques to minimize the number of false positives.
Automated static analysis generally does not account for environmental considerations when reporting out-of-bounds memory operations. This can make it difficult for users to determine which warnings should be investigated first. For example, an analysis tool might report buffer overflows that originate from command line arguments in a program that is not expected to run with setuid or other special privileges.
Effectiveness: High
Detection techniques for buffer-related errors are more mature than for most other weakness types.
Automated Dynamic Analysis
This weakness can be detected using dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the software using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The software's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.
Automated Dynamic Analysis
Use tools that are integrated during compilation to insert runtime error-checking mechanisms related to memory safety errors, such as AddressSanitizer (ASan) for C/C++ [REF-1518].
Effectiveness: Moderate
Crafted inputs are necessary to reach the code containing the error, such as generated by fuzzers. Also, these tools may reduce performance, and they only report the error condition - not the original mistake that led to the error.
Content history
Suggested mappings to ISA/IEC 62443.
Provided diagram to improve CWE usability
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Relationships
updated Common_Consequences
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Relationships
updated Description
updated Applicable_Platforms, Demonstrative_Examples, Detection_Factors, Likelihood_of_Exploit, Observed_Examples, Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships, Time_of_Introduction
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Observed_Examples
updated Alternate_Terms, Demonstrative_Examples, Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Potential_Mitigations, Relationships
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Applicable_Platforms
updated Alternate_Terms, Demonstrative_Examples, Description
updated Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Mapping_Notes, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Alternate_Terms, Common_Consequences, Description, Diagram, Weakness_Ordinalities
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Affected_Resources, Functional_Areas, References
updated Applicable_Platforms, Detection_Factors, References, Relationships
updated Mapping_Notes
updated Dimensions, Observed_Examples, References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
17026 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-QQ3G-XR36-VJ77
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:47 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:47In the initDecoder function of SoftAVCDec, there is a possible out-of-bounds write to mCodecCtx due to a use after free when buffer allocation fails. This could lead to remote code execution as a privileged process with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation. Product: Android. Versions: 6.0.1, 7.0, 7.1.1, 7.1.2, 8.0, 8.1. Android ID: A-66969281.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-13178"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-01-12T23:29:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "In the initDecoder function of SoftAVCDec, there is a possible out-of-bounds write to mCodecCtx due to a use after free when buffer allocation fails. This could lead to remote code execution as a privileged process with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation. Product: Android. Versions: 6.0.1, 7.0, 7.1.1, 7.1.2, 8.0, 8.1. Android ID: A-66969281.",
"id": "GHSA-qq3g-xr36-vj77",
"modified": "2022-05-14T03:47:12Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T03:47:12Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-13178"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/2018-01-01"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/102414"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1040106"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QQ47-MRCH-4W82
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-03-01 21:30 – Updated: 2023-03-06 15:30Jensen of Scandinavia Eagle 1200AC V15.03.06.33_en was discovered to contain a stack overflow via the security parameter at /goform/WifiBasicSet.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-24118"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-03-01T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Jensen of Scandinavia Eagle 1200AC V15.03.06.33_en was discovered to contain a stack overflow via the security parameter at /goform/WifiBasicSet.",
"id": "GHSA-qq47-mrch-4w82",
"modified": "2023-03-06T15:30:41Z",
"published": "2023-03-01T21:30:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-24118"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://oxnan.com/posts/WifiBasic_security_DoS"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://eagle.com"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://jensen.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QQ4W-8G63-5R25
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:01 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:01An exploitable stack based buffer overflow vulnerability exists in the GNOME libsoup 2.58. A specially crafted HTTP request can cause a stack overflow resulting in remote code execution. An attacker can send a special HTTP request to the vulnerable server to trigger this vulnerability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-2885"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-119",
