CWE-77
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.
5384 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-RG3Q-PRF8-QXMP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-04-24 22:32 – Updated: 2023-04-25 16:34Summary
The embano1/wip action uses the github.event.pull_request.title parameter in an insecure way. The title parameter is used in a run statement - resulting in a command injection vulnerability due to string interpolation.
Details and Impact
This vulnerability can be triggered by any user on GitHub. They just need to create a pull request with a commit message containing an exploit. (Note that first-time PR requests will not be run - but the attacker can submit a valid PR before submitting an invalid PR). The commit can be genuine, but the commit message can be malicious.
This can be used to execute code on the GitHub runners (potentially use it for crypto-mining, and waste your resources) and can be used to exfiltrate any secrets that you use in the CI pipeline (including repository tokens). Here is a set of blog posts by Github's security team explaining this issue.
How to update existing workflows
Replace the following line in your workflow using this action with the v2 branch name or commit pointing to this branch:
uses: embano1/wip@v2
Or using the exact commit:
uses: embano1/wip@c25450f77ed02c20d00b76ee3b33ff43838739a2 # v2
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "GitHub Actions",
"name": "embano1/wip"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-30623"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-04-24T22:32:32Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-04-24T22:15:09Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "## Summary\nThe `embano1/wip` action uses the `github.event.pull_request.title` parameter in an insecure way. The title parameter is used in a run statement - resulting in a command injection vulnerability due to string interpolation.\n\n## Details and Impact\nThis vulnerability can be triggered by any user on GitHub. They just need to create a pull request with a commit message containing an exploit. (Note that first-time PR requests will not be run - but the attacker can submit a valid PR before submitting an invalid PR). The commit can be genuine, but the commit message can be malicious. \n\nThis can be used to execute code on the GitHub runners (potentially use it for crypto-mining, and waste your resources) and can be used to exfiltrate any secrets that you use in the CI pipeline (including repository tokens). [Here](https://securitylab.github.com/research/github-actions-untrusted-input/) is a set of blog posts by Github\u0027s security team explaining this issue.\n\n## How to update existing workflows\n\nReplace the following line in your workflow using this action with the `v2` branch name or commit pointing to this branch:\n\n```yaml\n uses: embano1/wip@v2\n```\n\nOr using the exact commit:\n\n```yaml\n uses: embano1/wip@c25450f77ed02c20d00b76ee3b33ff43838739a2 # v2\n```",
"id": "GHSA-rg3q-prf8-qxmp",
"modified": "2023-04-25T16:34:43Z",
"published": "2023-04-24T22:32:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/embano1/wip/security/advisories/GHSA-rg3q-prf8-qxmp"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-30623"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/embano1/wip/commit/c25450f77ed02c20d00b76ee3b33ff43838739a2"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/embano1/wip"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://securitylab.github.com/research/github-actions-untrusted-input"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Arbitrary command injection in embano1/wip "
}
GHSA-RG42-XRH5-P844
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-13 21:31 – Updated: 2025-11-14 18:31An unauthenticated command injection vulnerability exists in the D-Link DIR-878A1 router firmware FW101B04.bin. The vulnerability occurs in the 'SetNetworkSettings' functionality of prog.cgi, where the 'IPAddress' and 'SubnetMask' parameters are directly concatenated into shell commands executed via system(). An attacker can exploit this vulnerability remotely without authentication by sending a specially crafted HTTP request, leading to arbitrary command execution on the device.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-60676"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-11-13T19:15:48Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An unauthenticated command injection vulnerability exists in the D-Link DIR-878A1 router firmware FW101B04.bin. The vulnerability occurs in the \u0027SetNetworkSettings\u0027 functionality of prog.cgi, where the \u0027IPAddress\u0027 and \u0027SubnetMask\u0027 parameters are directly concatenated into shell commands executed via system(). An attacker can exploit this vulnerability remotely without authentication by sending a specially crafted HTTP request, leading to arbitrary command execution on the device.",
"id": "GHSA-rg42-xrh5-p844",
"modified": "2025-11-14T18:31:34Z",
"published": "2025-11-13T21:31:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-60676"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/yifan20020708/SGTaint-0-day/blob/main/DLink/DLink-DIR-878/CVE-2025-60676.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dlink.com/en"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dlink.com/en/security-bulletin"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://d-link.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-RG4F-867H-7X6W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-22 21:30 – Updated: 2025-04-22 21:30D-Link DIR-816 A2V1.1.0B05 was found to contain a command injection in /goform/delRouting.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-29743"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-04-22T20:15:28Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "D-Link DIR-816 A2V1.1.0B05 was found to contain a command injection in /goform/delRouting.",
