CWE-787
Weakness Allowed-with-ReviewOut-of-bounds Write
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product writes data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.
Dimensions
- Behavior-Type: Write
- Resource-Type: Memory Buffer
- Resource-Property: Out-of-bounds
Mapping guidance
This CWE entry is at the Base level of abstraction, which is a preferred level of abstraction for mapping to the root causes of vulnerabilities. However, closer examination is required.
While this CWE is allowed for mapping, it has more specific children that might be a better fit. Carefully read both the name and description to ensure that this mapping is appropriate. Consider the root cause errors that have led to the out-of-bounds write by examining "CanFollow" relationships for this entry.
Relationships and members
Modes of introduction
Detection methods
Automated Static Analysis
This weakness can often be detected using automated static analysis tools. Many modern tools use data flow analysis or constraint-based techniques to minimize the number of false positives.
Automated static analysis generally does not account for environmental considerations when reporting out-of-bounds memory operations. This can make it difficult for users to determine which warnings should be investigated first. For example, an analysis tool might report buffer overflows that originate from command line arguments in a program that is not expected to run with setuid or other special privileges.
Effectiveness: High
Detection techniques for buffer-related errors are more mature than for most other weakness types.
Automated Dynamic Analysis
This weakness can be detected using dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the software using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The software's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.
Automated Dynamic Analysis
Use tools that are integrated during compilation to insert runtime error-checking mechanisms related to memory safety errors, such as AddressSanitizer (ASan) for C/C++ [REF-1518].
Effectiveness: Moderate
Crafted inputs are necessary to reach the code containing the error, such as generated by fuzzers. Also, these tools may reduce performance, and they only report the error condition - not the original mistake that led to the error.
Content history
Suggested mappings to ISA/IEC 62443.
Provided diagram to improve CWE usability
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Relationships
updated Common_Consequences
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Relationships
updated Description
updated Applicable_Platforms, Demonstrative_Examples, Detection_Factors, Likelihood_of_Exploit, Observed_Examples, Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships, Time_of_Introduction
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Observed_Examples
updated Alternate_Terms, Demonstrative_Examples, Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Potential_Mitigations, Relationships
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Applicable_Platforms
updated Alternate_Terms, Demonstrative_Examples, Description
updated Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Mapping_Notes, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Alternate_Terms, Common_Consequences, Description, Diagram, Weakness_Ordinalities
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Affected_Resources, Functional_Areas, References
updated Applicable_Platforms, Detection_Factors, References, Relationships
updated Mapping_Notes
updated Dimensions, Observed_Examples, References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
16871 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-J5X4-GGHQ-7XHM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-20 12:30 – Updated: 2025-09-23 21:30In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
netfs: Fix the pre-flush when appending to a file in writethrough mode
In netfs_perform_write(), when the file is marked NETFS_ICTX_WRITETHROUGH or O_SYNC or RWF_SYNC was specified, write-through caching is performed on a buffered file. When setting up for write-through, we flush any conflicting writes in the region and wait for the write to complete, failing if there's a write error to return.
The issue arises if we're writing at or above the EOF position because we skip the flush and - more importantly - the wait. This becomes a problem if there's a partial folio at the end of the file that is being written out and we want to make a write to it too. Both the already-running write and the write we start both want to clear the writeback mark, but whoever is second causes a warning looking something like:
------------[ cut here ]------------
R=00000012: folio 11 is not under writeback
WARNING: CPU: 34 PID: 654 at fs/netfs/write_collect.c:105
...
CPU: 34 PID: 654 Comm: kworker/u386:27 Tainted: G S ...
...
Workqueue: events_unbound netfs_write_collection_worker
...
RIP: 0010:netfs_writeback_lookup_folio
Fix this by making the flush-and-wait unconditional. It will do nothing if there are no folios in the pagecache and will return quickly if there are no folios in the region specified.
