CWE-787
Weakness Allowed-with-ReviewOut-of-bounds Write
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product writes data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.
Dimensions
- Behavior-Type: Write
- Resource-Type: Memory Buffer
- Resource-Property: Out-of-bounds
Mapping guidance
This CWE entry is at the Base level of abstraction, which is a preferred level of abstraction for mapping to the root causes of vulnerabilities. However, closer examination is required.
While this CWE is allowed for mapping, it has more specific children that might be a better fit. Carefully read both the name and description to ensure that this mapping is appropriate. Consider the root cause errors that have led to the out-of-bounds write by examining "CanFollow" relationships for this entry.
Relationships and members
Modes of introduction
Detection methods
Automated Static Analysis
This weakness can often be detected using automated static analysis tools. Many modern tools use data flow analysis or constraint-based techniques to minimize the number of false positives.
Automated static analysis generally does not account for environmental considerations when reporting out-of-bounds memory operations. This can make it difficult for users to determine which warnings should be investigated first. For example, an analysis tool might report buffer overflows that originate from command line arguments in a program that is not expected to run with setuid or other special privileges.
Effectiveness: High
Detection techniques for buffer-related errors are more mature than for most other weakness types.
Automated Dynamic Analysis
This weakness can be detected using dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the software using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The software's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.
Automated Dynamic Analysis
Use tools that are integrated during compilation to insert runtime error-checking mechanisms related to memory safety errors, such as AddressSanitizer (ASan) for C/C++ [REF-1518].
Effectiveness: Moderate
Crafted inputs are necessary to reach the code containing the error, such as generated by fuzzers. Also, these tools may reduce performance, and they only report the error condition - not the original mistake that led to the error.
Content history
Suggested mappings to ISA/IEC 62443.
Provided diagram to improve CWE usability
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Relationships
updated Common_Consequences
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Relationships
updated Description
updated Applicable_Platforms, Demonstrative_Examples, Detection_Factors, Likelihood_of_Exploit, Observed_Examples, Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships, Time_of_Introduction
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Observed_Examples
updated Alternate_Terms, Demonstrative_Examples, Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Potential_Mitigations, Relationships
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Applicable_Platforms
updated Alternate_Terms, Demonstrative_Examples, Description
updated Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Mapping_Notes, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Alternate_Terms, Common_Consequences, Description, Diagram, Weakness_Ordinalities
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Affected_Resources, Functional_Areas, References
updated Applicable_Platforms, Detection_Factors, References, Relationships
updated Mapping_Notes
updated Dimensions, Observed_Examples, References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
16872 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-M495-8V55-X7FP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-25 21:31 – Updated: 2026-10-15 00:30GNU gdb (GDB) 13.0.50.20220805-git was discovered to contain a stack overflow via the function ada_decode at /gdb/ada-lang.c.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-39128"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-07-25T19:15:11Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "GNU gdb (GDB) 13.0.50.20220805-git was discovered to contain a stack overflow via the function ada_decode at /gdb/ada-lang.c.",
"id": "GHSA-m495-8v55-x7fp",
"modified": "2026-10-15T00:30:39Z",
"published": "2023-07-25T21:31:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-39128"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-398330.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=30639"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M49C-4FX3-RQR9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-22 21:32 – Updated: 2024-11-22 21:32IrfanView DXF File Parsing Memory Corruption Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of IrfanView. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file.
