Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-73

Allowed

External Control of File Name or Path

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product allows user input to control or influence paths or file names that are used in filesystem operations.

1081 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-46399 (GCVE-0-2026-46399)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-05 18:13 – Updated: 2026-06-08 16:17

Title

Authenticated Remote Code Execution via File Overwrite

Summary

HAX CMS helps manage microsite universe with PHP or NodeJs backends. The PHP version of HAX CMS prior to version 26.0.0 has an authenticated file overwrite vulnerability. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability to configure malicious Git filter commands and achieve code execution on the HAX CMS server. Version 26.0.0 patches the issue.

Severity

9.4 (Critical)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-06-08 16:16 UTC

CWE

CWE-15 - External Control of System or Configuration Setting
CWE-73 - External Control of File Name or Path
CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')

Assigner

GitHub_M mitre root

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://github.com/haxtheweb/issues/security/advi…	x_refsource_CONFIRM

Impacted products

2 products

Vendor	Product	Version
haxtheweb	haxcms-nodejs	Affected: < 26.0.0
haxtheweb	haxcms-php	Affected: < 26.0.0

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-46397 (GCVE-0-2026-46397)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-05 19:11 – Updated: 2026-06-08 16:19

Title

haxcms-php Local File Inclusion via saveOutline API Location Parameter v2.0

Summary

HAX CMS helps manage microsite universe with PHP or NodeJs backends. Prior to version 26.0.0, an Authenticated Local File Inclusion (LFI) vulnerability in the HAXCMS saveOutline endpoint allows a low-privileged user to read arbitrary files on the server by manipulating the location field written into site.json. This enables attackers to exfiltrate sensitive system files such as /etc/passwd, application secrets, or configuration files accessible to the web server (www-data). Version 26.0.0 patches the issue.

Severity

6.5 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-06-08 16:19 UTC

CWE

CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
CWE-73 - External Control of File Name or Path

Assigner

GitHub_M mitre root

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://github.com/haxtheweb/issues/security/advi…	x_refsource_CONFIRM

Impacted products

2 products

Vendor	Product	Version
haxtheweb	haxcms-php	Affected: < 26.0.0
haxtheweb	haxcms-nodejs	Affected: < 26.0.0

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-46383 (GCVE-0-2026-46383)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-15 16:04 – Updated: 2026-05-15 17:49

Title

Microsoft APM: Windows absolute-path tar member overwrite during legacy-bundle probing in `apm install`

Summary

Microsoft APM is an open-source, community-driven dependency manager for AI agents. Prior to 0.13.0, Microsoft APM contains a Windows-specific archive extraction boundary failure in the legacy-bundle probe used by apm install <bundle> on supported Python 3.10 and 3.11 runtimes. When apm install is given a local .tar.gz that is not recognized as a plugin-format bundle, APM probes whether it is a legacy --format apm bundle. On Python versions earlier than 3.12, that probe extracts untrusted tar members with raw tar.extractall() without rejecting Windows absolute member names such as D:/.... This vulnerability is fixed in 0.13.0.

Severity

5.5 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-05-15 17:48 UTC

CWE

CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
CWE-73 - External Control of File Name or Path

Assigner

GitHub_M mitre root

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://github.com/microsoft/apm/security/advisor…	x_refsource_CONFIRM

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
microsoft	apm	Affected: < 0.13.0

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-46345 (GCVE-0-2026-46345)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-17 17:54 – Updated: 2026-08-17 18:03

Title

compliance-trestle - jinja has an Arbitrary File Write via Path Traversal

Summary

compliance-trestle is a tooling platform for managing compliance as code. Prior to versions 3.12.2 and 4.0.3, the `-o/--output` argument in `trestle author jinja` allows writing files outside the intended workspace. The application does not properly validate, `../`, `..\`, or absolute paths. This allows arbitrary file write to attacker-controlled locations. Versions 3.12.3 and 4.0.3 patch the issue.

Severity

8.4 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-08-17 18:03 UTC

CWE

CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
CWE-36 - Absolute Path Traversal
CWE-73 - External Control of File Name or Path

Assigner

GitHub_M mitre root

References

4 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/oscal-compass/compliance-trest…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/oscal-compass/compliance-trest…	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/oscal-compass/compliance-trest…	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/ma…	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
oscal-compass	compliance-trestle	Affected: >= 4.0.0, < 4.0.3 Affected: < 3.12.2

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-46336 (GCVE-0-2026-46336)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-16 17:04 – Updated: 2026-07-18 03:01

Title

Manyfold: Authenticated Path Traversal via File Rename

Summary

Manyfold is an open source, self-hosted web application for managing a collection of 3d models, particularly focused on 3d printing. From 0.96.0 until 0.140.0, authenticated users can rename uploaded files with path traversal sequences because app/models/model_file.rb uses the user-controlled filename in File.join(model.path, filename) without sufficient sanitization, allowing files to be moved or written outside the configured library directory. This issue is fixed in version 0.140.0.

