CWE-77
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.
5385 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-MCFP-6XCX-H478
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-27 00:01 – Updated: 2022-01-05 00:01Certain NETGEAR devices are affected by command injection by an authenticated user. This affects RBK752 before 3.2.16.6, RBR750 before 3.2.16.6, RBS750 before 3.2.16.6, RBK852 before 3.2.16.6, RBR850 before 3.2.16.6, and RBS850 before 3.2.16.6.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-45579"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-12-26T01:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Certain NETGEAR devices are affected by command injection by an authenticated user. This affects RBK752 before 3.2.16.6, RBR750 before 3.2.16.6, RBS750 before 3.2.16.6, RBK852 before 3.2.16.6, RBR850 before 3.2.16.6, and RBS850 before 3.2.16.6.",
"id": "GHSA-mcfp-6xcx-h478",
"modified": "2022-01-05T00:01:23Z",
"published": "2021-12-27T00:01:09Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-45579"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://kb.netgear.com/000064101/Security-Advisory-for-Post-Authentication-Command-Injection-on-Some-WiFi-Systems-PSV-2020-0087"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-MCJ4-P9R9-G5PH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-26 13:30 – Updated: 2026-05-26 13:30A security vulnerability has been detected in Totolink CA750-PoE 6.2c.510. The affected element is the function setUploadUserData of the file /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi of the component Setting Handler. Such manipulation of the argument FileName leads to os command injection. The attack may be performed from remote. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and may be used.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-9532"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-26T07:16:19Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "A security vulnerability has been detected in Totolink CA750-PoE 6.2c.510. The affected element is the function setUploadUserData of the file /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi of the component Setting Handler. Such manipulation of the argument FileName leads to os command injection. The attack may be performed from remote. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and may be used.",
"id": "GHSA-mcj4-p9r9-g5ph",
"modified": "2026-05-26T13:30:54Z",
"published": "2026-05-26T13:30:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-9532"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/wudipjq/my_vuln/blob/main/totolink4/vuln_55/55.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/813930"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/365559"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/365559/cti"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.totolink.net"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-MCMC-5MCV-75HX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-08-30 00:00 – Updated: 2022-09-02 00:01A command injection vulnerability in the CLI (Command Line Interface) implementation of Hytec Inter HWL-2511-SS v1.05 and below allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands with root privileges.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-36554"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-08-29T23:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "A command injection vulnerability in the CLI (Command Line Interface) implementation of Hytec Inter HWL-2511-SS v1.05 and below allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands with root privileges.",
"id": "GHSA-mcmc-5mcv-75hx",
"modified": "2022-09-02T00:01:02Z",
"published": "2022-08-30T00:00:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-36554"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gist.github.com/Nwqda/b27418ab801eb0b9cdbe8d042cb0249b"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://hytec.co.jp/eng/products/our-brand/hwl-2511-ss.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://hytec.co.jp/eng/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/hwl-2511-ss-ds.3.0.pdf"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MCPH-M25J-8J63
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-02 16:41 – Updated: 2024-01-02 16:41Summary
The tj-actions/changed-files workflow allows for command injection in changed filenames, allowing an attacker to execute arbitrary code and potentially leak secrets.
Details
The changed-files action returns a list of files changed in a commit or pull request which provides an escape_json input enabled by default, only escapes " for JSON values.
This could potentially allow filenames that contain special characters such as ; and ` (backtick) which can be used by an attacker to take over the GitHub Runner if the output value is used in a raw fashion (thus being directly replaced before execution) inside a run block. By running custom commands an attacker may be able to steal secrets such as GITHUB_TOKEN if triggered on other events than pull_request. For example on push.
Proof of Concept
- Submit a pull request to a repository with a new file injecting a command. For example
$(whoami).txtwhich is a valid filename. - Upon approval of the workflow (triggered by the pull request), the action will get executed and the malicious pull request filename will flow into the
List all changed filesstep below.
- name: List all changed files
run: |
for file in ${{ steps.changed-files.outputs.all_changed_files }}; do
echo "$file was changed"
done
Example output:
##[group]Run for file in $(whoami).txt; do
for file in $(whoami).txt; do
echo "$file was changed"
done
shell: /usr/bin/bash -e {0}
##[endgroup]
runner.txt was changed
Impact
This issue may lead to arbitrary command execution in the GitHub Runner.
Resolution
-
A new
safe_outputinput would be enabled by default and return filename paths escaping special characters like ;, ` (backtick), $, (), etc for bash environments. -
A safe recommendation of using environment variables to store unsafe outputs.