The specific flaw exists within the parsing of DXF files. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in a memory corruption condition. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-24702.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-11541"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-119",
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-22T21:15:12Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "IrfanView DXF File Parsing Memory Corruption Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of IrfanView. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file.\n\nThe specific flaw exists within the parsing of DXF files. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in a memory corruption condition. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-24702.",
"id": "GHSA-m49c-4fx3-rqr9",
"modified": "2024-11-22T21:32:17Z",
"published": "2024-11-22T21:32:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-11541"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-24-1552"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M4CC-HX9X-R2QR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:06 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:06Heap-based buffer overflow in Adobe Reader and Acrobat 10.x before 10.1.15 and 11.x before 11.0.12, Acrobat and Acrobat Reader DC Classic before 2015.006.30060, and Acrobat and Acrobat Reader DC Continuous before 2015.008.20082 on Windows and OS X allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-5096 and CVE-2015-5105.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2015-5098"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2015-07-15T14:59:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Heap-based buffer overflow in Adobe Reader and Acrobat 10.x before 10.1.15 and 11.x before 11.0.12, Acrobat and Acrobat Reader DC Classic before 2015.006.30060, and Acrobat and Acrobat Reader DC Continuous before 2015.008.20082 on Windows and OS X allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-5096 and CVE-2015-5105.",
"id": "GHSA-m4cc-hx9x-r2qr",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:06:52Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:06:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-5098"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/reader/apsb15-15.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1032892"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-M4F8-QW3G-PJ92
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-13 21:36 – Updated: 2026-08-13 21:36IBM i 7.6, 7.5, 7.4, and 7.3 could allow a remote authenticated attacker to obtain sensitive information due to a heap buffer overflow.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-16871"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-08-13T20:17:16Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IBM i 7.6, 7.5, 7.4, and 7.3 could allow a remote authenticated attacker to obtain sensitive information due to a heap buffer overflow.",
"id": "GHSA-m4f8-qw3g-pj92",
"modified": "2026-08-13T21:36:06Z",
"published": "2026-08-13T21:36:06Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-16871"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7283573"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M4FQ-P33H-9J97
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-03-18 00:01 – Updated: 2022-03-23 00:00stb_truetype.h v1.26 was discovered to contain a heap-buffer-overflow via the function stbtt__find_table at stb_truetype.h.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-25516"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-03-17T01:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "stb_truetype.h v1.26 was discovered to contain a heap-buffer-overflow via the function stbtt__find_table at stb_truetype.h.",
"id": "GHSA-m4fq-p33h-9j97",
"modified": "2022-03-23T00:00:31Z",
"published": "2022-03-18T00:01:13Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-25516"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/nothings/stb/issues/1286"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/nothings/stb/issues/1287"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M4G4-RWXC-376V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-09 12:30 – Updated: 2025-11-04 00:31In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
nilfs2: fix kernel bug due to missing clearing of checked flag
Syzbot reported that in directory operations after nilfs2 detects filesystem corruption and degrades to read-only, __block_write_begin_int(), which is called to prepare block writes, may fail the BUG_ON check for accesses exceeding the folio/page size, triggering a kernel bug.
This was found to be because the "checked" flag of a page/folio was not cleared when it was discarded by nilfs2's own routine, which causes the sanity check of directory entries to be skipped when the directory page/folio is reloaded. So, fix that.
This was necessary when the use of nilfs2's own page discard routine was applied to more than just metadata files.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-50230"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-09T11:15:08Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnilfs2: fix kernel bug due to missing clearing of checked flag\n\nSyzbot reported that in directory operations after nilfs2 detects\nfilesystem corruption and degrades to read-only,\n__block_write_begin_int(), which is called to prepare block writes, may\nfail the BUG_ON check for accesses exceeding the folio/page size,\ntriggering a kernel bug.\n\nThis was found to be because the \"checked\" flag of a page/folio was not\ncleared when it was discarded by nilfs2\u0027s own routine, which causes the\nsanity check of directory entries to be skipped when the directory\npage/folio is reloaded. So, fix that.\n\nThis was necessary when the use of nilfs2\u0027s own page discard routine was\napplied to more than just metadata files.",
