CWE-77
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.
5383 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-H5PX-M9JR-JFXC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-27 00:01 – Updated: 2022-01-07 00:01Certain NETGEAR devices are affected by command injection by an authenticated user. This affects R8000 before 1.0.4.74, RAX200 before 1.0.4.120, R8000P before 1.4.2.84, R7900P before 1.4.2.84, RBR850 before 3.2.17.12, RBS850 before 3.2.17.12, and RBK852 before 3.2.17.12.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-45543"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-12-26T01:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Certain NETGEAR devices are affected by command injection by an authenticated user. This affects R8000 before 1.0.4.74, RAX200 before 1.0.4.120, R8000P before 1.4.2.84, R7900P before 1.4.2.84, RBR850 before 3.2.17.12, RBS850 before 3.2.17.12, and RBK852 before 3.2.17.12.",
"id": "GHSA-h5px-m9jr-jfxc",
"modified": "2022-01-07T00:01:20Z",
"published": "2021-12-27T00:01:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-45543"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://kb.netgear.com/000064517/Security-Advisory-for-Post-Authentication-Command-Injection-on-Some-Routers-and-WiFi-Systems-PSV-2020-0541"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-H62M-673X-763W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-03-05 21:30 – Updated: 2024-03-05 21:30Authenticated command injection vulnerabilities exist in the ArubaOS command line interface. Successful exploitation of these vulnerabilities result in the ability to execute arbitrary commands as a privileged user on the underlying operating system.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-25613"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-03-05T21:15:08Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Authenticated command injection vulnerabilities exist in the ArubaOS command line interface. Successful exploitation of these vulnerabilities result in the ability to execute arbitrary commands as a privileged user on the underlying operating system.\n\n",
"id": "GHSA-h62m-673x-763w",
"modified": "2024-03-05T21:30:25Z",
"published": "2024-03-05T21:30:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-25613"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.arubanetworks.com/assets/alert/ARUBA-PSA-2024-002.txt"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-H632-P764-PJQM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-01-27 00:56 – Updated: 2023-02-07 04:10Impact
An administrator with the permissions to upload files via DataFlow and to create products was able to execute arbitrary code via the convert profile.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "openmage/magento-lts"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "19.4.22"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "openmage/magento-lts"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "20.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "20.0.19"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-41231"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434",
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-01-27T00:56:58Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-01-27T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Impact\nAn administrator with the permissions to upload files via DataFlow and to create products was able to execute arbitrary code via the convert profile. \n\n\n",
"id": "GHSA-h632-p764-pjqm",
"modified": "2023-02-07T04:10:00Z",
"published": "2023-01-27T00:56:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/OpenMage/magento-lts/security/advisories/GHSA-h632-p764-pjqm"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-41231"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/OpenMage/magento-lts/commit/d16fc6c5a1e66c6f0d9f82020f11702a7ddd78e4"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/OpenMage/magento-lts"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/OpenMage/magento-lts/releases/tag/v19.4.22"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/OpenMage/magento-lts/releases/tag/v20.0.19"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "DataFlow upload remote code execution vulnerability"
}
GHSA-H66J-7H34-G83P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-09 15:31 – Updated: 2025-10-20 21:30A security issue exists within FactoryTalk Optix MQTT broker due to the lack of URI sanitization. This flaw enables the loading of remote Mosquito plugins, which can be used to achieve remote code execution.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-9161"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-09T13:15:32Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A security issue exists within FactoryTalk Optix MQTT broker due to the lack of URI sanitization. This flaw enables the loading of remote Mosquito plugins, which can be used to achieve remote code execution.",
"id": "GHSA-h66j-7h34-g83p",
"modified": "2025-10-20T21:30:27Z",
"published": "2025-09-09T15:31:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-9161"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.rockwellautomation.com/en-us/trust-center/security-advisories/advisory.SD1742.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:L/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-H67V-RX96-6F59
