Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-639
Weakness AllowedAuthorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
The system's authorization functionality does not prevent one user from gaining access to another user's data or record by modifying the key value identifying the data.
It is likely that an attacker would have to be an authenticated user in the system. However, the authorization process would not properly check the data access operation to ensure that the authenticated user performing the operation has sufficient entitlements to perform the requested data access, hence bypassing any other authorization checks present in the system.
For example, attackers can look at places where user specific data is retrieved (e.g. search screens) and determine whether the key for the item being looked up is controllable externally. The key may be a hidden field in the HTML form field, might be passed as a URL parameter or as an unencrypted cookie variable, then in each of these cases it will be possible to tamper with the key value.
Mapping guidance
This CWE entry is at the Base level of abstraction, which is a preferred level of abstraction for mapping to the root causes of vulnerabilities.
Carefully read both the name and description to ensure that this mapping is an appropriate fit. Do not try to 'force' a mapping to a lower-level Base/Variant simply to comply with this preferred level of abstraction.
Relationships and members
Modes of introduction
Architecture and Design
REALIZATION: This weakness is caused during implementation of an architectural security tactic.
Architecture and Design
Retrieval of a user record occurs in the system based on some key value that is under user control. The key would typically identify a user-related record stored in the system and would be used to lookup that record for presentation to the user.
Implementation
One manifestation of this weakness is when a system uses sequential or otherwise easily-guessable session IDs that would allow one user to easily switch to another user's session and read/modify their data.
Detection methods
Automated Static Analysis
Automated static analysis, commonly referred to as Static Application Security Testing (SAST), can find some instances of this weakness by analyzing source code (or binary/compiled code) without having to execute it. Typically, this is done by building a model of data flow and control flow, then searching for potentially-vulnerable patterns that connect "sources" (origins of input) with "sinks" (destinations where the data interacts with external components, a lower layer such as the OS, etc.)
Effectiveness: High
Notes
Maintenance
As of CWE 4.20, the relationship between IDOR and BOLA needs to be investigated more closely, including research into how these terms are used in the industry. The CWE team suspects that IDOR can be a part of BOLA, but BOLA expands on the weakness inherent to IDOR in that it is not only about objects that are being directly referenced.
Content history
Submission: Evgeny Lebanidze
· Cigital
· 2008-01-30
· CWE Draft 8
Contribution: Mateus Godinho Pantoja
· 2024-08-09
· CWE 4.20
Suggested corrections to use of IDOR versus BOLA
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2008-09-08
· CWE 1.0
updated Common_Consequences, Relationships, Type
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2008-10-14
· CWE 1.0.1
updated Description
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2009-03-10
· CWE 1.3
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2009-05-27
· CWE 1.4
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2009-10-29
· CWE 1.6
updated Common_Consequences
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-06-21
· CWE 1.9
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2011-03-29
· CWE 1.12
updated Alternate_Terms, Applicable_Platforms, Description, Name, Potential_Mitigations, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2011-06-01
· CWE 1.13
updated Common_Consequences, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2012-05-11
· CWE 2.2
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2013-02-21
· CWE 2.4
updated Alternate_Terms, Common_Consequences
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2013-07-17
· CWE 2.5
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2014-07-30
· CWE 2.8
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2017-11-08
· CWE 3.0
updated Description, Enabling_Factors_for_Exploitation, Modes_of_Introduction, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2018-03-27
· CWE 3.1
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2019-06-20
· CWE 3.3
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2020-02-24
· CWE 4.0
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2020-06-25
· CWE 4.1
updated Alternate_Terms
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2020-12-10
· CWE 4.3
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2021-03-15
· CWE 4.4
updated Alternate_Terms
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2021-10-28
· CWE 4.6
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2023-04-27
· CWE 4.11
updated Detection_Factors, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2023-06-29
· CWE 4.12
updated Mapping_Notes
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2023-10-26
· CWE 4.13
updated Observed_Examples
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2024-02-29
· CWE 4.14
updated Demonstrative_Examples
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2025-12-11
· CWE 4.19
updated References, Relationships, Weakness_Ordinalities
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2026-04-30
· CWE 4.20
updated Alternate_Terms, Maintenance_Notes, References
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2026-10-28
· CWE 5.0
updated Description, Modes_of_Introduction, Time_of_Introduction
5739 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2019-5466 (GCVE-0-2019-5466)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2020-01-28 02:39 – Updated: 2024-08-04 19:54
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
An IDOR was discovered in GitLab CE/EE 11.5 and later that allowed new merge requests endpoint to disclose label names.
