Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-693

Discouraged

Protection Mechanism Failure

Abstraction: Pillar · Status: Draft

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product does not use or incorrectly uses a protection mechanism that provides sufficient defense against directed attacks against the product.

1140 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-47392 (GCVE-0-2026-47392)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-21 15:27 – Updated: 2026-07-21 16:39
VLAI
Title
PraisonAI vulnerable to sandbox escape via `print.__self__` builtins module leak in `execute_code` (subprocess mode)
Summary
PraisonAI is a multi-agent teams system. Prior to version 4.6.40 of PraisonAI, corresponding to version 1.6.40 of praisonaiagents, `execute_code()` in `praisonaiagents/tools/python_tools.py` (v1.6.37, subprocess sandbox mode) can be fully bypassed using `print.__self__` to retrieve the real Python `builtins` module, from which `__import__` can be extracted via `vars()` and runtime string construction. This achieves arbitrary OS command execution on the host, completely defeating the sandbox. This is a novel bypass that survives all patches for CVE-2026-39888 (frame traversal), CVE-2026-34938 (str subclass), and CVE-2026-40158 (`type.__getattribute__` trampoline). PraisonAI version 4.6.40 and praisonaiagents version 1.6.40 contain an updated fix.
Severity
9.9 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-21 16:39 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-184 - Incomplete List of Disallowed Inputs
  • CWE-693 - Protection Mechanism Failure
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-47305 (GCVE-0-2026-47305)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-14 18:45 – Updated: 2026-08-31 15:30
VLAI
Title
Visual Studio Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
Summary
Protection mechanism failure in Visual Studio allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code locally.
Severity
7.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:U/RL:O/RC:C
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-15 03:56 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-693 - Protection Mechanism Failure
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-07-14 14:00
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-47209 (GCVE-0-2026-47209)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-12 14:14 – Updated: 2026-06-12 15:03
VLAI
Title
vm2: Bridge Proxy set trap ignores receiver parameter, enabling host object property injection via prototype chain
Summary
vm2 is an open source vm/sandbox for Node.js. Prior to version 3.11.4, the BaseHandler.set trap in bridge.js (line 1231) ignores the receiver parameter and unconditionally writes to the host target object. Per the Proxy set trap specification, when receiver !== proxy (e.g., when a child object inherits from the proxy via Object.create), the property assignment should create an own property on the receiver, not on the proxy target. The current implementation always calls otherReflectSet(object, key, value) against the host target, causing all inherited property writes to leak through to the host object. This bug provides an alternative attack vector for writing dangerous cross-realm Symbol keys (e.g., nodejs.util.promisify.custom) to host objects, bypassing any future per-trap isDangerousCrossRealmSymbol guard on the direct set path. This issue has been patched in version 3.11.4.
Severity
8.6 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-12 15:00 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-693 - Protection Mechanism Failure
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
patriksimek vm2 Affected: < 3.11.4
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-47140 (GCVE-0-2026-47140)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-12 14:16 – Updated: 2026-06-13 03:55
VLAI
Title
vm2: NodeVM builtin denylist bypass via process and inspector/promises allows host code execution
Summary
vm2 is an open source vm/sandbox for Node.js. Prior to version 3.11.4, NodeVM blocks several dangerous Node.js builtins such as module, worker_threads, cluster, vm, repl, and inspector. However, the denylist misses process and inspector/promises. Both can be used from sandboxed code to reach host-side execution primitives. This allows sandboxed code to bypass the intended builtin restrictions and execute code in the host process. This issue has been patched in version 3.11.4.
Severity
10 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-12 00:00 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-693 - Protection Mechanism Failure
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
patriksimek vm2 Affected: < 3.11.4
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-47139 (GCVE-0-2026-47139)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-12 14:15 – Updated: 2026-06-12 16:07
VLAI
Title
vm2: NodeVM network builtin exclusions bypass via internal _http_client and _http_server
Summary
vm2 is an open source vm/sandbox for Node.js. Prior to version 3.11.4, NodeVM supports excluding public network builtins from the wildcard builtin option. With this configuration direct access to http, https, http2, net, dgram, tls, dns, and dns/promises is blocked. However, Node.js also exposes underscored internal HTTP builtins such as _http_client and _http_server. These are not blocked when the public modules are excluded. Sandboxed code can use these internal builtins to make outbound HTTP requests and open listening HTTP sockets even though the public network modules are denied. This issue has been patched in version 3.11.4.
Severity
8.6 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-12 16:07 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-693 - Protection Mechanism Failure
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
patriksimek vm2 Affected: < 3.11.4
