CWE-77
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.
5383 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-M2H4-J4P2-4J7C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-01 21:31 – Updated: 2026-05-01 21:31A vulnerability was identified in eyal-gor p_69_branch_monkey_mcp up to 69bc71874ce40050ef45fde5a435855f18af3373. The affected element is an unknown function of the file branch_monkey_mcp/bridge_and_local_actions/routes/advanced.py of the component Preview Endpoint. Such manipulation of the argument dev_script leads to os command injection. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit is publicly available and might be used. This product does not use versioning. This is why information about affected and unaffected releases are unavailable. The project was informed of the problem early through an issue report but has not responded yet.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-7590"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-01T19:16:33Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was identified in eyal-gor p_69_branch_monkey_mcp up to 69bc71874ce40050ef45fde5a435855f18af3373. The affected element is an unknown function of the file branch_monkey_mcp/bridge_and_local_actions/routes/advanced.py of the component Preview Endpoint. Such manipulation of the argument dev_script leads to os command injection. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit is publicly available and might be used. This product does not use versioning. This is why information about affected and unaffected releases are unavailable. The project was informed of the problem early through an issue report but has not responded yet.",
"id": "GHSA-m2h4-j4p2-4j7c",
"modified": "2026-05-01T21:31:20Z",
"published": "2026-05-01T21:31:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-7590"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/eyal-gor/p_69_branch_monkey_mcp/issues/8"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/eyal-gor/p_69_branch_monkey_mcp"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/804413"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/360543"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/360543/cti"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-M2HX-RW3R-Q8F3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-09-22 03:30 – Updated: 2024-09-22 03:30A vulnerability was found in DedeCMS up to 5.7.115. It has been rated as critical. This issue affects some unknown processing of the file article_string_mix.php. The manipulation leads to os command injection. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-9076"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-09-22T01:15:12Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in DedeCMS up to 5.7.115. It has been rated as critical. This issue affects some unknown processing of the file article_string_mix.php. The manipulation leads to os command injection. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-m2hx-rw3r-q8f3",
"modified": "2024-09-22T03:30:30Z",
"published": "2024-09-22T03:30:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-9076"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gitee.com/hjjjx/dede_cms/blob/master/article_string_mix_rce.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.278243"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.278243"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.407461"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-M2RQ-R53V-MVQ4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-20 21:31 – Updated: 2026-03-20 21:31A vulnerability was found in sigmade Git-MCP-Server up to 785aa159f262a02d5791a5d8a8e13c507ac42880. Affected by this vulnerability is the function child_process.exec of the file src/gitUtils.ts of the component show_merge_diff/quick_merge_summary/show_file_diff. The manipulation results in os command injection. The attack must be initiated from a local position. The exploit has been made public and could be used. This product operates on a rolling release basis, ensuring continuous delivery. Consequently, there are no version details for either affected or updated releases. It is advisable to implement a patch to correct this issue. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-4496"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-20T19:16:20Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in sigmade Git-MCP-Server up to 785aa159f262a02d5791a5d8a8e13c507ac42880. Affected by this vulnerability is the function child_process.exec of the file src/gitUtils.ts of the component show_merge_diff/quick_merge_summary/show_file_diff. The manipulation results in os command injection. The attack must be initiated from a local position. The exploit has been made public and could be used. This product operates on a rolling release basis, ensuring continuous delivery. Consequently, there are no version details for either affected or updated releases. It is advisable to implement a patch to correct this issue. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-m2rq-r53v-mvq4",
"modified": "2026-03-20T21:31:28Z",