Severity
No CVSS data available.
CWE
- CWE-639 - Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR) (CWE-639)
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://about.gitlab.com/releases/2019/07/29/secu… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://hackerone.com/reports/507113 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/59809 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n/a | GitLab CE/EE |
Affected:
Affects GitLab CE/EE 11.5 and later
Affected: Fixed in 12.1.2 in 12.0.4 and in 11.11.6 |
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CVE-2018-25270 (GCVE-0-2018-25270)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-22 14:57 – Updated: 2026-04-22 15:59
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
ThinkPHP 5.0.23 Remote Code Execution via invokefunction
Summary
ThinkPHP 5.0.23 contains a remote code execution vulnerability that allows unauthenticated attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code by invoking functions through the routing parameter. Attackers can craft requests to the index.php endpoint with malicious function parameters to execute system commands with application privileges.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-04-22 15:57 UTC
CWE
- CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/45978 | exploit |
| https://thinkphp.cn | product |
| https://github.com/top-think/framework/ | product |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/thinkphp-rem… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Thinkphp | ThinkPHP |
Affected:
5.0.23
Affected: 5.1.31 cpe:2.3:a:thinkphp:thinkphp:5.1.31:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:thinkphp:thinkphp:5.0.23:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:thinkphp:thinkphp:6.1.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:thinkphp:thinkphp:8.0.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:thinkphp:thinkphp:8.0.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:thinkphp:thinkphp:8.0.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:thinkphp:thinkphp:8.0.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:thinkphp:thinkphp:8.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:thinkphp:thinkphp:8.0.0:beta:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:thinkphp:thinkphp:6.1.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:thinkphp:thinkphp:6.1.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:thinkphp:thinkphp:6.0.16:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:thinkphp:thinkphp:6.0.15:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Date Public
2018-12-11 00:00
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CVE-2018-25129 (GCVE-0-2018-25129)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-12-24 19:27 – Updated: 2025-12-24 20:27
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
SOCA Access Control System 180612 Information Disclosure via Multiple Endpoints
Summary
SOCA Access Control System 180612 contains multiple insecure direct object reference vulnerabilities that allow attackers to access sensitive user credentials. Attackers can retrieve authenticated and unauthenticated user password hashes and pins through unprotected endpoints like Get_Permissions_From_DB.php and Ac10_ReadSortCard.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-12-24 20:14 UTC
CWE
- CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/46832 | exploit |
| http://www.socatech.com | product |
| https://www.zeroscience.mk/en/vulnerabilities/ZSL… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SOCA Technology Co., Ltd | SOCA Access Control System |
Affected:
180612
Affected: 170000 Affected: 141007 |
Date Public
2018-04-20 00:00
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CVE-2017-20223 (GCVE-0-2017-20223)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-16 01:28 – Updated: 2026-04-07 14:03
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Telesquare SKT LTE Router SDT-CS3B1 Insecure Direct Object Reference
Summary
Telesquare SKT LTE Router SDT-CS3B1 firmware version 1.2.0 contains an insecure direct object reference vulnerability that allows attackers to bypass authorization and access resources by manipulating user-supplied input parameters. Attackers can directly reference objects in the system to retrieve sensitive information and access functionalities without proper access controls.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-16 14:08 UTC
CWE
- CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.zeroscience.mk/en/vulnerabilities/ZSL… | third-party-advisory |
| https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/43402/ | exploit |
| https://packetstormsecurity.com/files/145551 | exploit |
| https://cxsecurity.com/issue/WLB-2017120297 | third-party-advisory |
| https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilit… | vdb-entry |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/telesquare-s… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Telesquare | SDT-CS3B1 |
Affected:
1.2.0
|
Date Public
2017-12-27 00:00
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CVE-2017-3183 (GCVE-0-2017-3183)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2018-07-24 15:00 – Updated: 2024-08-05 14:16
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Sage XRT Treasury, version 3, fails to properly restrict database access to authorized users, which may enable any authenticated user to gain full access to privileged database functions
Summary
Sage XRT Treasury, version 3, fails to properly restrict database access to authorized users, which may enable any authenticated user to gain full access to privileged database functions. Sage XRT Treasury is a business finance management application. Database user access privileges are determined by the USER_CODE field associated with the querying user. By modifying the USER_CODE value to match that of a privileged user, a low-privileged, authenticated user may gain privileged access to the SQL database. A remote, authenticated user can submit specially crafted SQL queries to gain privileged access to the application database.