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-47135 (GCVE-0-2026-47135)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-12 14:14 – Updated: 2026-06-13 03:55
VLAI
Title
vm2: Sandbox escape via unblocked cross-realm Symbol.for keys + missing bridge write-trap symbol checks
Summary
vm2 is an open source vm/sandbox for Node.js. Prior to version 3.11.4, Symbol.for override in setup-sandbox.js only intercepts 2 of 9 dangerous Node.js cross-realm symbols. Combined with the bridge's set/defineProperty/deleteProperty traps having no isDangerousCrossRealmSymbol key check, sandbox code can obtain real cross-realm symbols, write them to host objects, and control host-side behavior — verified with a full util.promisify hijack chain. This issue has been patched in version 3.11.4.
Severity
8.7 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-12 00:00 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-693 - Protection Mechanism Failure
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
patriksimek vm2 Affected: < 3.11.4
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-46639 (GCVE-0-2026-46639)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-14 21:13 – Updated: 2026-07-15 12:54
VLAI
Title
Twig: Sandbox property and method bypass via object-destructuring assignment
Summary
Twig is a template language for PHP. From 3.24.0 until 3.26.0, object-destructuring assignment compiles CoreExtension::getAttribute() with the sandbox argument hardcoded to false, disabling property and method policy checks and allowing an attacker with write access to a sandboxed Twig template to read public properties or invoke public getters on objects passed to the template engine. This issue is fixed in version 3.26.0.
Severity
7.1 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-15 12:54 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-693 - Protection Mechanism Failure
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
twigphp Twig Affected: >= 3.24.0, < 3.26.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-46638 (GCVE-0-2026-46638)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-14 21:23 – Updated: 2026-07-15 12:48
VLAI
Title
Twig: `{% sandbox %}{% include %}` skips checkSecurity() on cached templates (incomplete fix for CVE-2024-45411)
Summary
Twig is a template language for PHP. Prior to 3.26.0, {% sandbox %}{% include %} can include a template that was previously loaded outside the sandbox without re-invoking checkSecurity(), allowing the cached template to use tags, filters, and functions that should have been denied by SecurityPolicy::checkSecurity(). This issue is fixed in version 3.26.0.
Severity
6 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-15 12:47 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-693 - Protection Mechanism Failure
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
twigphp Twig Affected: < 3.26.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-46634 (GCVE-0-2026-46634)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-14 21:19 – Updated: 2026-07-29 18:26
VLAI
Title
Twig: `template_from_string()` escapes a SourcePolicy-driven sandbox via synthesized template name
Summary
Twig is a template language for PHP. From 3.9.0 until 3.26.0, template_from_string() compiles an inner template under a synthesized __string_template__<hash> name that can fall outside a SourcePolicyInterface sandbox decision, allowing a sandboxed template that can call template_from_string and include to render an inner template without security policy enforcement. This issue is fixed in version 3.26.0.
Severity
7.7 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-16 03:55 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-693 - Protection Mechanism Failure
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
twigphp Twig Affected: >= 3.9.0, < 3.26.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-46403 (GCVE-0-2026-46403)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-21 19:51 – Updated: 2026-07-22 14:28
VLAI
Title
Klever-Go KVM read-only execution can commit contract delete and upgrade side effects
Summary
Klever-Go is the Go implementation of the Klever blockchain protocol. Prior to 1.7.17, KVM exposes `ExecuteReadOnlyWithTypedArguments` as a read-only execution mechanism. The hook saves the previous read-only state, sets `runtime.SetReadOnly(true)`, executes the destination context, and then restores the previous read-only state. However, the indirect contract delete and upgrade paths do not reject execution when `runtime.ReadOnly()` is true. As a result, a contract reached through read-only execution can call the production delete hook for a target contract it owns. The delete path appends the target address to `vmOutput.DeletedAccounts`, the output context merges `DeletedAccounts` into the caller output, and the smart contract processor later processes the VM output by deleting accounts listed in that field. The root cause is that read-only mode is applied as runtime state, but not enforced by the state-changing delete and upgrade host-core paths. This breaks the expected isolation boundary for workflows that rely on read-only calls to inspect another contract without allowing that callee to produce state-changing VM output. The issue is fixed in v1.7.17. Contract delete and upgrade host-core paths now reject execution when `runtime.ReadOnly()` is true. The invariant is regression-tested for delete, upgrade, storage writes, value transfers, and any VM output field that can later mutate chain state.
Severity
6.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-22 14:26 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-693 - Protection Mechanism Failure
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
klever-io klever-go Affected: < 1.7.17
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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No mitigation information available for this CWE.