Further, move the WBC attachment above the flush call as the flush is going to attach a WBC and detach it again if it is not present - and since we need one anyway we might as well share it.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-36001"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-05-20T10:15:14Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnetfs: Fix the pre-flush when appending to a file in writethrough mode\n\nIn netfs_perform_write(), when the file is marked NETFS_ICTX_WRITETHROUGH\nor O_*SYNC or RWF_*SYNC was specified, write-through caching is performed\non a buffered file. When setting up for write-through, we flush any\nconflicting writes in the region and wait for the write to complete,\nfailing if there\u0027s a write error to return.\n\nThe issue arises if we\u0027re writing at or above the EOF position because we\nskip the flush and - more importantly - the wait. This becomes a problem\nif there\u0027s a partial folio at the end of the file that is being written out\nand we want to make a write to it too. Both the already-running write and\nthe write we start both want to clear the writeback mark, but whoever is\nsecond causes a warning looking something like:\n\n ------------[ cut here ]------------\n R=00000012: folio 11 is not under writeback\n WARNING: CPU: 34 PID: 654 at fs/netfs/write_collect.c:105\n ...\n CPU: 34 PID: 654 Comm: kworker/u386:27 Tainted: G S ...\n ...\n Workqueue: events_unbound netfs_write_collection_worker\n ...\n RIP: 0010:netfs_writeback_lookup_folio\n\nFix this by making the flush-and-wait unconditional. It will do nothing if\nthere are no folios in the pagecache and will return quickly if there are\nno folios in the region specified.\n\nFurther, move the WBC attachment above the flush call as the flush is going\nto attach a WBC and detach it again if it is not present - and since we\nneed one anyway we might as well share it.",
"id": "GHSA-j5x4-gghq-7xhm",
"modified": "2025-09-23T21:30:52Z",
"published": "2024-05-20T12:30:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-36001"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5eaf23b2e81349f6614f88396dc468fda89fc0b9"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c97f59e276d4e93480f29a70accbd0d7273cf3f5"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J5X9-C5FM-GQWF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-06 12:30 – Updated: 2024-05-06 12:30An unauthenticated local attacker may trick a user to open corrupted project files to execute arbitrary code or crash the system due to an out-of-bounds write vulnerability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-49675"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-05-06T12:15:07Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An unauthenticated local attacker may trick a user to open corrupted project files to execute arbitrary code or crash the system due to an out-of-bounds write vulnerability.\n",
"id": "GHSA-j5x9-c5fm-gqwf",
"modified": "2024-05-06T12:30:26Z",
"published": "2024-05-06T12:30:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-49675"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert.vde.com/en/advisories/VDE-2024-024"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J622-PR6M-CMFR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:01 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:01Exim 4 before 4.94.2 allows Heap-based Buffer Overflow in queue_run via two sender options: -R and -S. This may cause privilege escalation from exim to root.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-28011"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-05-06T13:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Exim 4 before 4.94.2 allows Heap-based Buffer Overflow in queue_run via two sender options: -R and -S. This may cause privilege escalation from exim to root.",
"id": "GHSA-j622-pr6m-cmfr",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:01:39Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:01:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-28011"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exim.org/static/doc/security/CVE-2020-qualys/CVE-2020-28011-SPRSS.txt"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-J626-6WHP-PJ3P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-03-19 00:01 – Updated: 2022-03-26 00:00A stack overflow vulnerability exists in the upnpd service in Netgear EX6100v1 201.0.2.28, CAX80 2.1.2.6, and DC112A 1.0.0.62, which may lead to the execution of arbitrary code without authentication.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-24655"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-03-18T11:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A stack overflow vulnerability exists in the upnpd service in Netgear EX6100v1 201.0.2.28, CAX80 2.1.2.6, and DC112A 1.0.0.62, which may lead to the execution of arbitrary code without authentication.",
"id": "GHSA-j626-6whp-pj3p",
"modified": "2022-03-26T00:00:48Z",
"published": "2022-03-19T00:01:02Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-24655"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/doudoudedi/Netgear_product_stack_overflow/blob/main/NETGEAR%20EX%20series%20upnpd%20stack_overflow.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://kb.netgear.com/000064615/Security-Advisory-for-Pre-Authentication-Command-Injection-on-EX6100v1-and-Pre-Authentication-Stack-Overflow-on-Multiple-Products-PSV-2021-0282-PSV-2021-0288"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.netgear.com/about/security"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J63X-H9VW-PGH3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:22 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:22A classic Stack-based buffer overflow exists in the zmLoadUser() function in zm_user.cpp of the zmu binary in ZoneMinder through 1.32.3, allowing an unauthenticated attacker to execute code via a long username.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-6991"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-01-28T20:29:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "A classic Stack-based buffer overflow exists in the zmLoadUser() function in zm_user.cpp of the zmu binary in ZoneMinder through 1.32.3, allowing an unauthenticated attacker to execute code via a long username.",
"id": "GHSA-j63x-h9vw-pgh3",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:22:47Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:22:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-6991"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ZoneMinder/zoneminder/issues/2478"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ZoneMinder/zoneminder/pull/2482"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J644-XC9Q-497G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-27 09:30 – Updated: 2026-02-17 21:31Out-of-bounds Write, Buffer Copy without Checking Size of Input ('Classic Buffer Overflow') vulnerability in azerothcore azerothcore-wotlk (deps/zlib modules). This vulnerability is associated with program files inflate.C.
