CWE-77
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.
5383 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-27G6-QPFH-W967
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-16 12:30 – Updated: 2025-02-16 12:30A vulnerability was found in TOTOLINK X18 9.1.0cu.2024_B20220329. It has been rated as critical. This issue affects the function setL2tpdConfig of the file /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The manipulation of the argument enable leads to os command injection. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-1339"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-02-16T12:15:08Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in TOTOLINK X18 9.1.0cu.2024_B20220329. It has been rated as critical. This issue affects the function setL2tpdConfig of the file /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The manipulation of the argument enable leads to os command injection. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-27g6-qpfh-w967",
"modified": "2025-02-16T12:30:26Z",
"published": "2025-02-16T12:30:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-1339"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/stevenchen0x01/CVE2/blob/main/cve1.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.295955"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.295955"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.495367"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.totolink.net"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-27HV-W8J5-R6WW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-31 03:30 – Updated: 2024-03-14 00:31In Notion Web Clipper 1.0.3(7), a .nib file is susceptible to the Dirty NIB attack. NIB files can be manipulated to execute arbitrary commands. Additionally, even if a NIB file is modified within an application, Gatekeeper may still permit the execution of the application, enabling the execution of arbitrary commands within the application's context.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-23745"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-01-31T02:15:54Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "In Notion Web Clipper 1.0.3(7), a .nib file is susceptible to the Dirty NIB attack. NIB files can be manipulated to execute arbitrary commands. Additionally, even if a NIB file is modified within an application, Gatekeeper may still permit the execution of the application, enabling the execution of arbitrary commands within the application\u0027s context.",
"id": "GHSA-27hv-w8j5-r6ww",
"modified": "2024-03-14T00:31:04Z",
"published": "2024-01-31T03:30:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-23745"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://blog.xpnsec.com/dirtynib"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/master/docs/security/faq.md#Why-arent-physically_local-attacks-in-Chromes-threat-model"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/louiselalanne/CVE-2024-23745"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-27JX-FFW8-XRQV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-04 15:30 – Updated: 2025-02-11 19:03pgAdmin <= 8.4 is affected by a Remote Code Execution (RCE) vulnerability through the validate binary path API. This vulnerability allows attackers to execute arbitrary code on the server hosting PGAdmin, posing a severe risk to the database management system's integrity and the security of the underlying data.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "pgadmin4"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "8.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-3116"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-04-04T17:01:56Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-04-04T15:15:39Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "pgAdmin \u003c= 8.4 is affected by a Remote Code Execution (RCE) vulnerability through the validate binary path API. This vulnerability allows attackers to execute arbitrary code on the server hosting PGAdmin, posing a severe risk to the database management system\u0027s integrity and the security of the underlying data.",
"id": "GHSA-27jx-ffw8-xrqv",
"modified": "2025-02-11T19:03:30Z",
"published": "2024-04-04T15:30:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-3116"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pgadmin-org/pgadmin4/issues/7326"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pgadmin-org/pgadmin4/commit/fbbbfe22dd468bcfef1e1f833ec32289a6e56a8b"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gist.github.com/aelmokhtar/689a8be7e3bd535ec01992d8ec7b2b98"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/pgadmin-org/pgadmin4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/GIF5T34JTTYRGIN5YPT366BDFG6452A2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vicarius.io/vsociety/posts/remote-code-execution-vulnerability-in-pgadmin-cve-2024-3116"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "pgAdmin Remote Code Execution (RCE) vulnerability"
}
GHSA-27Q3-CVQP-PF2M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-03-17 00:00 – Updated: 2022-03-23 00:00Totolink A830R V5.9c.4729_B20191112, A3100R V4.1.2cu.5050_B20200504, A950RG V4.1.2cu.5161_B20200903, A800R V4.1.2cu.5137_B20200730, A3000RU V5.9c.5185_B20201128, and A810R V4.1.2cu.5182_B20201026 were discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability in the function CloudACMunualUpdate, via the deviceMac and deviceName parameters. This vulnerability allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted request.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-26211"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-03-15T22:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Totolink A830R V5.9c.4729_B20191112, A3100R V4.1.2cu.5050_B20200504, A950RG V4.1.2cu.5161_B20200903, A800R V4.1.2cu.5137_B20200730, A3000RU V5.9c.5185_B20201128, and A810R V4.1.2cu.5182_B20201026 were discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability in the function CloudACMunualUpdate, via the deviceMac and deviceName parameters. This vulnerability allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted request.",
"id": "GHSA-27q3-cvqp-pf2m",
"modified": "2022-03-23T00:00:37Z",
"published": "2022-03-17T00:00:55Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-26211"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pjqwudi1/my_vuln/blob/main/totolink/vuln_25/25.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-2846-35PP-GQXQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-09 12:30 – Updated: 2026-02-23 12:31A vulnerability was found in D-Link DCS-931L up to 1.13.0. Impacted is the function doSystem of the file /setSystemAdmin. Performing a manipulation of the argument AdminID results in command injection. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been made public and could be used. This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-2227"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-74",
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-09T10:15:57Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in D-Link DCS-931L up to 1.13.0. Impacted is the function doSystem of the file /setSystemAdmin. Performing a manipulation of the argument AdminID results in command injection. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been made public and could be used. This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.",
"id": "GHSA-2846-35pp-gqxq",
"modified": "2026-02-23T12:31:29Z",