"id": "GHSA-rg4f-867h-7x6w",
"modified": "2025-04-22T21:30:44Z",
"published": "2025-04-22T21:30:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-29743"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/n0wstr/IOTVuln/blob/main/DIR-816/DelRouting/readme.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-RG5P-437P-3VJQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-12 21:32 – Updated: 2025-09-12 21:32A vulnerability was identified in Wavlink WL-WN578W2 221110. This impacts the function sub_401340/sub_401BA4 of the file /cgi-bin/login.cgi. Such manipulation of the argument ipaddr leads to command injection. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit is publicly available and might be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-10325"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-74",
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-12T20:15:42Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was identified in Wavlink WL-WN578W2 221110. This impacts the function sub_401340/sub_401BA4 of the file /cgi-bin/login.cgi. Such manipulation of the argument ipaddr leads to command injection. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit is publicly available and might be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-rg5p-437p-3vjq",
"modified": "2025-09-12T21:32:14Z",
"published": "2025-09-12T21:32:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-10325"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ZZ2266/.github.io/blob/main/WAVLINK/WL-WN578W2/login.cgi/login/readme.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.323751"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.323751"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.643436"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.643437"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-RG65-RPMG-WFF5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-01 18:31 – Updated: 2025-05-02 15:31TOTOLINK CA600-PoE V5.3c.6665_B20180820 was found to contain a command injection vulnerability in the setWebWlanIdx function via the webWlanIdx parameter. This vulnerability allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted request.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-44847"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-01T17:15:51Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "TOTOLINK CA600-PoE V5.3c.6665_B20180820 was found to contain a command injection vulnerability in the setWebWlanIdx function via the webWlanIdx parameter. This vulnerability allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted request.",
"id": "GHSA-rg65-rpmg-wff5",
"modified": "2025-05-02T15:31:42Z",
"published": "2025-05-01T18:31:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-44847"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Summermu/VulnForIoT/tree/main/Totolink_CA600-PoE/setWebWlanIdx/readme.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-RGF9-4GWX-VWV9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:47 – Updated: 2024-04-04 00:54Xiaomi Stock Browser 10.2.4.g on Xiaomi Redmi Note 5 Pro devices and other Redmi Android phones allows content provider injection. In other words, a third-party application can read the user's cleartext browser history via an app.provider.query content://com.android.browser.searchhistory/searchhistory request.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-20523"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-06-07T16:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Xiaomi Stock Browser 10.2.4.g on Xiaomi Redmi Note 5 Pro devices and other Redmi Android phones allows content provider injection. In other words, a third-party application can read the user\u0027s cleartext browser history via an app.provider.query content://com.android.browser.searchhistory/searchhistory request.",
"id": "GHSA-rgf9-4gwx-vwv9",
"modified": "2024-04-04T00:54:13Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:47:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-20523"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sec.xiaomi.com"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vishwarajbhattrai.wordpress.com/2019/03/22/content-provider-injection-in-xiaomi-stock-browser"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/163796/Xiaomi-10.2.4.g-Information-Disclosure.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-RGGC-4G3R-J7FF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-03-20 00:00 – Updated: 2022-03-30 16:47Contao Managed Edition v1.5.0 was discovered to contain a remote command execution (RCE) vulnerability via the component php_cli parameter.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "contao/managed-edition"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "1.5.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-26265"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-03-28T16:23:06Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-03-18T23:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Contao Managed Edition v1.5.0 was discovered to contain a remote command execution (RCE) vulnerability via the component php_cli parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-rggc-4g3r-j7ff",
"modified": "2022-03-30T16:47:02Z",
"published": "2022-03-20T00:00:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-26265"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/JCCD/Contao-Managed-Edition-1.5-RCE/blob/main/VulnerabilityDetails.md"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/contao/managed-edition"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Remote Code Execution in Contao Managed Edition"