"id": "GHSA-m4g4-rwxc-376v",
"modified": "2025-11-04T00:31:59Z",
"published": "2024-11-09T12:30:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-50230"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/41e192ad2779cae0102879612dfe46726e4396aa"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/56c6171932a7fb267ac6cb4ff8759b93ee1d0e2e"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/64afad73e4623308d8943645e5631f2c7a2d7971"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/994b2fa13a6c9cf3feca93090a9c337d48e3d60d"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/aa0cee46c5d3fd9a39575a4c8a4f65f25f095b89"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/cd0cdb51b15203fa27d4b714be83b7dfffa0b752"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f05dbebb8ee34882505d53d83af7d18f28a49248"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f2f1fa446676c21edb777e6d2bc4fa8f956fab68"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/01/msg00001.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/03/msg00002.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M4G7-W387-QG32
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-08-15 18:31 – Updated: 2024-01-10 15:30Buffer Overflow vulnerability infaad2 v.2.10.1 allows a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code and cause a denial of service via the stcoin function in mp4read.c.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-38857"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-08-15T17:15:11Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Buffer Overflow vulnerability infaad2 v.2.10.1 allows a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code and cause a denial of service via the stcoin function in mp4read.c.",
"id": "GHSA-m4g7-w387-qg32",
"modified": "2024-01-10T15:30:18Z",
"published": "2023-08-15T18:31:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-38857"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/knik0/faad2/issues/171"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202401-13"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M4J6-9HRJ-PXHQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-03-07 21:30 – Updated: 2023-03-13 06:30In msdc, there is a possible out of bounds write due to an incorrect bounds check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with System execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation. Patch ID: ALPS07405223; Issue ID: ALPS07405223.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-20626"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-20",
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-03-07T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In msdc, there is a possible out of bounds write due to an incorrect bounds check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with System execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation. Patch ID: ALPS07405223; Issue ID: ALPS07405223.",
"id": "GHSA-m4j6-9hrj-pxhq",
"modified": "2023-03-13T06:30:25Z",
"published": "2023-03-07T21:30:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-20626"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://corp.mediatek.com/product-security-bulletin/March-2023"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M4J8-6WJ9-56FG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-02 15:30 – Updated: 2026-08-02 15:30FreeRDP before 3.30.0 (<= 3.29.0) contains a heap-based buffer overflow in the Windows clipboard client's CliprdrStream_Read function (client/Windows/wf_cliprdr.c). When an OLE paste consumer (e.g. explorer.exe) calls IStream::Read with a fixed-size buffer of cb bytes, CliprdrStream_Read requests file contents from the RDP server and then copies the response into the caller's buffer using the server-supplied length (req_fsize) instead of cb. A malicious or compromised RDP server can return an oversized CB_FILECONTENTS_RESPONSE, causing an out-of-bounds write of attacker-controlled data into the paste consumer's heap buffer when a user pastes server-offered clipboard file contents.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-68579"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-08-02T13:16:53Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "FreeRDP before 3.30.0 (\u003c= 3.29.0) contains a heap-based buffer overflow in the Windows clipboard client\u0027s CliprdrStream_Read function (client/Windows/wf_cliprdr.c). When an OLE paste consumer (e.g. explorer.exe) calls IStream::Read with a fixed-size buffer of cb bytes, CliprdrStream_Read requests file contents from the RDP server and then copies the response into the caller\u0027s buffer using the server-supplied length (req_fsize) instead of cb. A malicious or compromised RDP server can return an oversized CB_FILECONTENTS_RESPONSE, causing an out-of-bounds write of attacker-controlled data into the paste consumer\u0027s heap buffer when a user pastes server-offered clipboard file contents.",
"id": "GHSA-m4j8-6wj9-56fg",
"modified": "2026-08-02T15:30:21Z",