Severity

7.1 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:L

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-07-18 03:00 UTC

CWE

CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
CWE-73 - External Control of File Name or Path

Assigner

GitHub_M mitre root

References

4 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/manyfold3d/manyfold/security/a…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/manyfold3d/manyfold/pull/6122	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/manyfold3d/manyfold/commit/ed6…	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/manyfold3d/manyfold/releases/t…	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
manyfold3d	manyfold	Affected: >= 0.96.0, < 0.140.0

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-45725 (GCVE-0-2026-45725)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-13 19:22 – Updated: 2026-08-17 18:18

Title

compliance-trestle Remote Fetching Mechanism has an Arbitrary File Write via Cache Path Traversal

Summary

compliance-trestle is a tooling platform for managing compliance as code. Prior to versiions 3.12.2 and 4.0.3, the compliance-trestle library's remote fetching cache mechanism (HTTPSFetcher and SFTPFetcher) constructs the local cache file path from the URL path component without sanitizing path traversal sequences (`../`). When a remote OSCAL profile references a URL with traversal in its path, the HTTP response body is written to a location outside the intended cache directory, enabling arbitrary file write with attacker-controlled content to the filesystem. Versions 3.12.3 and 4.0.3 patch the issue.

Severity

7.1 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-08-17 17:10 UTC

CWE

CWE-73 - External Control of File Name or Path

Assigner

GitHub_M mitre root

References

4 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/oscal-compass/compliance-trest…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/oscal-compass/compliance-trest…	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/oscal-compass/compliance-trest…	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/ma…	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
oscal-compass	compliance-trestle	Affected: < 3.12.2 Affected: >= 4.0.0, < 4.0.3

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-45556 (GCVE-0-2026-45556)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-10 14:00 – Updated: 2026-06-10 14:42

Title

Roxy-WI: Authenticated arbitrary file write on every managed load balancer (and downstream RCE) via WAF rule save `config_file_name`

Summary

Roxy-WI is a web interface for managing Haproxy, Nginx, Apache and Keepalived servers. In versions 8.2.6.4 and prior, POST /waf/<service>/<server_ip>/rule/<rule_id>/save accepts a config_file_name form field that is passed straight through to config_mod.master_slave_upload_and_restart(...) as the destination path. The validation chain (_replace_config_path_to_correct → check_is_conf) only requires the path to contain a hard-coded service substring (nginx/haproxy/apache2/httpd/keepalived) and the substring conf or cfg, and to not contain ... The encoded-slash substitution 92 → / is applied before the substring check, so the attacker can build any absolute path anywhere on the LB filesystem as long as it satisfies those substring constraints. The body of the WAF rule (config form field) is written verbatim to that path. By choosing a filename like 92etc92cron.d92nginx_cfg_evil (resolving to /etc/cron.d/nginx_cfg_evil), an attacker drops a cron entry on the load balancer with attacker-controlled content. Cron parses the file on its next scan, executing the embedded job as root — full RCE on every load balancer the caller's group manages. At time of publication, there are no publicly available patches.

Severity

9.9 (Critical)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-06-10 14:42 UTC

CWE

CWE-20 - Improper Input Validation
CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
CWE-73 - External Control of File Name or Path
CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')

Assigner

GitHub_M mitre root

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://github.com/roxy-wi/roxy-wi/security/advis…	x_refsource_CONFIRM

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
roxy-wi	roxy-wi	Affected: <= 8.2.6.4

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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}

CVE-2026-45139 (GCVE-0-2026-45139)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-20 13:58 – Updated: 2026-07-20 16:40

Title

CI4MS Fileeditor allows deletion and rename of critical application files due to missing extension allowlist on destructive operations

Summary

CI4MS is a CodeIgniter 4-based content management system skeleton. Prior to version 0.31.9.0, the Fileeditor module enforces an extension allowlist (`['css','js','html','txt','json','sql','md']`) on content-write operations (`saveFile`, `createFile`), but two destructive endpoints — `deleteFileOrFolder` and `renameFile` — never validate the extension of the *source* path. A backend user with file-editor permissions can therefore unlink or rename any file inside the project root that is not explicitly listed in the small `$hiddenItems` blocklist. Critical framework files such as `app/Config/Routes.php`, `app/Config/App.php`, `app/Config/Database.php`, `app/Config/Filters.php`, `public/index.php`, and `public/.htaccess` all live outside that blocklist and can be destroyed, producing a persistent denial of service that requires filesystem-level redeployment to recover. Version 0.31.9.0 patches the issue.

