Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-639
Weakness AllowedAuthorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
The system's authorization functionality does not prevent one user from gaining access to another user's data or record by modifying the key value identifying the data.
It is likely that an attacker would have to be an authenticated user in the system. However, the authorization process would not properly check the data access operation to ensure that the authenticated user performing the operation has sufficient entitlements to perform the requested data access, hence bypassing any other authorization checks present in the system.
For example, attackers can look at places where user specific data is retrieved (e.g. search screens) and determine whether the key for the item being looked up is controllable externally. The key may be a hidden field in the HTML form field, might be passed as a URL parameter or as an unencrypted cookie variable, then in each of these cases it will be possible to tamper with the key value.
Mapping guidance
This CWE entry is at the Base level of abstraction, which is a preferred level of abstraction for mapping to the root causes of vulnerabilities.
Carefully read both the name and description to ensure that this mapping is an appropriate fit. Do not try to 'force' a mapping to a lower-level Base/Variant simply to comply with this preferred level of abstraction.
Relationships and members
Modes of introduction
Architecture and Design
REALIZATION: This weakness is caused during implementation of an architectural security tactic.
Architecture and Design
Retrieval of a user record occurs in the system based on some key value that is under user control. The key would typically identify a user-related record stored in the system and would be used to lookup that record for presentation to the user.
Implementation
One manifestation of this weakness is when a system uses sequential or otherwise easily-guessable session IDs that would allow one user to easily switch to another user's session and read/modify their data.
Detection methods
Automated Static Analysis
Automated static analysis, commonly referred to as Static Application Security Testing (SAST), can find some instances of this weakness by analyzing source code (or binary/compiled code) without having to execute it. Typically, this is done by building a model of data flow and control flow, then searching for potentially-vulnerable patterns that connect "sources" (origins of input) with "sinks" (destinations where the data interacts with external components, a lower layer such as the OS, etc.)
Effectiveness: High
Notes
Maintenance
As of CWE 4.20, the relationship between IDOR and BOLA needs to be investigated more closely, including research into how these terms are used in the industry. The CWE team suspects that IDOR can be a part of BOLA, but BOLA expands on the weakness inherent to IDOR in that it is not only about objects that are being directly referenced.
Content history
Submission: Evgeny Lebanidze
· Cigital
· 2008-01-30
· CWE Draft 8
Contribution: Mateus Godinho Pantoja
· 2024-08-09
· CWE 4.20
Suggested corrections to use of IDOR versus BOLA
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2008-09-08
· CWE 1.0
updated Common_Consequences, Relationships, Type
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2008-10-14
· CWE 1.0.1
updated Description
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2009-03-10
· CWE 1.3
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2009-05-27
· CWE 1.4
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2009-10-29
· CWE 1.6
updated Common_Consequences
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-06-21
· CWE 1.9
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2011-03-29
· CWE 1.12
updated Alternate_Terms, Applicable_Platforms, Description, Name, Potential_Mitigations, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2011-06-01
· CWE 1.13
updated Common_Consequences, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2012-05-11
· CWE 2.2
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2013-02-21
· CWE 2.4
updated Alternate_Terms, Common_Consequences
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2013-07-17
· CWE 2.5
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2014-07-30
· CWE 2.8
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2017-11-08
· CWE 3.0
updated Description, Enabling_Factors_for_Exploitation, Modes_of_Introduction, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2018-03-27
· CWE 3.1
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2019-06-20
· CWE 3.3
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2020-02-24
· CWE 4.0
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2020-06-25
· CWE 4.1
updated Alternate_Terms
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2020-12-10
· CWE 4.3
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2021-03-15
· CWE 4.4
updated Alternate_Terms
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2021-10-28
· CWE 4.6
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2023-04-27
· CWE 4.11
updated Detection_Factors, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2023-06-29
· CWE 4.12
updated Mapping_Notes
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2023-10-26
· CWE 4.13
updated Observed_Examples
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2024-02-29
· CWE 4.14
updated Demonstrative_Examples
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2025-12-11
· CWE 4.19
updated References, Relationships, Weakness_Ordinalities
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2026-04-30
· CWE 4.20
updated Alternate_Terms, Maintenance_Notes, References
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2026-10-28
· CWE 5.0
updated Description, Modes_of_Introduction, Time_of_Introduction