- name: List all changed files
env:
ALL_CHANGED_FILES: ${{ steps.changed-files.outputs.all_changed_files }}
run: |
for file in "$ALL_CHANGED_FILES"; do
echo "$file was changed"
done
Resources
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "GitHub Actions",
"name": "tj-actions/changed-files"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "41"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-51664"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-74",
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-01-02T16:41:27Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-12-27T17:15:08Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Summary\nThe `tj-actions/changed-files` workflow allows for command injection in changed filenames, allowing an attacker to execute arbitrary code and potentially leak secrets.\n\n### Details\nThe [`changed-files`](https://github.com/tj-actions/changed-files) action returns a list of files changed in a commit or pull request which provides an `escape_json` input [enabled by default](https://github.com/tj-actions/changed-files/blob/94549999469dbfa032becf298d95c87a14c34394/action.yml#L136), only escapes `\"` for JSON values. \n\nThis could potentially allow filenames that contain special characters such as `;` and \\` (backtick) which can be used by an attacker to take over the [GitHub Runner](https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-github-hosted-runners/about-github-hosted-runners) if the output value is used in a raw fashion (thus being directly replaced before execution) inside a `run` block. By running custom commands an attacker may be able to steal **secrets** such as `GITHUB_TOKEN` if triggered on other events than `pull_request`. For example on `push`.\n\n#### Proof of Concept\n\n1. Submit a pull request to a repository with a new file injecting a command. For example `$(whoami).txt` which is a valid filename.\n2. Upon approval of the workflow (triggered by the pull request), the action will get executed and the malicious pull request filename will flow into the `List all changed files` step below.\n\n```yaml\n - name: List all changed files\n run: |\n for file in ${{ steps.changed-files.outputs.all_changed_files }}; do\n echo \"$file was changed\"\n done\n```\n\nExample output:\n\n```yaml\n##[group]Run for file in $(whoami).txt; do\n for file in $(whoami).txt; do\n echo \"$file was changed\"\n done\nshell: /usr/bin/bash -e {0}\n##[endgroup]\nrunner.txt was changed\n```\n\n### Impact\n\nThis issue may lead to arbitrary command execution in the GitHub Runner.\n\n### Resolution\n- A new `safe_output` input would be enabled by default and return filename paths escaping special characters like ;, ` (backtick), $, (), etc for bash environments.\n\n- A safe recommendation of using environment variables to store unsafe outputs.\n\n```yaml\n- name: List all changed files\n env:\n ALL_CHANGED_FILES: ${{ steps.changed-files.outputs.all_changed_files }}\n run: |\n for file in \"$ALL_CHANGED_FILES\"; do\n echo \"$file was changed\"\n done\n```\n\n### Resources\n\n* [Keeping your GitHub Actions and workflows secure Part 2: Untrusted input](https://securitylab.github.com/research/github-actions-untrusted-input/)\n* [Keeping your GitHub Actions and workflows secure Part 1: Preventing pwn requests](https://securitylab.github.com/research/github-actions-preventing-pwn-requests/)",
"id": "GHSA-mcph-m25j-8j63",
"modified": "2024-01-02T16:41:27Z",
"published": "2024-01-02T16:41:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/tj-actions/changed-files/security/advisories/GHSA-mcph-m25j-8j63"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-51664"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/tj-actions/changed-files/commit/0102c07446a3cad972f4afcbd0ee4dbc4b6d2d1b"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/tj-actions/changed-files/commit/716b1e13042866565e00e85fd4ec490e186c4a2f"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/tj-actions/changed-files/commit/ff2f6e6b91913a7be42be1b5917330fe442f2ede"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/tj-actions/changed-files"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "tj-actions/changed-files has Potential Actions command injection in output filenames (GHSL-2023-271)"
}
GHSA-MCQ4-JRHV-99MG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-14 15:31 – Updated: 2026-05-15 15:30Northern.tech CFEngine Enterprise and Community before 3.21.8, 3.24.3, and 3.27.0 allows Command injection.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-24712"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-14T15:16:44Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Northern.tech CFEngine Enterprise and Community before 3.21.8, 3.24.3, and 3.27.0 allows Command injection.",
"id": "GHSA-mcq4-jrhv-99mg",
"modified": "2026-05-15T15:30:38Z",
"published": "2026-05-14T15:31:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-24712"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cfengine.com/blog/2026/cve-2026-24710-and-cve-2026-24711-and-cve-2026-24712"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://northern.tech"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MCR4-P4R2-FWPQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-01-20 15:30 – Updated: 2023-01-26 18:30TOTOlink A7100RU V7.4cu.2313_B20191024 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via the password parameter in the setting/setOpenVpnCertGenerationCfg function.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-48125"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-01-20T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "TOTOlink A7100RU V7.4cu.2313_B20191024 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via the password parameter in the setting/setOpenVpnCertGenerationCfg function.",
"id": "GHSA-mcr4-p4r2-fwpq",
"modified": "2023-01-26T18:30:48Z",
"published": "2023-01-20T15:30:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-48125"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Am1ngl/ttt/tree/main/13"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MCRF-J5Q8-79QF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-02-08 00:00 – Updated: 2022-02-08 00:00Tenda AX3 v16.03.12.10_CN was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability in the function WanParameterSetting. This vulnerability allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands via the gateway, dns1, and dns2 parameters.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-24144"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-02-04T02:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Tenda AX3 v16.03.12.10_CN was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability in the function WanParameterSetting. This vulnerability allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands via the gateway, dns1, and dns2 parameters.",