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-04-24T19:29:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "An exploitable stack based buffer overflow vulnerability exists in the GNOME libsoup 2.58. A specially crafted HTTP request can cause a stack overflow resulting in remote code execution. An attacker can send a special HTTP request to the vulnerable server to trigger this vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-qq4w-8g63-5r25",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:01:16Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:01:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-2885"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2017:2459"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2017/dsa-3929"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2017-0392"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/160388/ProCaster-LE-32F430-GStreamer-souphttpsrc-libsoup-2.51.3-Stack-Overflow.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2020/Dec/3"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/100258"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QQ4X-WMG9-V33W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-10-14 19:00 – Updated: 2022-10-15 12:00OTFCC commit 617837b was discovered to contain a heap buffer overflow via /release-x64/otfccdump+0x6b0478.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-35056"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-10-14T12:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "OTFCC commit 617837b was discovered to contain a heap buffer overflow via /release-x64/otfccdump+0x6b0478.",
"id": "GHSA-qq4x-wmg9-v33w",
"modified": "2022-10-15T12:00:54Z",
"published": "2022-10-14T19:00:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-35056"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://drive.google.com/file/d/1OgmLjZ9VnEbzFh8tqyhPlVGJtdrhgfWz/view?usp=sharing"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Cvjark/Poc/blob/main/otfcc/CVE-2022-35056.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QQ52-WHH8-7P62
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-11-20 00:00 – Updated: 2021-11-24 00:00OpenSource Moddable v10.5.0 was discovered to contain a heap buffer overflow via the component /modules/network/wifi/esp/modwifi.c.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-29323"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-11-19T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "OpenSource Moddable v10.5.0 was discovered to contain a heap buffer overflow via the component /modules/network/wifi/esp/modwifi.c.",
"id": "GHSA-qq52-whh8-7p62",
"modified": "2021-11-24T00:00:53Z",
"published": "2021-11-20T00:00:53Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-29323"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Moddable-OpenSource/moddable/issues/5"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-QQ53-CMVG-M7M7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-29 00:00 – Updated: 2022-01-07 00:01An issue was discovered in gif2apng 1.9. There is a stack-based buffer overflow involving a for loop. An attacker has little influence over the data written to the stack, making it unlikely that the flow of control can be subverted.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-45907"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-12-28T01:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in gif2apng 1.9. There is a stack-based buffer overflow involving a for loop. An attacker has little influence over the data written to the stack, making it unlikely that the flow of control can be subverted.",
"id": "GHSA-qq53-cmvg-m7m7",
"modified": "2022-01-07T00:01:05Z",
"published": "2021-12-29T00:00:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-45907"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=1002669"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-QQ58-PF2W-C658
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-12 21:30 – Updated: 2024-11-12 21:30After Effects versions 23.6.9, 24.6.2 and earlier are affected by an out-of-bounds write vulnerability that could result in arbitrary code execution in the context of the current user. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction in that a victim must open a malicious file.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-47441"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-12T19:15:13Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "After Effects versions 23.6.9, 24.6.2 and earlier are affected by an out-of-bounds write vulnerability that could result in arbitrary code execution in the context of the current user. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction in that a victim must open a malicious file.",
"id": "GHSA-qq58-pf2w-c658",
"modified": "2024-11-12T21:30:52Z",
"published": "2024-11-12T21:30:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-47441"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/after_effects/apsb24-85.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QQ59-H2GH-4PFP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-12 15:37 – Updated: 2025-02-06 21:32A Stack-based Buffer Overflow vulnerability in the Routing Protocol Daemon (RPD) component of Junos OS and Junos OS Evolved allows an unauthenticated, network-based attacker to cause an rpd crash, leading to Denial of Service (DoS).
On all Junos OS and Junos OS Evolved platforms, when EVPN is configured, and a specific EVPN type-5 route is received via BGP, rpd crashes and restarts. Continuous receipt of this specific route will lead to a sustained Denial of Service (DoS) condition.
This issue affects: Junos OS:
-
all versions before 21.2R3-S7,
-
from 21.4 before 21.4R3-S5,
-
from 22.1 before 22.1R3-S4,
-
from 22.2 before 22.2R3-S2,
-
from 22.3 before 22.3R3-S1,
-
from 22.4 before 22.4R3,
-
from 23.2 before 23.2R2.