5739 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2023-53955 (GCVE-0-2023-53955)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-12-22 21:37 – Updated: 2026-10-01 19:19
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
SOUND4 IMPACT/FIRST/PULSE/Eco v2.x Authorization Bypass via Insecure Object References
Summary
SOUND4 IMPACT/FIRST/PULSE/Eco v2.x contains an insecure direct object reference vulnerability that allows attackers to bypass authorization and access hidden system resources. Attackers can exploit the vulnerability by manipulating user-supplied input to execute privileged functionalities without proper authentication.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-12-22 21:56 UTC
CWE
- CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/51169 | exploit |
| https://web.archive.org/web/20221207074555/https:… | product |
| https://www.zeroscience.mk/en/vulnerabilities/ZSL… | third-party-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/sound-impact… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
6 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SOUND4 Ltd. | Impact/Pulse/First |
Affected:
Version 2: 1.1/2.15
|
|
| SOUND4 Ltd. | Impact/Pulse Eco |
Affected:
1.16
|
|
| SOUND4 Ltd. | BigVoice4 |
Affected:
1.2
|
|
| SOUND4 Ltd. | BigVoice2 |
Affected:
1.30
|
|
| SOUND4 Ltd. | Stream |
Affected:
1.1/2.4.29
|
|
| Kantar Media | WM2 |
Affected:
1.11
|
Date Public
2022-09-26 00:00
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CVE-2023-53930 (GCVE-0-2023-53930)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-12-17 22:44 – Updated: 2026-04-07 14:07
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
ProjectSend r1605 Insecure Direct Object Reference File Download Vulnerability
Summary
ProjectSend r1605 contains an insecure direct object reference vulnerability that allows unauthenticated attackers to download private files by manipulating the download ID parameter. Attackers can access any user's private files by changing the 'id' parameter in the download request to process.php.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-12-18 14:47 UTC
CWE
- CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/51400 | exploit |
| https://www.projectsend.org/ | product |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/projectsend-… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| projectSend | projectSend |
Affected:
r1605
cpe:2.3:a:projectsend:projectsend:r1720:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Date Public
2023-05-02 00:00
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CVE-2023-53914 (GCVE-0-2023-53914)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-12-17 22:44 – Updated: 2026-04-07 14:07
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
UliCMS 2023.1 Authentication Bypass via Mass Assignment Vulnerability
Summary
UliCMS 2023.1 contains an authentication bypass vulnerability that allows unauthenticated attackers to create admin users through mass assignment in the UserController. Attackers can send a crafted POST request to the admin index.php endpoint with specific parameters to generate an administrative account with full system access.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-12-18 14:50 UTC
CWE
- CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/51486 | exploit |
| https://web.archive.org/web/20230314183734/https:… | product |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/ulicms-authe… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2023-05-25 00:00
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CVE-2023-51503 (GCVE-0-2023-51503)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-12-31 17:59 – Updated: 2026-04-28 16:09
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
WordPress WooCommerce Payments Plugin <= 6.6.2 is vulnerable to Insecure Direct Object References (IDOR)
Summary
Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key vulnerability in Automattic WooPayments – Fully Integrated Solution Built and Supported by Woo.This issue affects WooPayments – Fully Integrated Solution Built and Supported by Woo: from n/a through 6.9.2.
Severity
5.9 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-08-26 19:50 UTC
CWE
- CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/woo… | vdb-entry |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Automattic | WooPayments – Fully Integrated Solution Built and Supported by Woo |
Affected:
n/a , ≤ 6.9.2
(custom)
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CVE-2023-51502 (GCVE-0-2023-51502)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-01-05 07:56 – Updated: 2026-04-28 16:09
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
WordPress WooCommerce Stripe Payment Gateway Plugin <= 7.6.1 is vulnerable to Insecure Direct Object References (IDOR)
Summary
Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key vulnerability in WooCommerce WooCommerce Stripe Payment Gateway.This issue affects WooCommerce Stripe Payment Gateway: from n/a through 7.6.1.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-08-26 18:35 UTC
CWE
- CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/woo… | vdb-entry |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| WooCommerce | WooCommerce Stripe Payment Gateway |
Affected:
n/a , ≤ 7.6.1
(custom)
|
|
| woocommerce | woocommerce_stripe_payment_gateway |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 7.6.1
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:woocommerce:woocommerce_stripe_payment_gateway:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2023-50267 (GCVE-0-2023-50267)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-12-28 15:13 – Updated: 2024-09-09 17:57
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MeterSphere horizontal privilege escalation vulnerability of resources in project scope.