Severity

6.5 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-07-20 16:40 UTC

CWE

CWE-73 - External Control of File Name or Path

Assigner

GitHub_M mitre root

References

2 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/ci4-cms-erp/ci4ms/security/adv…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/ci4-cms-erp/ci4ms/releases/tag…	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
ci4-cms-erp	ci4ms	Affected: < 0.31.9.0

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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        "metrics": [
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CVE-2026-45089 (GCVE-0-2026-45089)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-27 17:33 – Updated: 2026-05-27 17:59

Title

Dalfox: Unauthenticated Arbitrary File Create/Append via `output` Option in Dalfox Server Mode

Summary

Dalfox is a powerful open-source XSS scanner and utility focused on automation. Prior to 2.13.0, when dalfox is run in REST API server mode, the output, output-all, and debug fields in model.Options are JSON-tagged and deserialized directly from the attacker's request body, then propagated unchanged through dalfox.Initialize into the scan engine's logging path. The logger opens the attacker-supplied path with os.O_APPEND|os.O_CREATE|os.O_WRONLY and writes scan log lines to it. Critically, this file write block lives outside the IsLibrary guard in DalLog, so it executes even in server/library mode where file output was never intended to operate. Because no API key is required in the default configuration, an unauthenticated network caller can create or append to any file writable by the dalfox process on the host filesystem. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.13.0.

Severity

8.2 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:L

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-05-27 17:59 UTC

CWE

CWE-73 - External Control of File Name or Path
CWE-306 - Missing Authentication for Critical Function
CWE-434 - Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type

Assigner

GitHub_M mitre root

References

2 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/hahwul/dalfox/security/advisor…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/hahwul/dalfox/releases/tag/v2.13.0	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
hahwul	dalfox	Affected: < 2.13.0

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
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                "id": "CVE-2026-45089",
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CVE-2026-45088 (GCVE-0-2026-45088)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-27 17:35 – Updated: 2026-05-27 18:00

Title

Dalfox: Unauthenticated Arbitrary File Read with Out-of-Band Exfiltration via `custom-payload-file` in Dalfox Server Mode

Summary

Dalfox is a powerful open-source XSS scanner and utility focused on automation. Prior to 2.13.0, when dalfox is run in REST API server mode, the custom-payload-file field in model.Options is JSON-tagged and deserialized directly from the attacker's request body, then propagated unchanged through dalfox.Initialize into the scan engine. The engine passes the value to voltFile.ReadLinesOrLiteral, which reads lines from any file path accessible to the dalfox process and embeds each line as an XSS payload in outbound HTTP requests directed at the attacker-controlled target URL. Because the server has no API key by default, an unauthenticated network attacker can exfiltrate the contents of arbitrary files on the dalfox host by reading them line-by-line through scan traffic. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.13.0.

Severity

7.5 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-05-27 17:56 UTC

CWE

CWE-73 - External Control of File Name or Path
CWE-306 - Missing Authentication for Critical Function
CWE-552 - Files or Directories Accessible to External Parties

Assigner

GitHub_M mitre root

References

2 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/hahwul/dalfox/security/advisor…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/hahwul/dalfox/releases/tag/v2.13.0	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
hahwul	dalfox	Affected: < 2.13.0

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
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                "id": "CVE-2026-45088",
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Mitigation

Architecture and Design

When the set of filenames is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames, and reject all other inputs. For example, ID 1 could map to "inbox.txt" and ID 2 could map to "profile.txt". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap provide this capability.

Mitigation

Architecture and Design Operation

Run your code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict all access to files within a particular directory.
Examples include the Unix chroot jail and AppArmor. In general, managed code may provide some protection.
This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of your application may still be subject to compromise.
Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.

Mitigation

Architecture and Design

For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.