Junos OS Evolved:
-
all versions before 21.4R3-S5-EVO,
-
from 22.1-EVO before 22.1R3-S4-EVO,
-
from 22.2-EVO before 22.2R3-S2-EVO,
-
from 22.3-EVO before 22.3R3-S1-EVO,
-
from 22.4-EVO before 22.4R3-EVO,
-
from 23.2-EVO before 23.2R2-EVO.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-30394"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-121",
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-04-12T15:15:24Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A\u00a0Stack-based Buffer Overflow vulnerability in the Routing Protocol Daemon (RPD) component of Junos OS and Junos OS Evolved allows an unauthenticated, network-based attacker to cause an rpd crash, leading to Denial of Service (DoS).\n\nOn all Junos OS and Junos OS Evolved platforms, when EVPN is configured, and a specific EVPN type-5 route is received via BGP, rpd crashes and restarts. Continuous receipt of this specific route will lead to a sustained Denial of Service (DoS) condition.\n\nThis issue affects:\nJunos OS:\n\n\n\n * all versions before 21.2R3-S7,\n\n * from 21.4 before 21.4R3-S5,\n\n * from 22.1 before 22.1R3-S4,\n\n * from 22.2 before 22.2R3-S2,\n\n * from 22.3 before 22.3R3-S1,\n\n * from 22.4 before 22.4R3,\n\n * from 23.2 before 23.2R2.\n\n\n\n\n\nJunos OS Evolved:\n\n\n\n * all versions before 21.4R3-S5-EVO,\n\n * from 22.1-EVO before 22.1R3-S4-EVO,\n\n * from 22.2-EVO before 22.2R3-S2-EVO,\n\n * from 22.3-EVO before 22.3R3-S1-EVO,\n\n * from 22.4-EVO before 22.4R3-EVO,\n\n * from 23.2-EVO before 23.2R2-EVO.",
"id": "GHSA-qq59-h2gh-4pfp",
"modified": "2025-02-06T21:32:04Z",
"published": "2024-04-12T15:37:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-30394"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://supportportal.juniper.net/JSA79094"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/4.0#CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:L"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/4.0#CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:L/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-QQ5C-V7VR-8GGG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-15 12:30 – Updated: 2024-09-25 06:30Out-of-bounds write vulnerability exists in KV STUDIO Ver.11.64 and earlier and KV REPLAY VIEWER Ver.2.64 and earlier, which may lead to information disclosure or arbitrary code execution by having a user of the affected product open a specially crafted file.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-29218"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-04-15T11:15:08Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Out-of-bounds write vulnerability exists in KV STUDIO Ver.11.64 and earlier and KV REPLAY VIEWER Ver.2.64 and earlier, which may lead to information disclosure or arbitrary code execution by having a user of the affected product open a specially crafted file.",
"id": "GHSA-qq5c-v7vr-8ggg",
"modified": "2024-09-25T06:30:42Z",
"published": "2024-04-15T12:30:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-29218"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jvn.jp/en/vu/JVNVU95439120"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.keyence.com/kv_vulnerability240329_en"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.keyence.com/kv_vulnerability240924_en"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QQ5F-QP66-6V4X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-28 12:30 – Updated: 2025-10-01 21:30In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
drm/amdkfd: Use dynamic allocation for CU occupancy array in 'kfd_get_cu_occupancy()'
The kfd_get_cu_occupancy function previously declared a large
cu_occupancy array as a local variable, which could lead to stack
overflows due to excessive stack usage. This commit replaces the static
array allocation with dynamic memory allocation using kcalloc,
thereby reducing the stack size.
This change avoids the risk of stack overflows in kernel space, in
scenarios where AMDGPU_MAX_QUEUES is large. The allocated memory is
freed using kfree before the function returns to prevent memory
leaks.
