Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-77
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.
5624 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-47690 (GCVE-0-2026-47690)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-21 20:46 – Updated: 2026-07-22 14:59
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MeltanoHub vulnerable to command injection in the `test_dispatcher` GitHub Actions workflow
Summary
MeltanoHub is the source code for hub.meltano.com, the central place for Meltano plugins. Versions of the repo prior to commit 923820de8f64d753951fbbd54f7282a3d5f75173 were vulnerable to exfiltration of `GITHUB_TOKEN` with write permissions to the repository. The vulnerable workflow used pull_request_target, which runs in the context of the base repository with access to secrets. Commit 923820de8f64d753951fbbd54f7282a3d5f75173 fixes the issue. No known workarounds are available.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-22 14:59 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/meltano/hub/security/advisorie… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/meltano/hub/pull/2247 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/meltano/hub/pull/2249 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/meltano/hub/pull/2251 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/meltano/hub/commit/923820de8f6… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/myogahunter/meltano-hub-poc | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-47670 (GCVE-0-2026-47670)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-23 19:12 – Updated: 2026-07-24 20:10
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
DbGate Vulnerable to Authenticated Remote Code Execution via loadReader functionName code injection
Summary
DbGate is cross-platform database manager. Versions 7.1.8 and prior are vulnerable to authenticated Remote Code Execution (RCE). Any user with valid DbGate credentials can execute arbitrary OS commands as root by exploiting an unsanitized `functionName` parameter in the `/runners/load-reader` endpoint. The `require = null` mitigation is trivially bypassed via dynamic `import()`. Version 7.1.9 contains a patch.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-24 03:56 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/dbgate/dbgate/security/advisor… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/dbgate/dbgate/releases/tag/v7.1.9 | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-47299 (GCVE-0-2026-47299)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-11 17:03 – Updated: 2026-08-31 20:04
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Azure Monitor Agent Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
Summary
Improper neutralization of special elements used in a command ('command injection') in Azure Monitor Agent allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges over a network.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-12 14:01 UTC
CWE
- CWE-77 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | Azure Monitor Agent Linux Extension |
Affected:
1.0.0 , < 1.43
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:azure_monitor_agent_linux_extension:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Date Public
2026-08-11 14:00
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CVE-2026-47285 (GCVE-0-2026-47285)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-11 17:03 – Updated: 2026-08-31 20:04
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Visual Studio Code Information Disclosure Vulnerability
Summary
Improper neutralization of special elements used in a command ('command injection') in Visual Studio Code allows an unauthorized attacker to disclose information over a network.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-12 15:10 UTC
CWE
- CWE-77 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | Visual Studio Code |
Affected:
1.0.0 , < 2026.3.1
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:visual_studio_code:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Date Public
2026-08-11 14:00
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CVE-2026-47242 (GCVE-0-2026-47242)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-22 20:19 – Updated: 2026-06-23 12:06
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Net::IMAP: Command Injection via ID command argument
Summary
Net::IMAP implements Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) client functionality in Ruby. Prior to 0.6.5 and 0.5.15, when Net::IMAP#id is called with a hash argument, although the ID field value strings are correctly quoted (escaping quoted specials), they were not validated to prohibit CRLF sequences. While Net::IMAP#enable does process its arguments for aliases, it does not validate them as valid atoms (or as a list of valid atoms). The #to_s value is sent verbatim. Arguments to either command could be used by an attacker to inject arbitrary IMAP commands. This vulnerability is fixed in 0.6.5 and 0.5.15.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-23 12:06 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/security/advisor… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-47240 (GCVE-0-2026-47240)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-22 20:17 – Updated: 2026-06-23 15:06
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Net::IMAP: Command Injection via non-synchronizing literal in "raw" argument
Summary
Net::IMAP implements Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) client functionality in Ruby. Prior to 0.6.5 and 0.5.15, several Net::IMAP commands accept a "raw data" argument that is sent verbatim after validation to prevent command injection. However, if a server does not support non-synchronizing literals, it may still be possible to inject arbitrary IMAP commands inside non-synchronizing literals. A server without support for non-synchronizing literals may interpret the "+}\r\n" as the end of a malformed command line and respond with a tagged BAD. In that case, the contents of the literal will be interpreted as one or more new pipelined commands, allowing a CRLF command injection attack to succeed. This affects criteria for #search and #uid_search; search_keys for #sort, #thread, #uid_sort, and #uid_thread; and attr for #fetch and #uid_fetch. This vulnerability is fixed in 0.6.5 and 0.5.15.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-23 14:52 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/security/advisor… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-46709 (GCVE-0-2026-46709)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-15 14:59 – Updated: 2026-07-16 03:55
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Tabby: Drag-and-drop path injection still allows RCE via shell command substitution (incomplete fix for CVE-2026-45038)
Summary
Tabby (formerly Terminus) is a highly configurable terminal emulator. Prior to 1.0.234, Tabby inserts dropped file paths from tabby-electron/src/pathDrop.ts into the active shell without neutralizing command substitution metacharacters such as $(…) and `…`, so the incomplete CVE-2026-45038 fix for control characters still allows code execution when the victim presses Enter. This issue is fixed in version 1.0.234.