Severity
No CVSS data available.
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/742632 | third-party-advisoryx_refsource_CERT-VN |
| https://www.securityfocus.com/bid/96477 | vdb-entryx_refsource_BID |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sage | XRT Treasury |
Affected:
3
|
Date Public
2017-02-28 00:00
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CVE-2017-0936 (GCVE-0-2017-0936)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2018-03-28 20:00 – Updated: 2024-09-16 21:58
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
Nextcloud Server before 11.0.7 and 12.0.5 suffers from an Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key vulnerability. A missing ownership check allowed logged-in users to change the scope of app passwords of other users. Note that the app passwords themselves where neither disclosed nor could the error be misused to identify as another user.
Severity
No CVSS data available.
CWE
- CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key (CWE-639)
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://hackerone.com/reports/297751 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://nextcloud.com/security/advisory/?id=nc-sa… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nextcloud | Nextcloud Server |
Affected:
before 11.0.7 and 12.0.5
|
Date Public
2018-02-07 00:00
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CVE-2017-0922 (GCVE-0-2017-0922)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2018-03-21 20:00 – Updated: 2024-08-05 13:25
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
Gitlab Enterprise Edition version 10.3 is vulnerable to an authorization bypass issue in the GitLab Projects::BoardsController component resulting in an information disclosure on any board object.
Severity
No CVSS data available.
CWE
- CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key (CWE-639)
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://hackerone.com/reports/301123 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://about.gitlab.com/2018/01/16/gitlab-10-dot… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| GitLab | GitLab Community and Enterprise Editions |
Affected:
9.1.0 - 10.1.5 Fixed in 10.1.6
Affected: 10.2.0 - 10.2.5 Fixed in 10.2.6 Affected: 10.3.0 - 10.3.3 Fixed in 10.3.4 |
Date Public
2018-01-16 00:00
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CVE-2017-0920 (GCVE-0-2017-0920)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2018-03-22 15:00 – Updated: 2024-08-05 13:25
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
GitLab Community and Enterprise Editions before 10.1.6, 10.2.6, and 10.3.4 are vulnerable to an authorization bypass issue in the Projects::MergeRequests::CreationsController component resulting in an attacker to see every project name and their respective namespace on a GitLab instance.
Severity
No CVSS data available.
CWE
- CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key (CWE-639)
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://hackerone.com/reports/301336 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://www.debian.org/security/2018/dsa-4206 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_DEBIAN |
| https://about.gitlab.com/2018/01/16/gitlab-10-dot… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| GitLab | GitLab Community and Enterprise Editions |
Affected:
Versions before 10.1.6, 10.2.6, and 10.3.4
|
Date Public
2018-03-22 00:00
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CVE-2017-0882 (GCVE-0-2017-0882)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2017-03-28 02:46 – Updated: 2024-08-05 13:18
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
Multiple versions of GitLab expose sensitive user credentials when assigning a user to an issue or merge request. A fix was included in versions 8.15.8, 8.16.7, and 8.17.4, which were released on March 20th 2017 at 23:59 UTC.
Severity
No CVSS data available.