This issue affects azerothcore-wotlk: through v4.0.0.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-24793"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-120",
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-27T09:15:48Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Out-of-bounds Write, Buffer Copy without Checking Size of Input (\u0027Classic Buffer Overflow\u0027) vulnerability in azerothcore azerothcore-wotlk (deps/zlib modules). This vulnerability is associated with program files inflate.C.\n\nThis issue affects azerothcore-wotlk: through v4.0.0.",
"id": "GHSA-j644-xc9q-497g",
"modified": "2026-02-17T21:31:12Z",
"published": "2026-01-27T09:30:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-24793"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/azerothcore/azerothcore-wotlk/pull/21599"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:N/AU:Y/R:U/V:C/RE:L/U:Red",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-J64G-H2WJ-JX5R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-07 00:30 – Updated: 2025-11-07 15:31Heap buffer overflow in WebGPU in Google Chrome prior to 141.0.7390.54 allowed a remote attacker who had compromised the renderer process to potentially exploit heap corruption via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: High)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-11205"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-122",
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-11-06T22:15:38Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Heap buffer overflow in WebGPU in Google Chrome prior to 141.0.7390.54 allowed a remote attacker who had compromised the renderer process to potentially exploit heap corruption via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: High)",
"id": "GHSA-j64g-h2wj-jx5r",
"modified": "2025-11-07T15:31:29Z",
"published": "2025-11-07T00:30:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-11205"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2025/09/stable-channel-update-for-desktop_30.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://issues.chromium.org/issues/442444724"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J64H-5G9C-9FFQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-02-09 00:00 – Updated: 2022-02-09 00:00Tenda routers G1 and G3 v15.11.0.17(9502)_CN were discovered to contain a stack overflow in the function formSetPortMapping. This vulnerability allows attackers to cause a Denial of Service (DoS) via the portMappingServer, portMappingProtocol, portMappingWan, porMappingtInternal, and portMappingExternal parameters.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-45997"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-02-04T02:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Tenda routers G1 and G3 v15.11.0.17(9502)_CN were discovered to contain a stack overflow in the function formSetPortMapping. This vulnerability allows attackers to cause a Denial of Service (DoS) via the portMappingServer, portMappingProtocol, portMappingWan, porMappingtInternal, and portMappingExternal parameters.",
"id": "GHSA-j64h-5g9c-9ffq",
"modified": "2022-02-09T00:00:43Z",
"published": "2022-02-09T00:00:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-45997"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pjqwudi/my_vuln/blob/main/Tenda/vuln_11/11.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-J64J-33RM-7X57
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:20 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:20An error within the "rollei_load_raw()" function (internal/dcraw_common.cpp) in LibRaw versions prior to 0.18.9 can be exploited to cause a heap-based buffer overflow and subsequently cause a crash.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-5810"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-12-07T22:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An error within the \"rollei_load_raw()\" function (internal/dcraw_common.cpp) in LibRaw versions prior to 0.18.9 can be exploited to cause a heap-based buffer overflow and subsequently cause a crash.",
"id": "GHSA-j64j-33rm-7x57",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:20:21Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:20:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-5810"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/LibRaw/LibRaw/commit/fd6330292501983ac75fe4162275794b18445bd9"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/LibRaw/LibRaw/blob/master/Changelog.txt"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://secuniaresearch.flexerasoftware.com/advisories/81800"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://secuniaresearch.flexerasoftware.com/secunia_research/2018-10"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/3838-1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J655-WMX8-5W9X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-16 15:30 – Updated: 2026-03-16 15:30A weakness has been identified in D-Link DNS-120, DNR-202L, DNS-315L, DNS-320, DNS-320L, DNS-320LW, DNS-321, DNR-322L, DNS-323, DNS-325, DNS-326, DNS-327L, DNR-326, DNS-340L, DNS-343, DNS-345, DNS-726-4, DNS-1100-4, DNS-1200-05 and DNS-1550-04 up to 20260205. Affected by this issue is the function Local_Backup_Info of the file /cgi-bin/local_backup_mgr.cgi. This manipulation of the argument f_idx causes stack-based buffer overflow. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been made available to the public and could be used for attacks.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-4211"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-119",