Severity
7.8 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-15 00:00 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/Eugeny/tabby/security/advisori… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/Eugeny/tabby/commit/e151472b95… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/Eugeny/tabby/releases/tag/v1.0.234 | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-46529 (GCVE-0-2026-46529)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-10 19:46 – Updated: 2026-07-28 12:04
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
PDF /GoToR action argv injection enables single-click RCE via --gtk-module dlopen
Summary
Atril Document Viewer is the default document reader of the MATE desktop environment for Linux. A single-click remote code execution vulnerability in versions prior to 1.26.3 and 1.28.4 allows an attacker to achieve arbitrary code execution as the user by tricking them into clicking a link inside a malicious PDF document. The PDF can be packaged as a polyglot file that is simultaneously a valid PDF and a valid ELF shared library, making the attack a single-file, single-click, configuration-independent RCE on stock atril installations. The root cause is `shell/ev-application.c:ev_spawn`, which builds a command line from attacker-controlled PDF link-destination fields without applying `g_shell_quote`. The cmdline is then handed to `g_app_info_create_from_commandline`, which shell-parses it back into argv — splitting any embedded `--gtk-module=PATH` into a separate argv element. GTK then `dlopen()`s the path during init, running any `__attribute__((constructor))` it finds. Versions 1.26.3 and 1.28.4 contain a patch for the issue. This is the same defect class as CVE-2023-51698 (CBT `--checkpoint-action` injection in `comics-document.c`, fixed in 1.6.2) but in a different code path (`shell/ev-application.c`) that the original patch did not touch.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-12 12:30 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
21 references
Impacted products
14 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| mate-desktop | atril |
Affected:
< 1.26.3
Affected: >= 1.27.0, < 1.28.4 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Extended Lifecycle Support |
Unaffected:
0:3.28.2-11.el7_9 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_els:7 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 |
Unaffected:
0:3.28.4-17.el8_10 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.4 Advanced Mission Critical Update Support |
Unaffected:
0:3.28.4-11.el8_4.1 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_aus:8.4 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.4 Extended Update Support Long-Life Add-On |
Unaffected:
0:3.28.4-11.el8_4.1 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_eus_long_life:8.4 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.6 Advanced Mission Critical Update Support |
Unaffected:
0:3.28.4-16.el8_6.1 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_aus:8.6 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.6 Extended Update Support Long-Life Add-On |
Unaffected:
0:3.28.4-16.el8_6.1 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_eus_long_life:8.6 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.8 Telecommunications Update Service |
Unaffected:
0:3.28.4-16.el8_8.1 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_tus:8.8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.8 Update Services for SAP Solutions |
Unaffected:
0:3.28.4-16.el8_8.1 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 |
Unaffected:
0:40.5-4.el9_8.1 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.2 Update Services for SAP Solutions |
Unaffected:
0:40.5-2.el9_2.1 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:9.2 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.4 Update Services for SAP Solutions |
Unaffected:
0:40.5-2.el9_4.1 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:9.4 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.6 Extended Update Support |
Unaffected:
0:40.5-2.el9_6.1 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_eus:9.6 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:6
|
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CVE-2026-46508 (GCVE-0-2026-46508)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-15 15:50 – Updated: 2026-05-15 18:05
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Turborepo: VSCode Extension command injection
Summary
Turborepo is a high-performance build system for JavaScript and TypeScript codebases. Prior to 2.9.14000, the Turborepo LSP VS Code extension could execute shell commands derived from workspace-controlled values. The extension used string-based command execution for Turborepo daemon commands and task runs. A malicious workspace could provide crafted values through workspace settings or task names in the repository's source code that were interpolated into shell commands. When the extension activated or when a user ran a task through the extension, those values could be interpreted by the user's shell, allowing arbitrary command execution with the privileges of the local VS Code process. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.9.14000.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-05-15 18:01 UTC