CWE
- CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key (CWE-639)
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/commit/cd… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/commit/a7… | x_refsource_MISC |
| http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/97157 | vdb-entryx_refsource_BID |
| https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/commit/43… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/29661 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://about.gitlab.com/2017/03/20/gitlab-8-dot-… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n/a | GitLab Community Edition and GitLab Enterprise Edition 8.7.0 through 8.15.7, 8.16.0 through 8.16.7, 8.17.0 through 8.17.3 |
Affected:
GitLab Community Edition and GitLab Enterprise Edition 8.7.0 through 8.15.7, 8.16.0 through 8.16.7, 8.17.0 through 8.17.3
|
Date Public
2017-03-27 00:00
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CVE-2016-20033 (GCVE-0-2016-20033)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-15 18:34 – Updated: 2026-03-16 14:30
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Wowza Streaming Engine 4.5.0 Local Privilege Escalation via nssm_x64.exe
Summary
Wowza Streaming Engine 4.5.0 contains a local privilege escalation vulnerability that allows authenticated users to escalate privileges by replacing executable files due to improper file permissions granting full access to the Everyone group. Attackers can replace the nssm_x64.exe binary in the manager and engine service directories with malicious executables to execute code with LocalSystem privileges when services restart.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-16 14:19 UTC
CWE
- CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/40132 | exploit |
| http://www.zeroscience.mk/en/vulnerabilities/ZSL-… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/wowza-stream… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wowza Media Systems, LLC. | Wowza Streaming Engine |
Affected:
4.5.0
cpe:2.3:a:wowza:streaming_engine:4.5.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Date Public
2016-07-20 00:00
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"value": "Wowza Streaming Engine 4.5.0 contains a local privilege escalation vulnerability that allows authenticated users to escalate privileges by replacing executable files due to improper file permissions granting full access to the Everyone group. Attackers can replace the nssm_x64.exe binary in the manager and engine service directories with malicious executables to execute code with LocalSystem privileges when services restart."
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],
"metrics": [
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"cvssV4_0": {
"Automatable": "NOT_DEFINED",
"Recovery": "NOT_DEFINED",
"Safety": "NOT_DEFINED",
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"baseScore": 8.5,
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"exploitMaturity": "NOT_DEFINED",
"privilegesRequired": "LOW",
"providerUrgency": "NOT_DEFINED",
"subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
"subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
"subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"valueDensity": "NOT_DEFINED",
"vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"version": "4.0",
"vulnAvailabilityImpact": "HIGH",
"vulnConfidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
"vulnIntegrityImpact": "HIGH",
"vulnerabilityResponseEffort": "NOT_DEFINED"
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"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
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"problemTypes": [
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"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-639",
"description": "Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
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]
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"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-03-15T18:34:21.181Z",
"orgId": "83251b91-4cc7-4094-a5c7-464a1b83ea10",
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"references": [
{
"name": "ExploitDB-40132",
"tags": [
"exploit"
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"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/40132"
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{
"name": "Vulnerability Advisory",
"tags": [
"vendor-advisory"
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"url": "http://www.zeroscience.mk/en/vulnerabilities/ZSL-2016-5339.php"
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{
"name": "VulnCheck Advisory: Wowza Streaming Engine 4.5.0 Local Privilege Escalation via nssm_x64.exe",
"tags": [
"third-party-advisory"
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"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/wowza-streaming-engine-local-privilege-escalation-via-nssm-x64-exe"
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],
"title": "Wowza Streaming Engine 4.5.0 Local Privilege Escalation via nssm_x64.exe",
"x_generator": {
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"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "83251b91-4cc7-4094-a5c7-464a1b83ea10",
"assignerShortName": "VulnCheck",
"cveId": "CVE-2016-20033",
"datePublished": "2026-03-15T18:34:21.181Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-03-15T18:21:47.205Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-03-16T14:30:30.462Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
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Mitigation
Architecture and Design
For each and every data access, ensure that the user has sufficient privilege to access the record that is being requested.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Implementation
Make sure that the key that is used in the lookup of a specific user's record is not controllable externally by the user or that any tampering can be detected.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Use encryption in order to make it more difficult to guess other legitimate values of the key or associate a digital signature with the key so that the server can verify that there has been no tampering.
No CAPEC attack patterns related to this CWE.