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-27 00:00 – Updated: 2022-01-11 00:02Certain NETGEAR devices are affected by command injection by an unauthenticated attacker. This affects EX6200v2 before 1.0.1.86, EX6250 before 1.0.0.134, EX7700 before 1.0.0.216, EX8000 before 1.0.1.232, LBR1020 before 2.6.3.58, LBR20 before 2.6.3.50, R7800 before 1.0.2.80, R8900 before 1.0.5.26, R9000 before 1.0.5.26, RBS50Y before 2.7.3.22, WNR2000v5 before 1.0.0.76, XR700 before 1.0.1.36, EX6150v2 before 1.0.1.98, EX7300 before 1.0.2.158, EX7320 before 1.0.0.134, RAX10 before 1.0.2.88, RAX120 before 1.2.0.16, RAX70 before 1.0.2.88, EX6100v2 before 1.0.1.98, EX6400 before 1.0.2.158, EX7300v2 before 1.0.0.134, R6700AX before 1.0.2.88, RAX120v2 before 1.2.0.16, RAX78 before 1.0.2.88, EX6410 before 1.0.0.134, RBR10 before 2.7.3.22, RBR20 before 2.7.3.22, RBR350 before 4.3.4.7, RBR40 before 2.7.3.22, RBR50 before 2.7.3.22, EX6420 before 1.0.0.134, RBS10 before 2.7.3.22, RBS20 before 2.7.3.22, RBS350 before 4.3.4.7, RBS40 before 2.7.3.22, RBS50 before 2.7.3.22, EX6400v2 before 1.0.0.134, RBK12 before 2.7.3.22, RBK20 before 2.7.3.22, RBK352 before 4.3.4.7, RBK40 before 2.7.3.22, and RBK50 before 2.7.3.22.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-45619"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-12-26T01:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Certain NETGEAR devices are affected by command injection by an unauthenticated attacker. This affects EX6200v2 before 1.0.1.86, EX6250 before 1.0.0.134, EX7700 before 1.0.0.216, EX8000 before 1.0.1.232, LBR1020 before 2.6.3.58, LBR20 before 2.6.3.50, R7800 before 1.0.2.80, R8900 before 1.0.5.26, R9000 before 1.0.5.26, RBS50Y before 2.7.3.22, WNR2000v5 before 1.0.0.76, XR700 before 1.0.1.36, EX6150v2 before 1.0.1.98, EX7300 before 1.0.2.158, EX7320 before 1.0.0.134, RAX10 before 1.0.2.88, RAX120 before 1.2.0.16, RAX70 before 1.0.2.88, EX6100v2 before 1.0.1.98, EX6400 before 1.0.2.158, EX7300v2 before 1.0.0.134, R6700AX before 1.0.2.88, RAX120v2 before 1.2.0.16, RAX78 before 1.0.2.88, EX6410 before 1.0.0.134, RBR10 before 2.7.3.22, RBR20 before 2.7.3.22, RBR350 before 4.3.4.7, RBR40 before 2.7.3.22, RBR50 before 2.7.3.22, EX6420 before 1.0.0.134, RBS10 before 2.7.3.22, RBS20 before 2.7.3.22, RBS350 before 4.3.4.7, RBS40 before 2.7.3.22, RBS50 before 2.7.3.22, EX6400v2 before 1.0.0.134, RBK12 before 2.7.3.22, RBK20 before 2.7.3.22, RBK352 before 4.3.4.7, RBK40 before 2.7.3.22, and RBK50 before 2.7.3.22.",
"id": "GHSA-h67v-rx96-6f59",
"modified": "2022-01-11T00:02:01Z",
"published": "2021-12-27T00:00:50Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-45619"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://kb.netgear.com/000064492/Security-Advisory-for-Pre-Authentication-Command-Injection-on-Some-Routers-Extenders-and-WiFi-Systems-PSV-2020-0435"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-H69C-WJC7-8H9R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-09-22 18:30 – Updated: 2023-09-26 15:30Command injection vulnerability in the homemng.htm endpoint in Juplink RX4-1500 Wifi router firmware versions V1.0.2, V1.0.3, V1.0.4, and V1.0.5 allows authenticated remote attackers to execute commands as root via specially crafted HTTP requests to the vulnerable endpoint.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-41029"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-09-22T17:15:10Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Command injection vulnerability in the\u00a0homemng.htm endpoint\u00a0in\u00a0Juplink RX4-1500 Wifi router firmware versions\u00a0V1.0.2,\u00a0V1.0.3,\u00a0V1.0.4, and\u00a0V1.0.5\u00a0allows authenticated remote attackers to execute commands as root via specially crafted HTTP requests to the vulnerable endpoint.",
"id": "GHSA-h69c-wjc7-8h9r",
"modified": "2023-09-26T15:30:42Z",
"published": "2023-09-22T18:30:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-41029"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://blog.exodusintel.com/2023/09/18/juplink-rx4-1500-command-injection-vulnerability"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-H6FF-FWGF-7RMM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 02:47 – Updated: 2022-05-14 02:47Synology Video Station before 1.5-0763 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary shell commands via shell metacharacters in the subtitle_codepage parameter to subtitle.cgi.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2015-6912"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2015-09-11T16:59:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Synology Video Station before 1.5-0763 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary shell commands via shell metacharacters in the subtitle_codepage parameter to subtitle.cgi.",
"id": "GHSA-h6ff-fwgf-7rmm",