Mitigation MIT-5.1

Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
When validating filenames, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set to be used. If feasible, only allow a single "." character in the filename to avoid weaknesses such as CWE-23, and exclude directory separators such as "/" to avoid CWE-36. Use a list of allowable file extensions, which will help to avoid CWE-434.
Do not rely exclusively on a filtering mechanism that removes potentially dangerous characters. This is equivalent to a denylist, which may be incomplete (CWE-184). For example, filtering "/" is insufficient protection if the filesystem also supports the use of "\" as a directory separator. Another possible error could occur when the filtering is applied in a way that still produces dangerous data (CWE-182). For example, if "../" sequences are removed from the ".../...//" string in a sequential fashion, two instances of "../" would be removed from the original string, but the remaining characters would still form the "../" string.

Mitigation

Implementation

Use a built-in path canonicalization function (such as realpath() in C) that produces the canonical version of the pathname, which effectively removes ".." sequences and symbolic links (CWE-23, CWE-59).

Mitigation

Installation Operation

Use OS-level permissions and run as a low-privileged user to limit the scope of any successful attack.

Mitigation

Operation Implementation

If you are using PHP, configure your application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop your application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.

Mitigation

Testing

Use tools and techniques that require manual (human) analysis, such as penetration testing, threat modeling, and interactive tools that allow the tester to record and modify an active session. These may be more effective than strictly automated techniques. This is especially the case with weaknesses that are related to design and business rules.

CAPEC-13: Subverting Environment Variable Values

The adversary directly or indirectly modifies environment variables used by or controlling the target software. The adversary's goal is to cause the target software to deviate from its expected operation in a manner that benefits the adversary.

CAPEC-267: Leverage Alternate Encoding

An adversary leverages the possibility to encode potentially harmful input or content used by applications such that the applications are ineffective at validating this encoding standard.

CAPEC-64: Using Slashes and URL Encoding Combined to Bypass Validation Logic

This attack targets the encoding of the URL combined with the encoding of the slash characters. An attacker can take advantage of the multiple ways of encoding a URL and abuse the interpretation of the URL. A URL may contain special character that need special syntax handling in order to be interpreted. Special characters are represented using a percentage character followed by two digits representing the octet code of the original character (%HEX-CODE). For instance US-ASCII space character would be represented with %20. This is often referred as escaped ending or percent-encoding. Since the server decodes the URL from the requests, it may restrict the access to some URL paths by validating and filtering out the URL requests it received. An attacker will try to craft an URL with a sequence of special characters which once interpreted by the server will be equivalent to a forbidden URL. It can be difficult to protect against this attack since the URL can contain other format of encoding such as UTF-8 encoding, Unicode-encoding, etc.

CAPEC-72: URL Encoding

This attack targets the encoding of the URL. An adversary can take advantage of the multiple way of encoding an URL and abuse the interpretation of the URL.

CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls

An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.

CAPEC-78: Using Escaped Slashes in Alternate Encoding

This attack targets the use of the backslash in alternate encoding. An adversary can provide a backslash as a leading character and causes a parser to believe that the next character is special. This is called an escape. By using that trick, the adversary tries to exploit alternate ways to encode the same character which leads to filter problems and opens avenues to attack.

CAPEC-79: Using Slashes in Alternate Encoding

This attack targets the encoding of the Slash characters. An adversary would try to exploit common filtering problems related to the use of the slashes characters to gain access to resources on the target host. Directory-driven systems, such as file systems and databases, typically use the slash character to indicate traversal between directories or other container components. For murky historical reasons, PCs (and, as a result, Microsoft OSs) choose to use a backslash, whereas the UNIX world typically makes use of the forward slash. The schizophrenic result is that many MS-based systems are required to understand both forms of the slash. This gives the adversary many opportunities to discover and abuse a number of common filtering problems. The goal of this pattern is to discover server software that only applies filters to one version, but not the other.

CAPEC-80: Using UTF-8 Encoding to Bypass Validation Logic

This attack is a specific variation on leveraging alternate encodings to bypass validation logic. This attack leverages the possibility to encode potentially harmful input in UTF-8 and submit it to applications not expecting or effective at validating this encoding standard making input filtering difficult. UTF-8 (8-bit UCS/Unicode Transformation Format) is a variable-length character encoding for Unicode. Legal UTF-8 characters are one to four bytes long. However, early version of the UTF-8 specification got some entries wrong (in some cases it permitted overlong characters). UTF-8 encoders are supposed to use the "shortest possible" encoding, but naive decoders may accept encodings that are longer than necessary. According to the RFC 3629, a particularly subtle form of this attack can be carried out against a parser which performs security-critical validity checks against the UTF-8 encoded form of its input, but interprets certain illegal octet sequences as characters.

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