CAPEC-1: Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs

In applications, particularly web applications, access to functionality is mitigated by an authorization framework. This framework maps Access Control Lists (ACLs) to elements of the application's functionality; particularly URL's for web apps. In the case that the administrator failed to specify an ACL for a particular element, an attacker may be able to access it with impunity. An attacker with the ability to access functionality not properly constrained by ACLs can obtain sensitive information and possibly compromise the entire application. Such an attacker can access resources that must be available only to users at a higher privilege level, can access management sections of the application, or can run queries for data that they otherwise not supposed to.

CAPEC-107: Cross Site Tracing

Cross Site Tracing (XST) enables an adversary to steal the victim's session cookie and possibly other authentication credentials transmitted in the header of the HTTP request when the victim's browser communicates to a destination system's web server.

CAPEC-127: Directory Indexing

An adversary crafts a request to a target that results in the target listing/indexing the content of a directory as output. One common method of triggering directory contents as output is to construct a request containing a path that terminates in a directory name rather than a file name since many applications are configured to provide a list of the directory's contents when such a request is received. An adversary can use this to explore the directory tree on a target as well as learn the names of files. This can often end up revealing test files, backup files, temporary files, hidden files, configuration files, user accounts, script contents, as well as naming conventions, all of which can be used by an attacker to mount additional attacks.

CAPEC-17: Using Malicious Files

An attack of this type exploits a system's configuration that allows an adversary to either directly access an executable file, for example through shell access; or in a possible worst case allows an adversary to upload a file and then execute it. Web servers, ftp servers, and message oriented middleware systems which have many integration points are particularly vulnerable, because both the programmers and the administrators must be in synch regarding the interfaces and the correct privileges for each interface.

CAPEC-20: Encryption Brute Forcing

An attacker, armed with the cipher text and the encryption algorithm used, performs an exhaustive (brute force) search on the key space to determine the key that decrypts the cipher text to obtain the plaintext.

CAPEC-22: Exploiting Trust in Client

An attack of this type exploits vulnerabilities in client/server communication channel authentication and data integrity. It leverages the implicit trust a server places in the client, or more importantly, that which the server believes is the client. An attacker executes this type of attack by communicating directly with the server where the server believes it is communicating only with a valid client. There are numerous variations of this type of attack.

CAPEC-237: Escaping a Sandbox by Calling Code in Another Language

The attacker may submit malicious code of another language to obtain access to privileges that were not intentionally exposed by the sandbox, thus escaping the sandbox. For instance, Java code cannot perform unsafe operations, such as modifying arbitrary memory locations, due to restrictions placed on it by the Byte code Verifier and the JVM. If allowed, Java code can call directly into native C code, which may perform unsafe operations, such as call system calls and modify arbitrary memory locations on their behalf. To provide isolation, Java does not grant untrusted code with unmediated access to native C code. Instead, the sandboxed code is typically allowed to call some subset of the pre-existing native code that is part of standard libraries.

CAPEC-36: Using Unpublished Interfaces or Functionality

An adversary searches for and invokes interfaces or functionality that the target system designers did not intend to be publicly available. If interfaces fail to authenticate requests, the attacker may be able to invoke functionality they are not authorized for.

CAPEC-477: Signature Spoofing by Mixing Signed and Unsigned Content

An attacker exploits the underlying complexity of a data structure that allows for both signed and unsigned content, to cause unsigned data to be processed as though it were signed data.

CAPEC-480: Escaping Virtualization

An adversary gains access to an application, service, or device with the privileges of an authorized or privileged user by escaping the confines of a virtualized environment. The adversary is then able to access resources or execute unauthorized code within the host environment, generally with the privileges of the user running the virtualized process. Successfully executing an attack of this type is often the first step in executing more complex attacks.

CAPEC-51: Poison Web Service Registry

SOA and Web Services often use a registry to perform look up, get schema information, and metadata about services. A poisoned registry can redirect (think phishing for servers) the service requester to a malicious service provider, provide incorrect information in schema or metadata, and delete information about service provider interfaces.

CAPEC-57: Utilizing REST's Trust in the System Resource to Obtain Sensitive Data

This attack utilizes a REST(REpresentational State Transfer)-style applications' trust in the system resources and environment to obtain sensitive data once SSL is terminated.

CAPEC-59: Session Credential Falsification through Prediction

This attack targets predictable session ID in order to gain privileges. The attacker can predict the session ID used during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking.

CAPEC-65: Sniff Application Code

An adversary passively sniffs network communications and captures application code bound for an authorized client. Once obtained, they can use it as-is, or through reverse-engineering glean sensitive information or exploit the trust relationship between the client and server. Such code may belong to a dynamic update to the client, a patch being applied to a client component or any such interaction where the client is authorized to communicate with the server.

CAPEC-668: Key Negotiation of Bluetooth Attack (KNOB)

An adversary can exploit a flaw in Bluetooth key negotiation allowing them to decrypt information sent between two devices communicating via Bluetooth. The adversary uses an Adversary in the Middle setup to modify packets sent between the two devices during the authentication process, specifically the entropy bits. Knowledge of the number of entropy bits will allow the attacker to easily decrypt information passing over the line of communication.

CAPEC-74: Manipulating State

The adversary modifies state information maintained by the target software or causes a state transition in hardware. If successful, the target will use this tainted state and execute in an unintended manner.

State management is an important function within a software application. User state maintained by the application can include usernames, payment information, browsing history as well as application-specific contents such as items in a shopping cart. Manipulating user state can be employed by an adversary to elevate privilege, conduct fraudulent transactions or otherwise modify the flow of the application to derive certain benefits.

If there is a hardware logic error in a finite state machine, the adversary can use this to put the system in an undefined state which could cause a denial of service or exposure of secure data.

CAPEC-87: Forceful Browsing

An attacker employs forceful browsing (direct URL entry) to access portions of a website that are otherwise unreachable. Usually, a front controller or similar design pattern is employed to protect access to portions of a web application. Forceful browsing enables an attacker to access information, perform privileged operations and otherwise reach sections of the web application that have been improperly protected.

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