CWE-77
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.
5387 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-533P-G2HQ-QR26
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2020-09-04 17:16 – Updated: 2020-08-31 18:59All versions of treekill are vulnerable to Command Injection. The package fails to sanitize values passed to the kill function. If this value is user-controlled it may allow attackers to run arbitrary commands in the server. The issue only affects Windows systems.
Recommendation
No fix is currently available. Consider using an alternative package until a fix is made available.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "treekill"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.0.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2020-08-31T18:59:07Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "All versions of `treekill` are vulnerable to Command Injection. The package fails to sanitize values passed to the `kill` function. If this value is user-controlled it may allow attackers to run arbitrary commands in the server. The issue only affects Windows systems.\n\n\n## Recommendation\n\nNo fix is currently available. Consider using an alternative package until a fix is made available.",
"id": "GHSA-533p-g2hq-qr26",
"modified": "2020-08-31T18:59:07Z",
"published": "2020-09-04T17:16:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://hackerone.com/reports/703415"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.npmjs.com/advisories/1433"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [],
"summary": "Command Injection in treekill"
}
GHSA-534G-WPCR-FM9Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-14 18:32 – Updated: 2026-07-14 18:32Improper neutralization of special elements used in a command ('command injection') in Outlook Copilot allows an authorized attacker to perform tampering over a network.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-55145"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-14T18:18:21Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Improper neutralization of special elements used in a command (\u0027command injection\u0027) in Outlook Copilot allows an authorized attacker to perform tampering over a network.",
"id": "GHSA-534g-wpcr-fm9q",
"modified": "2026-07-14T18:32:36Z",
"published": "2026-07-14T18:32:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-55145"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2026-55145"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-53GH-P8JC-7RG8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-20 12:32 – Updated: 2025-10-15 16:06BerriAI/litellm version 1.40.12 contains a vulnerability that allows remote code execution. The issue exists in the handling of the 'post_call_rules' configuration, where a callback function can be added. The provided value is split at the final '.' mark, with the last part considered the function name and the remaining part appended with the '.py' extension and imported. This allows an attacker to set a system method, such as 'os.system', as a callback, enabling the execution of arbitrary commands when a chat response is processed.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "litellm"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.40.3.dev2"
},
{
"last_affected": "1.40.12"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-6825"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-03-20T19:55:11Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-20T10:15:33Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "BerriAI/litellm version 1.40.12 contains a vulnerability that allows remote code execution. The issue exists in the handling of the \u0027post_call_rules\u0027 configuration, where a callback function can be added. The provided value is split at the final \u0027.\u0027 mark, with the last part considered the function name and the remaining part appended with the \u0027.py\u0027 extension and imported. This allows an attacker to set a system method, such as \u0027os.system\u0027, as a callback, enabling the execution of arbitrary commands when a chat response is processed.",
"id": "GHSA-53gh-p8jc-7rg8",
"modified": "2025-10-15T16:06:56Z",
"published": "2025-03-20T12:32:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-6825"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/berriai/litellm/commit/441c7275ed2715f47650a7c2e525055c804073a9"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/BerriAI/litellm"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/BerriAI/litellm/blob/056913fd7049923a106130b02d7c29e7f312beec/litellm/utils.py#L2818"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://huntr.com/bounties/1d98bebb-6cf4-46c9-87c3-d3b1972973b5"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "LiteLLM Vulnerable to Remote Code Execution (RCE)"
}
GHSA-53J9-8FM4-3GF5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-17 09:30 – Updated: 2025-09-17 09:30In JetBrains Junie before 252.284.66, 251.284.66, 243.284.66, 252.284.61, 251.284.61, 243.284.61, 252.284.50, 252.284.54, 251.284.54, 251.284.50, 243.284.54, 243.284.50 code execution was possible due to improper command validation
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-59458"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-17T09:15:32Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In JetBrains Junie before 252.284.66,\n251.284.66,\n243.284.66,\n252.284.61,\n251.284.61,\n243.284.61,\n252.284.50,\n252.284.54,\n251.284.54,\n251.284.50,\n243.284.54,\n243.284.50 code execution was possible due to improper command validation",
"id": "GHSA-53j9-8fm4-3gf5",
"modified": "2025-09-17T09:30:45Z",
"published": "2025-09-17T09:30:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-59458"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.jetbrains.com/privacy-security/issues-fixed"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-53JH-9M5F-XCX8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-02-09 00:00 – Updated: 2022-03-17 00:05D-Link device D-Link DIR-823-Pro v1.0.2 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability in the function SetWLanApcliSettings. This vulnerability allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands via the ApCliKeyStr parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-46454"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-02-04T02:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "D-Link device D-Link DIR-823-Pro v1.0.2 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability in the function SetWLanApcliSettings. This vulnerability allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands via the ApCliKeyStr parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-53jh-9m5f-xcx8",
"modified": "2022-03-17T00:05:57Z",
"published": "2022-02-09T00:00:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-46454"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pjqwudi/my_vuln/blob/main/D-link/vuln_24/24.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://supportannouncement.us.dlink.com/announcement/publication.aspx?name=SAP10285"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dlink.com/en/security-bulletin"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-53XV-C2HX-5W6Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-01-05 20:39 – Updated: 2022-03-30 21:13lib/cmd.js in the node-windows package before 1.0.0-beta.6 for Node.js allows command injection via the PID parameter.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 1.0.0-beta.5"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "node-windows"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.0.0-beta.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-45459"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-01-05T17:15:27Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2021-12-22T06:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "lib/cmd.js in the node-windows package before 1.0.0-beta.6 for Node.js allows command injection via the PID parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-53xv-c2hx-5w6q",