"modified": "2022-05-14T02:47:37Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T02:47:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-6912"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.securify.nl/advisory/SFY20150810/synology_video_station_command_injection_and_multiple_sql_injection_vulnerabilities.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.synology.com/en-global/releaseNote/VideoStation?model=DS715"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/133519/Synology-Video-Station-1.5-0757-Command-Injection-SQL-Injection.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2015/Sep/31"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/536427/100/0/threaded"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-H6V2-5W65-X9JV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-05-12 15:30 – Updated: 2023-05-12 15:30A vulnerability was found in Caton Live up to 2023-04-26 and classified as critical. This issue affects some unknown processing of the file /cgi-bin/ping.cgi of the component Mini_HTTPD. The manipulation of the argument address with the input ;id;uname${IFS}-a leads to command injection. The attack may be initiated remotely. The associated identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-228911. NOTE: The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-2682"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-05-12T13:15:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in Caton Live up to 2023-04-26 and classified as critical. This issue affects some unknown processing of the file /cgi-bin/ping.cgi of the component Mini_HTTPD. The manipulation of the argument address with the input ;id;uname${IFS}-a leads to command injection. The attack may be initiated remotely. The associated identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-228911. NOTE: The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-h6v2-5w65-x9jv",
"modified": "2023-05-12T15:30:22Z",
"published": "2023-05-12T15:30:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-2682"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.228911"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.228911"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-H6VR-9R9P-C6RF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-26 13:30 – Updated: 2026-05-26 13:30A weakness has been identified in Totolink A8000RU 7.1cu.643_b20200521. This issue affects the function setMacFilterRules of the file /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi of the component Web Management Interface. This manipulation of the argument enable causes os command injection. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been made available to the public and could be used for attacks.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-9433"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-25T07:16:17Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A weakness has been identified in Totolink A8000RU 7.1cu.643_b20200521. This issue affects the function setMacFilterRules of the file /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi of the component Web Management Interface. This manipulation of the argument enable causes os command injection. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been made available to the public and could be used for attacks.",
"id": "GHSA-h6vr-9r9p-c6rf",
"modified": "2026-05-26T13:30:40Z",
"published": "2026-05-26T13:30:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-9433"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Litengzheng/vuldb_new2/blob/main/A8000RU/vul_354/README.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/813906"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/365414"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/365414/cti"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.totolink.net"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-H6VV-5XX4-C25Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:01 – Updated: 2025-10-22 00:32Multiple vulnerabilities in the web-based management interface of Cisco HyperFlex HX could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to perform command injection attacks against an affected device. For more information about these vulnerabilities, see the Details section of this advisory.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-1498"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-05-06T13:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Multiple vulnerabilities in the web-based management interface of Cisco HyperFlex HX could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to perform command injection attacks against an affected device. For more information about these vulnerabilities, see the Details section of this advisory.",
"id": "GHSA-h6vv-5xx4-c25q",
"modified": "2025-10-22T00:32:07Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:01:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-1498"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-hyperflex-rce-TjjNrkpR"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2021-1498"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/162976/Cisco-HyperFlex-HX-Data-Platform-Command-Execution.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation
If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.
Mitigation
Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.
CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection
An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection
An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.
CAPEC-248: Command Injection
An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.
CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices
This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files
Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.