"published": "2026-02-09T12:30:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-2227"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/cha0yang1/CVE/blob/main/D-Link%20DCS931L1.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.344944"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.344944"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.753450"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.753980"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dlink.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-284G-6W8J-H2MP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-07 15:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 05:50TOTOLINK LR350 V9.3.5u.6369_B20220309 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via the ussd parameter in the setUssd function.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-37148"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-07-07T14:15:09Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "TOTOLINK LR350 V9.3.5u.6369_B20220309 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via the ussd parameter in the setUssd function.",
"id": "GHSA-284g-6w8j-h2mp",
"modified": "2024-04-04T05:50:31Z",
"published": "2023-07-07T15:30:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-37148"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/DaDong-G/Vulnerability_info/blob/main/TOTOLINK/lr350/3/README.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-2884-62F5-6M65
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-19 21:31 – Updated: 2025-10-09 21:31In a specific scenario a LDAP user can abuse the authentication process in OpenText Privileged Access Manager that allows authentication bypass. This issue affects Privileged Access Manager version 23.3(4.4); 24.3(4.5)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-12111"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-12-19T20:15:06Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In a specific scenario a LDAP user can abuse the authentication process in OpenText\u00a0Privileged Access Manager that allows authentication bypass.\u00a0This issue affects Privileged Access Manager version 23.3(4.4); 24.3(4.5)",
"id": "GHSA-2884-62f5-6m65",
"modified": "2025-10-09T21:31:07Z",
"published": "2024-12-19T21:31:10Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-12111"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.netiq.com/documentation/privileged-access-manager-45/npam_45_releasenotes/data/npam_45_releasenotes.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.netiq.com/documentation/privileged-account-manager-44/npam_44_releasenotes/data/npam_44_releasenotes.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-2888-P547-JRJR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-13 12:30 – Updated: 2025-06-13 15:30Blink routers BL-WR9000 V2.4.9 , BL-AC2100_AZ3 V1.0.4, BL-X10_AC8 v1.0.5 , BL-LTE300 v1.2.3, BL-F1200_AT1 v1.0.0, BL-X26_AC8 v1.2.8, BLAC450M_AE4 v4.0.0 and BL-X26_DA3 v1.2.7 were discovered to contain multiple command injection vulnerabilities via the dns1 and dns2 parameters in the bs_SetDNSInfo function.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-45987"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-06-13T12:15:34Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Blink routers BL-WR9000 V2.4.9 , BL-AC2100_AZ3 V1.0.4, BL-X10_AC8 v1.0.5 , BL-LTE300 v1.2.3, BL-F1200_AT1 v1.0.0, BL-X26_AC8 v1.2.8, BLAC450M_AE4 v4.0.0 and BL-X26_DA3 v1.2.7 were discovered to contain multiple command injection vulnerabilities via the dns1 and dns2 parameters in the bs_SetDNSInfo function.",
"id": "GHSA-2888-p547-jrjr",
"modified": "2025-06-13T15:30:31Z",
"published": "2025-06-13T12:30:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-45987"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/glkfc/IoT-Vulnerability/blob/main/LB-LINK/LB-LINK_dns1%20Unauthorized%20command%20injection/The%20LB-LINK_dns1%20command%20is%20used%20to%20inject%20the%20information.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-288V-WGQW-XCFP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:03 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:03In Versa Director, the command injection is an attack in which the goal is execution of arbitrary commands on the host operating system via a vulnerable application. Command injection attacks are possible when an application passes unsafe user supplied data (forms, cookies, HTTP headers etc.) to a system shell. In this attack, the attacker-supplied operating system commands are usually executed with the privileges of the vulnerable application. Command injection attacks are possible largely due to insufficient input validation.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-25029"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-05-26T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "In Versa Director, the command injection is an attack in which the goal is execution of arbitrary commands on the host operating system via a vulnerable application. Command injection attacks are possible when an application passes unsafe user supplied data (forms, cookies, HTTP headers etc.) to a system shell. In this attack, the attacker-supplied operating system commands are usually executed with the privileges of the vulnerable application. Command injection attacks are possible largely due to insufficient input validation.",
"id": "GHSA-288v-wgqw-xcfp",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:03:18Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:03:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-25029"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://hackerone.com/reports/1168198"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-2899-87V6-MG6J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 02:45 – Updated: 2025-04-20 03:37The devtools.sh script in AXIS network cameras allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary commands via shell metacharacters in the app parameter to (1) app_license.shtml, (2) app_license_custom.shtml, (3) app_index.shtml, or (4) app_params.shtml.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2015-8257"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-05-02T14:59:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The devtools.sh script in AXIS network cameras allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary commands via shell metacharacters in the app parameter to (1) app_license.shtml, (2) app_license_custom.shtml, (3) app_index.shtml, or (4) app_params.shtml.",
"id": "GHSA-2899-87v6-mg6j",
"modified": "2025-04-20T03:37:08Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T02:45:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-8257"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/40171"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/138083/AXIS-Authenticated-Remote-Command-Execution.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/92159"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation
If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.
Mitigation
Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.
CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection
An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection
An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.
CAPEC-248: Command Injection
An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.
CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices
This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files
Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.