"id": "GHSA-mcrf-j5q8-79qf",
"modified": "2022-02-08T00:00:37Z",
"published": "2022-02-08T00:00:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-24144"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pjqwudi/my_vuln/tree/main/Tenda/vuln_13"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-MCV4-FGFJ-MGGF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-06 15:34 – Updated: 2025-10-03 09:30Smartwares cameras CIP-37210AT and C724IP, as well as others which share the same firmware in versions up to 3.3.0, are vulnerable to command injection. During the initialization process, a user has to use a mobile app to provide devices with Access Point credentials. This input is not properly sanitized, what allows for command injection. The vendor has not replied to reports, so the patching status remains unknown. Newer firmware versions might be vulnerable as well.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-13892"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-06T14:15:35Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Smartwares cameras\u00a0CIP-37210AT and\u00a0C724IP, as well as others which share the same firmware in versions up to 3.3.0, are vulnerable to command injection. \nDuring the initialization process, a user has to use a mobile app to provide devices with Access Point credentials. This input is not properly sanitized, what allows for command injection.\nThe vendor has not replied to reports, so the patching status remains unknown. Newer firmware versions might be vulnerable as well.",
"id": "GHSA-mcv4-fgfj-mggf",
"modified": "2025-10-03T09:30:19Z",
"published": "2025-03-06T15:34:46Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-13892"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert.pl/en/posts/2025/03/CVE-2024-13892"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.smartwares.eu/en-gb/smartwares-cip-37210at-indoor-wi-fi-camera-cip--37210at"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:A/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-MCXQ-54F4-MMX5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-02 21:31 – Updated: 2025-12-03 16:59FeehiCMS version 2.1.1 has a Remote Code Execution via Unrestricted File Upload in Ad Management. FeehiCMS version 2.1.1 allows authenticated remote attackers to upload files that the server later executes (or stores in an executable location) without sufficient validation, sanitization, or execution restrictions. An authenticated remote attacker can upload a crafted PHP file and cause the application or web server to execute it, resulting in remote code execution (RCE).
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "feehi/cms"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "2.1.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-65657"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-20",
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-12-03T16:59:21Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-02T21:15:53Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "FeehiCMS version 2.1.1 has a Remote Code Execution via Unrestricted File Upload in Ad Management. FeehiCMS version 2.1.1 allows authenticated remote attackers to upload files that the server later executes (or stores in an executable location) without sufficient validation, sanitization, or execution restrictions. An authenticated remote attacker can upload a crafted PHP file and cause the application or web server to execute it, resulting in remote code execution (RCE).",
"id": "GHSA-mcxq-54f4-mmx5",
"modified": "2025-12-03T16:59:21Z",
"published": "2025-12-02T21:31:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-65657"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/liufee/cms/issues/78"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/kiwi865/CVEs/blob/main/CVE-2025-65657.md"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/liufee/cms"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "FeehiCMS Has a Remote Code Execution via Unrestricted File Upload in Ad Management"
}
GHSA-MF37-5PQC-748X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-04-07 00:00 – Updated: 2022-04-15 00:01A vulnerability in the CLI of Cisco StarOS could allow an authenticated, local attacker to elevate privileges on an affected device. This vulnerability is due to insufficient input validation of CLI commands. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending crafted commands to the CLI. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to execute arbitrary code with the privileges of the root user. To exploit this vulnerability, an attacker would need to have valid administrative credentials on an affected device.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-20665"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-04-06T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the CLI of Cisco StarOS could allow an authenticated, local attacker to elevate privileges on an affected device. This vulnerability is due to insufficient input validation of CLI commands. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending crafted commands to the CLI. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to execute arbitrary code with the privileges of the root user. To exploit this vulnerability, an attacker would need to have valid administrative credentials on an affected device.",
"id": "GHSA-mf37-5pqc-748x",
"modified": "2022-04-15T00:01:07Z",
"published": "2022-04-07T00:00:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-20665"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-staros-cmdinj-759mNT4n"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation
If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.
Mitigation
Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.
CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection
An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection
An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.
CAPEC-248: Command Injection
An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.
CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices
This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files
Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.