"published": "2026-08-02T15:30:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/FreeRDP/FreeRDP/security/advisories/GHSA-m37j-jcr2-8gcc"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-68579"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/FreeRDP/FreeRDP/commit/5e8e987b469b60a3bafadf8f5afc40f91c09f458"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/freerdp-before-heap-overflow-via-cliprdrstream-read"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-M4JC-PVQ2-2J6X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-01-27 00:30 – Updated: 2025-11-04 21:30Several stack-based buffer overflow vulnerabilities exist in the DetranCLI command parsing functionality of Siretta QUARTZ-GOLD G5.0.1.5-210720-141020. A specially-crafted network packet can lead to arbitrary command execution. An attacker can send a sequence of requests to trigger these vulnerabilities.This buffer overflow is in the function that manages the 'no vpn l2tp advanced name WORD dns (yes|no) mtu <128-16384> mru <128-16384> auth (on|off) password (WORD|null)' command template.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-41020"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-120",
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-01-26T22:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Several stack-based buffer overflow vulnerabilities exist in the DetranCLI command parsing functionality of Siretta QUARTZ-GOLD G5.0.1.5-210720-141020. A specially-crafted network packet can lead to arbitrary command execution. An attacker can send a sequence of requests to trigger these vulnerabilities.This buffer overflow is in the function that manages the \u0027no vpn l2tp advanced name WORD dns (yes|no) mtu \u003c128-16384\u003e mru \u003c128-16384\u003e auth (on|off) password (WORD|null)\u0027 command template.",
"id": "GHSA-m4jc-pvq2-2j6x",
"modified": "2025-11-04T21:30:31Z",
"published": "2023-01-27T00:30:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-41020"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2022-1613"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2022-1613"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-3
Strategy: Language Selection
- Use a language that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, many languages that perform their own memory management, such as Java and Perl, are not subject to buffer overflows. Other languages, such as Ada and C#, typically provide overflow protection, but the protection can be disabled by the programmer.
- Be wary that a language's interface to native code may still be subject to overflows, even if the language itself is theoretically safe.
Mitigation MIT-4.1
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- Examples include the Safe C String Library (SafeStr) by Messier and Viega [REF-57], and the Strsafe.h library from Microsoft [REF-56]. These libraries provide safer versions of overflow-prone string-handling functions.
Mitigation MIT-10
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Use automatic buffer overflow detection mechanisms that are offered by certain compilers or compiler extensions. Examples include: the Microsoft Visual Studio /GS flag, Fedora/Red Hat FORTIFY_SOURCE GCC flag, StackGuard, and ProPolice, which provide various mechanisms including canary-based detection and range/index checking.
- D3-SFCV (Stack Frame Canary Validation) from D3FEND [REF-1334] discusses canary-based detection in detail.
Mitigation MIT-9
- Consider adhering to the following rules when allocating and managing an application's memory:
- Double check that the buffer is as large as specified.
- When using functions that accept a number of bytes to copy, such as strncpy(), be aware that if the destination buffer size is equal to the source buffer size, it may not NULL-terminate the string.
- Check buffer boundaries if accessing the buffer in a loop and make sure there is no danger of writing past the allocated space.
- If necessary, truncate all input strings to a reasonable length before passing them to the copy and concatenation functions.
Mitigation MIT-11
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Run or compile the software using features or extensions that randomly arrange the positions of a program's executable and libraries in memory. Because this makes the addresses unpredictable, it can prevent an attacker from reliably jumping to exploitable code.
- Examples include Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) [REF-58] [REF-60] and Position-Independent Executables (PIE) [REF-64]. Imported modules may be similarly realigned if their default memory addresses conflict with other modules, in a process known as "rebasing" (for Windows) and "prelinking" (for Linux) [REF-1332] using randomly generated addresses. ASLR for libraries cannot be used in conjunction with prelink since it would require relocating the libraries at run-time, defeating the whole purpose of prelinking.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-SAOR (Segment Address Offset Randomization) from D3FEND [REF-1335].
Mitigation MIT-12
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Use a CPU and operating system that offers Data Execution Protection (using hardware NX or XD bits) or the equivalent techniques that simulate this feature in software, such as PaX [REF-60] [REF-61]. These techniques ensure that any instruction executed is exclusively at a memory address that is part of the code segment.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-PSEP (Process Segment Execution Prevention) from D3FEND [REF-1336].
Mitigation MIT-13
Replace unbounded copy functions with analogous functions that support length arguments, such as strcpy with strncpy. Create these if they are not available.
No CAPEC attack patterns related to this CWE.