Summary
MeterSphere is a one-stop open source continuous testing platform. Prior to 2.10.10-lts, the authenticated attackers can update resources which don't belong to him if the resource ID is known. This issue if fixed in 2.10.10-lts. There are no known workarounds.
Severity
4.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-03-04 18:29 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/metersphere/metersphere/securi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| metersphere | metersphere |
Affected:
< 2.10.10-lts
|
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CVE-2023-49812 (GCVE-0-2023-49812)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-12-19 20:55 – Updated: 2026-04-28 16:08
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
WordPress WP Photo Album Plus Plugin <= 8.5.02.005 is vulnerable to Insecure Direct Object References (IDOR)
Summary
Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key vulnerability in J.N. Breetvelt a.K.A. OpaJaap WP Photo Album Plus.This issue affects WP Photo Album Plus: from n/a through 8.5.02.005.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-09-16 18:28 UTC
CWE
- CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/wp-… | vdb-entry |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| J.N. Breetvelt a.k.a. OpaJaap | WP Photo Album Plus |
Affected:
n/a , ≤ 8.5.02.005
(custom)
|
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CVE-2023-49765 (GCVE-0-2023-49765)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-12-21 18:29 – Updated: 2026-04-28 16:08
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
WordPress Rate my Post – WP Rating System Plugin <= 3.4.1 is vulnerable to Insecure Direct Object References (IDOR)
Summary
Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key vulnerability in Blaz K. Rate my Post – WP Rating System.This issue affects Rate my Post – WP Rating System: from n/a through 3.4.1.
Severity
4.3 (Medium)
CWE
- CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/rat… | vdb-entry |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Blaz K. | Rate my Post – WP Rating System |
Affected:
n/a , ≤ 3.4.1
(custom)
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CVE-2023-49251 (GCVE-0-2023-49251)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-01-09 10:00 – Updated: 2024-11-14 15:13
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
A vulnerability has been identified in SIMATIC CN 4100 (All versions < V2.7). The "intermediate installation" system state of the affected application allows an attacker to add their own login credentials to the device. This allows an attacker to remotely login as root and take control of the device even after the affected device is fully set up.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-01-23 05:01 UTC
CWE
- CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Siemens | SIMATIC CN 4100 |
Affected:
All versions < V2.7
|
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CVE-2023-48783 (GCVE-0-2023-48783)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-01-10 17:51 – Updated: 2025-06-17 20:59
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
An Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key vulnerability [CWE-639] affecting PortiPortal version 7.2.1 and below, version 7.0.6 and below, version 6.0.14 and below, version 5.3.8 and below may allow a remote authenticated user with at least read-only permissions to access to other organization endpoints via crafted GET requests.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-01-10 19:04 UTC
CWE
- CWE-639 - Improper access control
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fortinet | FortiPortal |
Affected:
7.2.0 , ≤ 7.2.1
(semver)
Affected: 7.0.0 , ≤ 7.0.6 (semver) Affected: 6.0.0 , ≤ 6.0.14 (semver) Affected: 5.3.0 , ≤ 5.3.8 (semver) |
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Mitigation
Architecture and Design
For each and every data access, ensure that the user has sufficient privilege to access the record that is being requested.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Implementation
Make sure that the key that is used in the lookup of a specific user's record is not controllable externally by the user or that any tampering can be detected.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Use encryption in order to make it more difficult to guess other legitimate values of the key or associate a digital signature with the key so that the server can verify that there has been no tampering.
No CAPEC attack patterns related to this CWE.