CWE
- CWE-77 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/vercel/turborepo/security/advi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
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CVE-2026-46368 (GCVE-0-2026-46368)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-26 14:08 – Updated: 2026-07-14 21:32
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
luci-app-https-dns-proxy Authenticated Command Injection via setInitAction
Summary
luci-app-https-dns-proxy through 2025.12.29-5 — an optional LuCI web UI add-on for the https-dns-proxy package, distributed through the OpenWrt community packages feed and not installed by default — contains a command injection vulnerability in the setInitAction function. An authenticated user holding the luci.https-dns-proxy ACL permission can inject shell metacharacters through the 'name' parameter of a ubus RPC call to luci.https-dns-proxy setInitAction, resulting in arbitrary command execution as root on the underlying device. Core OpenWrt is not affected; only installations that have opted in to the luci-app-https-dns-proxy package are vulnerable.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-05-26 14:41 UTC
CWE
- CWE-77 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/52521 | exploit |
| https://github.com/stangri/luci-app-https-dns-proxy | product |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/luci-app-htt… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| mossdef-org | luci-app-https-dns-proxy |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 2025.12.29-5
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:mossdef:luci-app-https-dns-proxy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Date Public
2026-01-17 00:00
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"subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"valueDensity": "NOT_DEFINED",
"vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"version": "4.0",
"vulnAvailabilityImpact": "HIGH",
"vulnConfidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
"vulnIntegrityImpact": "HIGH",
"vulnerabilityResponseEffort": "NOT_DEFINED"
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"format": "CVSS"
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{
"cvssV3_1": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
"baseScore": 8.8,
"baseSeverity": "HIGH",
"confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
"integrityImpact": "HIGH",
"privilegesRequired": "LOW",
"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"version": "3.1"
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"format": "CVSS"
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],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-77",
"description": "Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command (\u0027Command Injection\u0027)",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-07-14T21:32:56.384Z",
"orgId": "83251b91-4cc7-4094-a5c7-464a1b83ea10",
"shortName": "VulnCheck"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "ExploitDB-52521",
"tags": [
"exploit"
],
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/52521"
},
{
"name": "Official Product Homepage",
"tags": [
"product"
],
"url": "https://github.com/stangri/luci-app-https-dns-proxy"
},
{
"name": "VulnCheck Advisory: luci-app-https-dns-proxy Authenticated Command Injection via setInitAction",
"tags": [
"third-party-advisory"
],
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/luci-app-https-dns-proxy-authenticated-command-injection-via-setinitaction"
}
],
"title": "luci-app-https-dns-proxy Authenticated Command Injection via setInitAction",
"x_generator": {
"engine": "vulncheck"
}
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "83251b91-4cc7-4094-a5c7-464a1b83ea10",
"assignerShortName": "VulnCheck",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-46368",
"datePublished": "2026-05-26T14:08:51.764Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-05-13T19:40:27.809Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-07-14T21:32:56.384Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation
Implementation
If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Operation
Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.
Mitigation
System Configuration
Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.
CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection
An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection
An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.
CAPEC-248: Command Injection
An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.
CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices
This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files
Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.