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-16T14:20:07Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A weakness has been identified in D-Link DNS-120, DNR-202L, DNS-315L, DNS-320, DNS-320L, DNS-320LW, DNS-321, DNR-322L, DNS-323, DNS-325, DNS-326, DNS-327L, DNR-326, DNS-340L, DNS-343, DNS-345, DNS-726-4, DNS-1100-4, DNS-1200-05 and DNS-1550-04 up to 20260205. Affected by this issue is the function Local_Backup_Info of the file /cgi-bin/local_backup_mgr.cgi. This manipulation of the argument f_idx causes stack-based buffer overflow. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been made available to the public and could be used for attacks.",
"id": "GHSA-j655-wmx8-5w9x",
"modified": "2026-03-16T15:30:45Z",
"published": "2026-03-16T15:30:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-4211"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/wudipjq/my_vuln/blob/main/D-Link8/vuln_160/160.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.351122"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.351122"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.770441"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dlink.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-3
Strategy: Language Selection
- Use a language that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, many languages that perform their own memory management, such as Java and Perl, are not subject to buffer overflows. Other languages, such as Ada and C#, typically provide overflow protection, but the protection can be disabled by the programmer.
- Be wary that a language's interface to native code may still be subject to overflows, even if the language itself is theoretically safe.
Mitigation MIT-4.1
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- Examples include the Safe C String Library (SafeStr) by Messier and Viega [REF-57], and the Strsafe.h library from Microsoft [REF-56]. These libraries provide safer versions of overflow-prone string-handling functions.
Mitigation MIT-10
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Use automatic buffer overflow detection mechanisms that are offered by certain compilers or compiler extensions. Examples include: the Microsoft Visual Studio /GS flag, Fedora/Red Hat FORTIFY_SOURCE GCC flag, StackGuard, and ProPolice, which provide various mechanisms including canary-based detection and range/index checking.
- D3-SFCV (Stack Frame Canary Validation) from D3FEND [REF-1334] discusses canary-based detection in detail.
Mitigation MIT-9
- Consider adhering to the following rules when allocating and managing an application's memory:
- Double check that the buffer is as large as specified.
- When using functions that accept a number of bytes to copy, such as strncpy(), be aware that if the destination buffer size is equal to the source buffer size, it may not NULL-terminate the string.
- Check buffer boundaries if accessing the buffer in a loop and make sure there is no danger of writing past the allocated space.
- If necessary, truncate all input strings to a reasonable length before passing them to the copy and concatenation functions.
Mitigation MIT-11
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Run or compile the software using features or extensions that randomly arrange the positions of a program's executable and libraries in memory. Because this makes the addresses unpredictable, it can prevent an attacker from reliably jumping to exploitable code.
- Examples include Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) [REF-58] [REF-60] and Position-Independent Executables (PIE) [REF-64]. Imported modules may be similarly realigned if their default memory addresses conflict with other modules, in a process known as "rebasing" (for Windows) and "prelinking" (for Linux) [REF-1332] using randomly generated addresses. ASLR for libraries cannot be used in conjunction with prelink since it would require relocating the libraries at run-time, defeating the whole purpose of prelinking.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-SAOR (Segment Address Offset Randomization) from D3FEND [REF-1335].
Mitigation MIT-12
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Use a CPU and operating system that offers Data Execution Protection (using hardware NX or XD bits) or the equivalent techniques that simulate this feature in software, such as PaX [REF-60] [REF-61]. These techniques ensure that any instruction executed is exclusively at a memory address that is part of the code segment.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-PSEP (Process Segment Execution Prevention) from D3FEND [REF-1336].
Mitigation MIT-13
Replace unbounded copy functions with analogous functions that support length arguments, such as strcpy with strncpy. Create these if they are not available.
No CAPEC attack patterns related to this CWE.