"published": "2026-03-20T21:31:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-4496"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/sigmade/Git-MCP-Server/issues/1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/sigmade/Git-MCP-Server/pull/2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/sigmade/Git-MCP-Server"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/user-attachments/files/24855745/Git-MCP-Server.bug.pdf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.352045"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.352045"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.773796"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-M2VJ-HFVW-94QP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:36 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:36A Command Injection issue was discovered in Satel Iberia SenNet Data Logger and Electricity Meters: SenNet Optimal DataLogger V5.37c-1.43c and prior, SenNet Solar Datalogger V5.03-1.56a and prior, and SenNet Multitask Meter V5.21a-1.18b and prior. Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could result in the attacker breaking out of the jailed shell and gaining full access to the system.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-6048"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-05-19T03:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A Command Injection issue was discovered in Satel Iberia SenNet Data Logger and Electricity Meters: SenNet Optimal DataLogger V5.37c-1.43c and prior, SenNet Solar Datalogger V5.03-1.56a and prior, and SenNet Multitask Meter V5.21a-1.18b and prior. Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could result in the attacker breaking out of the jailed shell and gaining full access to the system.",
"id": "GHSA-m2vj-hfvw-94qp",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:36:33Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:36:33Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-6048"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://ics-cert.us-cert.gov/advisories/ICSA-17-131-02"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M32J-RVQ2-JPP7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 00:56 – Updated: 2022-05-14 00:56The mdcheck script of the mdadm package for openSUSE 13.2 prior to version 3.3.1-5.14.1 does not properly sanitize device names, which allows local attackers to execute arbitrary commands as root.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2014-5220"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-06-08T17:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The mdcheck script of the mdadm package for openSUSE 13.2 prior to version 3.3.1-5.14.1 does not properly sanitize device names, which allows local attackers to execute arbitrary commands as root.",
"id": "GHSA-m32j-rvq2-jpp7",
"modified": "2022-05-14T00:56:22Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T00:56:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-5220"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.suse.com/show_bug.cgi?id=910500"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-updates/2015-02/msg00069.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M34R-JRV8-MWMV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-12 15:30 – Updated: 2025-11-04 00:31Zabbix allows to configure SMS notifications. AT command injection occurs on "Zabbix Server" because there is no validation of "Number" field on Web nor on Zabbix server side. Attacker can run test of SMS providing specially crafted phone number and execute additional AT commands on modem.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-22122"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-08-12T13:38:16Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "Zabbix allows to configure SMS notifications. AT command injection occurs on \"Zabbix Server\" because there is no validation of \"Number\" field on Web nor on Zabbix server side. Attacker can run test of SMS providing specially crafted phone number and execute additional AT commands on modem.",
"id": "GHSA-m34r-jrv8-mwmv",
"modified": "2025-11-04T00:31:11Z",
"published": "2024-08-12T15:30:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-22122"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2024/10/msg00000.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.zabbix.com/browse/ZBX-25012"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M37P-X6XC-38VX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:53 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:53A command injection vulnerability exists in the Microsoft Wireless Display Adapter (MWDA) when the Microsoft Wireless Display Adapter does not properly manage user input, aka "Microsoft Wireless Display Adapter Command Injection Vulnerability." This affects Microsoft Wireless Display Adapter V2 Software.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-8306"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-07-11T00:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A command injection vulnerability exists in the Microsoft Wireless Display Adapter (MWDA) when the Microsoft Wireless Display Adapter does not properly manage user input, aka \"Microsoft Wireless Display Adapter Command Injection Vulnerability.\" This affects Microsoft Wireless Display Adapter V2 Software.",
"id": "GHSA-m37p-x6xc-38vx",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:53:37Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:53:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-8306"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-US/security-guidance/advisory/CVE-2018-8306"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/104621"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1041269"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M3C4-PRHW-MRX6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-16 15:49 – Updated: 2026-01-16 15:49Summary
A prior patch aimed to block spawning Windows batch/shell files by returning an error when a spawned path’s extension matched .bat or .cmd. That check performs a case-sensitive comparison against lowercase literals and therefore can be bypassed when the extension uses alternate casing (for example .BAT, .Bat, etc.).
POC
const command = new Deno.Command('./test.BAT', {
args: ['&calc.exe'],
});
const child = command.spawn();
This causes calc.exe to be launched; see the attached screenshot for evidence.