"modified": "2022-03-30T21:13:48Z",
"published": "2022-01-05T20:39:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-45459"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/dwisiswant0/advisory/issues/4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/coreybutler/node-windows/commit/a379d31366edbd7a672a981e6c09e185ab448dd3"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://advisory.dw1.io/4"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/coreybutler/node-windows"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/coreybutler/node-windows/compare/1.0.0-beta.5...1.0.0-beta.6"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20220107-0004"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Command Injection in node-windows"
}
GHSA-5432-GQXR-48C4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-08 21:30 – Updated: 2025-10-08 21:30A vulnerability was found in wonderwhy-er DesktopCommanderMCP up to 0.2.13. The impacted element is the function CommandManager of the file src/command-manager.ts. Performing manipulation results in os command injection. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been made public and could be used.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-11491"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-10-08T19:15:44Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in wonderwhy-er DesktopCommanderMCP up to 0.2.13. The impacted element is the function CommandManager of the file src/command-manager.ts. Performing manipulation results in os command injection. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been made public and could be used.",
"id": "GHSA-5432-gqxr-48c4",
"modified": "2025-10-08T21:30:33Z",
"published": "2025-10-08T21:30:33Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-11491"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/wonderwhy-er/DesktopCommanderMCP/issues/217"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/wonderwhy-er/DesktopCommanderMCP/issues/217#issue-3343853704"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.327610"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.327610"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.668006"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-549H-R7G9-2QPF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-05-27 06:30 – Updated: 2025-01-14 15:51All versions of the package n158 are vulnerable to Command Injection due to improper input sanitization in the 'module.exports' function.
Note:
To execute the code snippet and potentially exploit the vulnerability, the attacker needs to have the ability to run Node.js code within the target environment. This typically requires some level of access to the system or application hosting the Node.js environment.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "n158"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "1.4.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-26127"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-74",
"CWE-77",
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-05-30T20:07:50Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-05-27T05:15:09Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "All versions of the package n158 are vulnerable to Command Injection due to improper input sanitization in the \u0027module.exports\u0027 function.\n\n**Note:**\n\nTo execute the code snippet and potentially exploit the vulnerability, the attacker needs to have the ability to run Node.js code within the target environment. This typically requires some level of access to the system or application hosting the Node.js environment.",
"id": "GHSA-549h-r7g9-2qpf",
"modified": "2025-01-14T15:51:53Z",
"published": "2023-05-27T06:30:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-26127"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/dsilva2401/n158"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/dsilva2401/n158/blob/master/src/cli/initProject.js#L8"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JS-N158-3183746"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "n158 vulnerable to Command Injection due to improper input sanitization in the \u0027module.exports\u0027 function"
}
GHSA-54G8-PJ2J-RGC7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-02 15:31 – Updated: 2025-05-02 18:31TOTOLINK CA300-POE V6.2c.884_B20180522 was found to contain a command injection vulnerability in the msg_process function via the Port parameter. This vulnerability allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted request.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-44860"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-01T18:15:56Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "TOTOLINK CA300-POE V6.2c.884_B20180522 was found to contain a command injection vulnerability in the msg_process function via the Port parameter. This vulnerability allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted request.",
"id": "GHSA-54g8-pj2j-rgc7",
"modified": "2025-05-02T18:31:31Z",
"published": "2025-05-02T15:31:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-44860"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Summermu/VulnForIoT/tree/main/Totolink_CA300-POE/msg_process_Port/readme.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-54GH-5R45-9V33
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 00:17 – Updated: 2022-05-17 00:17The FusionSphere OpenStack V100R006C00SPC102(NFV) has a command injection vulnerability. Due to the insufficient input validation on one port, an authenticated, local attacker may exploit the vulnerability to gain root privileges by sending message with malicious commands.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-8193"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-11-22T19:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The FusionSphere OpenStack V100R006C00SPC102(NFV) has a command injection vulnerability. Due to the insufficient input validation on one port, an authenticated, local attacker may exploit the vulnerability to gain root privileges by sending message with malicious commands.",
"id": "GHSA-54gh-5r45-9v33",
"modified": "2022-05-17T00:17:10Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T00:17:10Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-8193"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.huawei.com/en/psirt/security-advisories/huawei-sa-20170830-01-OpenStack-en"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation
If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.
Mitigation
Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.
CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection
An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection
An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.
CAPEC-248: Command Injection
An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.
CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices
This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files
Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.