}
GHSA-RGHF-M847-V399
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-07-22 15:32 – Updated: 2024-08-01 15:32TOTOLINK A6000R V1.0.1-B20201211.2000 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via the ifname parameter in the get_apcli_conn_info function.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-41320"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-07-22T14:15:06Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "TOTOLINK A6000R V1.0.1-B20201211.2000 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via the ifname parameter in the get_apcli_conn_info function.",
"id": "GHSA-rghf-m847-v399",
"modified": "2024-08-01T15:32:06Z",
"published": "2024-07-22T15:32:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-41320"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gist.github.com/yanggao017/081d8638c117e708a4d36783b9230ce5"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/yanggao017/vuln/blob/main/TOTOLINK/A6000R/CI_6_get_apcli_conn_info/README.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-RGJP-37VJ-5H44
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-06 21:15 – Updated: 2024-09-19 18:30Improper Input Validation vulnerability in ABB Ltd. ASPECT®-Enterprise on ASPECT®-Enterprise, Linux (2CQG103201S3021, 2CQG103202S3021, 2CQG103203S3021, 2CQG103204S3021 modules), ABB Ltd. NEXUS Series on NEXUS Series, Linux (2CQG100102R2021, 2CQG100104R2021, 2CQG100105R2021, 2CQG100106R2021, 2CQG100110R2021, 2CQG100112R2021, 2CQG100103R2021, 2CQG100107R2021, 2CQG100108R2021, 2CQG100109R2021, 2CQG100111R2021, 2CQG100113R2021 modules), ABB Ltd. MATRIX Series on MATRIX Series, Linux (2CQG100102R1021, 2CQG100103R1021, 2CQG100104R1021, 2CQG100105R1021, 2CQG100106R1021 modules) allows Command Injection.This issue affects ASPECT®-Enterprise: from 3.0;0 before 3.07.0; NEXUS Series: from 3.0;0 before 3.07.0; MATRIX Series: from 3.0;0 before 3.07.1.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-0636"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-20",
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-06-05T04:15:10Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Improper Input Validation vulnerability in ABB Ltd. ASPECT\u00ae-Enterprise on ASPECT\u00ae-Enterprise, Linux (2CQG103201S3021, 2CQG103202S3021, 2CQG103203S3021, 2CQG103204S3021 modules), ABB Ltd. NEXUS Series on NEXUS Series, Linux (2CQG100102R2021, 2CQG100104R2021, 2CQG100105R2021, 2CQG100106R2021, 2CQG100110R2021, 2CQG100112R2021, 2CQG100103R2021, 2CQG100107R2021, 2CQG100108R2021, 2CQG100109R2021, 2CQG100111R2021, 2CQG100113R2021 modules), ABB Ltd. MATRIX Series on MATRIX Series, Linux (2CQG100102R1021, 2CQG100103R1021, 2CQG100104R1021, 2CQG100105R1021, 2CQG100106R1021 modules) allows Command Injection.This issue affects ASPECT\u00ae-Enterprise: from 3.0;0 before 3.07.0; NEXUS Series: from 3.0;0 before 3.07.0; MATRIX Series: from 3.0;0 before 3.07.1.\n\n",
"id": "GHSA-rgjp-37vj-5h44",
"modified": "2024-09-19T18:30:48Z",
"published": "2023-07-06T21:15:07Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-0636"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://search.abb.com/library/Download.aspx?DocumentID=2CKA000073B5403\u0026LanguageCode=en\u0026DocumentPartId=\u0026Action=Launch"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-RGM2-GVMF-VQR7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-17 15:30 – Updated: 2025-08-21 18:31A privilege escalation vulnerability exists in the /bin/login functionality of Peplink Smart Reader v1.2.0 (in QEMU). A specially crafted command line argument can lead to a limited-shell escape and elevated capabilities. An attacker can authenticate with hard-coded credentials and execute unblocked default busybox functionality to trigger this vulnerability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-40146"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-798"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-04-17T13:15:07Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A privilege escalation vulnerability exists in the /bin/login functionality of Peplink Smart Reader v1.2.0 (in QEMU). A specially crafted command line argument can lead to a limited-shell escape and elevated capabilities. An attacker can authenticate with hard-coded credentials and execute unblocked default busybox functionality to trigger this vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-rgm2-gvmf-vqr7",
"modified": "2025-08-21T18:31:23Z",
"published": "2024-04-17T15:30:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-40146"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://forum.peplink.com/t/peplink-security-advisory-smart-reader-firmware-1-2-0-cve-2023-43491-cve-2023-45209-cve-2023-39367-cve-2023-45744-cve-2023-40146/47256"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20240822-0008"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2023-1868"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2023-1868"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation
If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.
Mitigation
Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.
CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection
An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection
An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.
CAPEC-248: Command Injection
An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.
CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices
This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files
Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.