CWE-77
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.
5383 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-37RH-2C9J-68MM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-22 00:33 – Updated: 2025-01-22 15:32A code injection vulnerability exists in the Ambari Alert Definition
feature, allowing authenticated users to inject and execute arbitrary
shell commands. The vulnerability arises when defining alert scripts,
where the script filename field is executed using sh -c. An attacker
with authenticated access can exploit this vulnerability to inject
malicious commands, leading to remote code execution on the server. The
issue has been fixed in the latest versions of Ambari.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-23196"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-01-21T22:15:12Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A code injection vulnerability exists in the Ambari Alert Definition \nfeature, allowing authenticated users to inject and execute arbitrary \nshell commands. The vulnerability arises when defining alert scripts, \nwhere the script filename field is executed using `sh -c`. An attacker \nwith authenticated access can exploit this vulnerability to inject \nmalicious commands, leading to remote code execution on the server. The \nissue has been fixed in the latest versions of Ambari.",
"id": "GHSA-37rh-2c9j-68mm",
"modified": "2025-01-22T15:32:34Z",
"published": "2025-01-22T00:33:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-23196"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/70g1l5lxvko7kvhyxmtmklhhfrlon837"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2025/01/21/8"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-37VM-PMRF-R3CP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-17 15:30 – Updated: 2024-07-03 18:34Tenda FH1203 V2.0.1.6 firmware has a command injection vulnerablility in formexeCommand function via the cmdinput parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-32283"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-04-17T14:15:08Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Tenda FH1203 V2.0.1.6 firmware has a command injection vulnerablility in formexeCommand function via the cmdinput parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-37vm-pmrf-r3cp",
"modified": "2024-07-03T18:34:49Z",
"published": "2024-04-17T15:30:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-32283"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/abcdefg-png/IoT-vulnerable/blob/main/Tenda/FH/FH1203/formexecommand_cmdi.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-37XX-6PM7-9879
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-08-15 21:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 06:58An issue in Wavlink WL_WNJ575A3 v.R75A3_V1410_220513 allows a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code via username parameter of the set_sys_adm function in adm.cgi.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-38861"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-08-15T19:15:10Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "An issue in Wavlink WL_WNJ575A3 v.R75A3_V1410_220513 allows a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code via username parameter of the set_sys_adm function in adm.cgi.",
"id": "GHSA-37xx-6pm7-9879",
"modified": "2024-04-04T06:58:11Z",
"published": "2023-08-15T21:30:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-38861"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/TTY-flag/my_iot_vul/tree/main/WAVLINK/WL-WN575A3"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3837-87VH-XQ3W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-08-25 20:57 – Updated: 2023-06-13 22:35Affected versions of this crate unconditionally implement Sync for SyncRef. This definition allows data races if &T is accessible through &SyncRef.
SyncRef derives Clone and Debug, and the default implementations of those traits access &T by invoking T::clone() & T::fmt(). It is possible to create data races & undefined behavior by concurrently invoking SyncRef::clone() or SyncRef::fmt() from multiple threads with T: !Sync.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "crates.io",
"name": "v9"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.1.43"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-36447"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-08-18T20:31:57Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2021-08-08T06:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Affected versions of this crate unconditionally implement Sync for SyncRef\u003cT\u003e. This definition allows data races if \u0026T is accessible through \u0026SyncRef.\n\nSyncRef\u003cT\u003e derives Clone and Debug, and the default implementations of those traits access \u0026T by invoking T::clone() \u0026 T::fmt(). It is possible to create data races \u0026 undefined behavior by concurrently invoking SyncRef\u003cT\u003e::clone() or SyncRef\u003cT\u003e::fmt() from multiple threads with T: !Sync.",
"id": "GHSA-3837-87vh-xq3w",
"modified": "2023-06-13T22:35:33Z",
"published": "2021-08-25T20:57:07Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-36447"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/purpleposeidon/v9/issues/1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/purpleposeidon/v9/commit/18847c50e5d36561cc91c996c3539ddb1eacf6c7"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/purpleposeidon/v9"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rustsec/advisory-db/main/crates/v9/RUSTSEC-2020-0127.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://rustsec.org/advisories/RUSTSEC-2020-0127.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Data race in v9"
}
GHSA-3864-88QJ-Q5JC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-06 18:30 – Updated: 2025-05-06 21:30Linksys E5600 v1.1.0.26 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability in the runtime.ddnsStatus DynDNS function via the mailex parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-45488"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-06T16:15:30Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Linksys E5600 v1.1.0.26 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability in the runtime.ddnsStatus DynDNS function via the mailex parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-3864-88qj-q5jc",
"modified": "2025-05-06T21:30:48Z",
"published": "2025-05-06T18:30:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-45488"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/JZP018/vuln03/blob/main/linksys/E5600/CI_ddnsStatus_DynDNS_mailex/CI_ddnsStatus_DynDNS_mailex.pdf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/JZP018/vuln03/blob/main/linksys/E5600/CI_ddnsStatus_DynDNS_mailex/CI_ddnsStatus_DynDNS_mailex.py"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3872-F48P-PXQJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-03-04 21:15 – Updated: 2024-11-19 18:28Impact
Weblate didn't correctly sanitize some arguments passed to Git and Mercurial, which allowed changing their behavior in an unintended way.
Patches
The issues were fixed in the 4.11.1 release. The following commits are addressing it:
- 35d59f1f040541c358cece0a8d4a63183ca919b8
- d83672a3e7415da1490334e2c9431e5da1966842
Workarounds
Instances in which untrusted users cannot create new components are not affected.