Patched in CVE-2025-61787 — prevents execution of .bat and .cmd files:
Bypass of the patched vulnerability:
Impact
The script launches calc.exe on Windows, demonstrating that passing user-controlled arguments to a spawned batch script can result in command-line injection.
Mitigation
Users should update to Deno v2.5.6 or newer.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "crates.io",
"name": "deno"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.5.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-22864"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-01-16T15:49:38Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-15T23:15:51Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Summary\nA prior patch aimed to block spawning Windows batch/shell files by returning an error when a spawned path\u2019s extension matched `.bat` or `.cmd`. That check performs a case-sensitive comparison against lowercase literals and therefore can be bypassed when the extension uses alternate casing (for example `.BAT, .Bat`, etc.).\n\n### POC\n```javascript\nconst command = new Deno.Command(\u0027./test.BAT\u0027, {\n args: [\u0027\u0026calc.exe\u0027],\n});\nconst child = command.spawn();\n```\nThis causes `calc.exe` to be launched; see the attached screenshot for evidence.\n\n**Patched in `CVE-2025-61787` \u2014 prevents execution of `.bat` and `.cmd` files:**\n\n\n**Bypass of the patched vulnerability:**\n\n\n\n### Impact\nThe script launches calc.exe on Windows, demonstrating that passing user-controlled arguments to a spawned batch script can result in command-line injection.\n\n### Mitigation\n\nUsers should update to Deno v2.5.6 or newer.",
"id": "GHSA-m3c4-prhw-mrx6",
"modified": "2026-01-16T15:49:38Z",
"published": "2026-01-16T15:49:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/denoland/deno/security/advisories/GHSA-m3c4-prhw-mrx6"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-22864"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/denoland/deno"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/denoland/deno/releases/tag/v2.5.6"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Deno has an incomplete fix for command-injection prevention on Windows \u2014 case-insensitive extension bypass"
}
GHSA-M3FM-4744-QMHG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-06 18:30 – Updated: 2026-01-30 21:30An OS command injection vulnerability has been reported to affect HBS 3 Hybrid Backup Sync. If exploited, the vulnerability could allow remote attackers to execute commands.
We have already fixed the vulnerability in the following version: HBS 3 Hybrid Backup Sync 25.1.1.673 and later
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-50388"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-12-06T17:15:09Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "An OS command injection vulnerability has been reported to affect HBS 3 Hybrid Backup Sync. If exploited, the vulnerability could allow remote attackers to execute commands.\n\nWe have already fixed the vulnerability in the following version:\nHBS 3 Hybrid Backup Sync 25.1.1.673 and later",
"id": "GHSA-m3fm-4744-qmhg",
"modified": "2026-01-30T21:30:18Z",
"published": "2024-12-06T18:30:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-50388"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.qnap.com/en/security-advisory/qsa-24-41"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-M3HW-QCRG-C646
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-04-28 18:30 – Updated: 2026-07-09 15:31A vulnerability was found in Ubiquiti EdgeRouter X up to 2.0.9-hotfix.6. It has been declared as critical. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality of the component Web Management Interface. The manipulation of the argument name leads to command injection. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The identifier VDB-227653 was assigned to this vulnerability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-2377"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-74",
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-04-28T16:15:10Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in Ubiquiti EdgeRouter X up to 2.0.9-hotfix.6. It has been declared as critical. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality of the component Web Management Interface. The manipulation of the argument name leads to command injection. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The identifier VDB-227653 was assigned to this vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-m3hw-qcrg-c646",
"modified": "2026-07-09T15:31:51Z",
"published": "2023-04-28T18:30:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-2377"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/leetsun/IoT/tree/main/EdgeRouterX/CI/9"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.227653"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.227653"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2023-2377"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/114081"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/227653"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/227653/cti"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
Mitigation
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation
If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.
Mitigation
Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.
CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection
An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection
An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.
CAPEC-248: Command Injection
An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.
CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices
This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files
Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.