Fixes the below with gcc W=1: drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/../amdkfd/kfd_process.c: In function ‘kfd_get_cu_occupancy’: drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/../amdkfd/kfd_process.c:322:1: warning: the frame size of 1056 bytes is larger than 1024 bytes [-Wframe-larger-than=] 322 | } | ^
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-56695"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-12-28T10:15:15Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\ndrm/amdkfd: Use dynamic allocation for CU occupancy array in \u0027kfd_get_cu_occupancy()\u0027\n\nThe `kfd_get_cu_occupancy` function previously declared a large\n`cu_occupancy` array as a local variable, which could lead to stack\noverflows due to excessive stack usage. This commit replaces the static\narray allocation with dynamic memory allocation using `kcalloc`,\nthereby reducing the stack size.\n\nThis change avoids the risk of stack overflows in kernel space, in\nscenarios where `AMDGPU_MAX_QUEUES` is large. The allocated memory is\nfreed using `kfree` before the function returns to prevent memory\nleaks.\n\nFixes the below with gcc W=1:\ndrivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/../amdkfd/kfd_process.c: In function \u2018kfd_get_cu_occupancy\u2019:\ndrivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/../amdkfd/kfd_process.c:322:1: warning: the frame size of 1056 bytes is larger than 1024 bytes [-Wframe-larger-than=]\n 322 | }\n | ^",
"id": "GHSA-qq5f-qp66-6v4x",
"modified": "2025-10-01T21:30:44Z",
"published": "2024-12-28T12:30:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-56695"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/6d9f07196389f35a3afebcf1a12c1425725caddd"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/922f0e00017b09d9d47e3efac008c8b20ed546a0"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-3
Strategy: Language Selection
- Use a language that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, many languages that perform their own memory management, such as Java and Perl, are not subject to buffer overflows. Other languages, such as Ada and C#, typically provide overflow protection, but the protection can be disabled by the programmer.
- Be wary that a language's interface to native code may still be subject to overflows, even if the language itself is theoretically safe.
Mitigation MIT-4.1
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- Examples include the Safe C String Library (SafeStr) by Messier and Viega [REF-57], and the Strsafe.h library from Microsoft [REF-56]. These libraries provide safer versions of overflow-prone string-handling functions.
Mitigation MIT-10
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Use automatic buffer overflow detection mechanisms that are offered by certain compilers or compiler extensions. Examples include: the Microsoft Visual Studio /GS flag, Fedora/Red Hat FORTIFY_SOURCE GCC flag, StackGuard, and ProPolice, which provide various mechanisms including canary-based detection and range/index checking.
- D3-SFCV (Stack Frame Canary Validation) from D3FEND [REF-1334] discusses canary-based detection in detail.
Mitigation MIT-9
- Consider adhering to the following rules when allocating and managing an application's memory:
- Double check that the buffer is as large as specified.
- When using functions that accept a number of bytes to copy, such as strncpy(), be aware that if the destination buffer size is equal to the source buffer size, it may not NULL-terminate the string.
- Check buffer boundaries if accessing the buffer in a loop and make sure there is no danger of writing past the allocated space.
- If necessary, truncate all input strings to a reasonable length before passing them to the copy and concatenation functions.
Mitigation MIT-11
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Run or compile the software using features or extensions that randomly arrange the positions of a program's executable and libraries in memory. Because this makes the addresses unpredictable, it can prevent an attacker from reliably jumping to exploitable code.
- Examples include Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) [REF-58] [REF-60] and Position-Independent Executables (PIE) [REF-64]. Imported modules may be similarly realigned if their default memory addresses conflict with other modules, in a process known as "rebasing" (for Windows) and "prelinking" (for Linux) [REF-1332] using randomly generated addresses. ASLR for libraries cannot be used in conjunction with prelink since it would require relocating the libraries at run-time, defeating the whole purpose of prelinking.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-SAOR (Segment Address Offset Randomization) from D3FEND [REF-1335].
Mitigation MIT-12
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Use a CPU and operating system that offers Data Execution Protection (using hardware NX or XD bits) or the equivalent techniques that simulate this feature in software, such as PaX [REF-60] [REF-61]. These techniques ensure that any instruction executed is exclusively at a memory address that is part of the code segment.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-PSEP (Process Segment Execution Prevention) from D3FEND [REF-1336].
Mitigation MIT-13
Replace unbounded copy functions with analogous functions that support length arguments, such as strcpy with strncpy. Create these if they are not available.
No CAPEC attack patterns related to this CWE.