References
For more information
If you have any questions or comments about this advisory: * Open a topic in discussions * Email us at care@weblate.org
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "Weblate"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "4.11.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-23915"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-03-04T21:15:31Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-03-04T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Impact\nWeblate didn\u0027t correctly sanitize some arguments passed to Git and Mercurial, which allowed changing their behavior in an unintended way.\n\n### Patches\n\nThe issues were fixed in the 4.11.1 release. The following commits are addressing it:\n\n* 35d59f1f040541c358cece0a8d4a63183ca919b8\n* d83672a3e7415da1490334e2c9431e5da1966842\n\n### Workarounds\n\nInstances in which untrusted users cannot create new components are not affected.\n\n### References\n* [SNYK-PYTHON-WEBLATE-2414088](https://security.snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-PYTHON-WEBLATE-2414088)\n\n### For more information\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory:\n* Open a topic in [discussions](https://github.com/WeblateOrg/weblate/discussions)\n* Email us at [care@weblate.org](mailto:care@weblate.org)\n",
"id": "GHSA-3872-f48p-pxqj",
"modified": "2024-11-19T18:28:54Z",
"published": "2022-03-04T21:15:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/WeblateOrg/weblate/security/advisories/GHSA-3872-f48p-pxqj"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-23915"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/WeblateOrg/weblate/pull/7337"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/WeblateOrg/weblate/pull/7338"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/WeblateOrg/weblate/commit/35d59f1f040541c358cece0a8d4a63183ca919b8"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/WeblateOrg/weblate/commit/d83672a3e7415da1490334e2c9431e5da1966842"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/WeblateOrg/weblate"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/WeblateOrg/weblate/releases/tag/weblate-4.11.1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/weblate/PYSEC-2022-162.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/weblate/PYSEC-2022-31.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-PYTHON-WEBLATE-2414088"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-PYTHON-WEBLATE-2414088"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command (\u0027Command Injection\u0027) in Weblate"
}
GHSA-3883-H64P-R3XM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-06 19:24 – Updated: 2024-10-02 18:31There is a command injection vulnerability using environment variables in Bitbucket Server and Data Center. An attacker with permission to control their username can exploit this issue to execute arbitrary code on the system. This vulnerability can be unauthenticated if the Bitbucket Server and Data Center instance has enabled “Allow public signup”.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-43781"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-11-17T00:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "There is a command injection vulnerability using environment variables in Bitbucket Server and Data Center. An attacker with permission to control their username can exploit this issue to execute arbitrary code on the system. This vulnerability can be unauthenticated if the Bitbucket Server and Data Center instance has enabled \u201cAllow public signup\u201d.",
"id": "GHSA-3883-h64p-r3xm",
"modified": "2024-10-02T18:31:31Z",
"published": "2023-07-06T19:24:04Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-43781"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://confluence.atlassian.com/x/Y4hXRg"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jira.atlassian.com/browse/BSERV-13522"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-38CQ-P272-V993
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-05 18:32 – Updated: 2025-05-05 18:32NETGEAR RAX5 (AX1600 WiFi Router) V1.0.2.26 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via the ifname parameter in the apcli_do_enr_pin_wps function.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-57230"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-05T17:18:45Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "NETGEAR RAX5 (AX1600 WiFi Router) V1.0.2.26 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via the ifname parameter in the apcli_do_enr_pin_wps function.",
"id": "GHSA-38cq-p272-v993",
"modified": "2025-05-05T18:32:52Z",
"published": "2025-05-05T18:32:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-57230"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/yanggao017/vuln/blob/main/NETGEAR/RAX5/CI_3_apcli_do_enr_pin_wps/README.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-38H7-W62H-QF32
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-02 15:31 – Updated: 2025-05-06 18:30Wavlink WL-WN530H4 20220801 was found to contain a command injection vulnerability in the ping_test function of the adm.cgi via the pingIp parameter. This vulnerability allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted request.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-44868"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-02T15:15:49Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Wavlink WL-WN530H4 20220801 was found to contain a command injection vulnerability in the ping_test function of the adm.cgi via the pingIp parameter. This vulnerability allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted request.",
"id": "GHSA-38h7-w62h-qf32",
"modified": "2025-05-06T18:30:37Z",
"published": "2025-05-02T15:31:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-44868"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Summermu/VulnForIoT/blob/main/Wavlink_WL-WN530H4/ping_test/readme.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Summermu/VulnForIoT/tree/main/Wavlink_WL-WN530H4/ping_test/readme.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-38JP-GJ76-PM7X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-24 03:30 – Updated: 2026-02-24 03:30A security vulnerability has been detected in HummerRisk up to 1.5.0. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality of the file ResourceCreateService.java of the component Cloud Task Scheduler. Such manipulation of the argument regionId leads to command injection. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-3064"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-74",
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-24T03:16:03Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A security vulnerability has been detected in HummerRisk up to 1.5.0. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality of the file ResourceCreateService.java of the component Cloud Task Scheduler. Such manipulation of the argument regionId leads to command injection. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-38jp-gj76-pm7x",
"modified": "2026-02-24T03:30:20Z",
"published": "2026-02-24T03:30:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-3064"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/AnalogyC0de/public_exp/issues/8"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.347415"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.347415"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.757695"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
Mitigation
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation
If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.
Mitigation
Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.
CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection
An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection
An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.
CAPEC-248: Command Injection
An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.
CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices
This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files
Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.