CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2303 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-3Q9V-78JG-P832
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-01 21:30 – Updated: 2024-07-03 18:38An issue in Wifire Hotspot v.4.5.3 allows a local attacker to execute arbitrary code via a crafted payload to the dst parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-26504"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-05-01T19:15:22Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An issue in Wifire Hotspot v.4.5.3 allows a local attacker to execute arbitrary code via a crafted payload to the dst parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-3q9v-78jg-p832",
"modified": "2024-07-03T18:38:25Z",
"published": "2024-05-01T21:30:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-26504"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/601.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://portswigger.net/kb/issues/00500100_open-redirection-reflected"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://tomiodarim.io/posts/cve-2024-26504"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wifire.me/en/hotspot"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3QH2-MCCC-Q5M6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:34 – Updated: 2023-07-21 22:48A flaw was found in JBOSS Keycloak 3.2.1.Final. The Redirect URL for both Login and Logout are not normalized in org.keycloak.protocol.oidc.utils.RedirectUtils before the redirect url is verified. This can lead to an Open Redirection attack
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.keycloak:keycloak-core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "3.2.1.Final"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-14658"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-07-21T22:48:34Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2018-11-13T19:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A flaw was found in JBOSS Keycloak 3.2.1.Final. The Redirect URL for both Login and Logout are not normalized in `org.keycloak.protocol.oidc.utils.RedirectUtils` before the redirect url is verified. This can lead to an Open Redirection attack",
"id": "GHSA-3qh2-mccc-q5m6",
"modified": "2023-07-21T22:48:34Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:34:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-14658"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:3592"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:3593"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:3595"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=CVE-2018-14658"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Keycloak Open Redirect"
}
GHSA-3QQ5-WCRX-4H8R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-20 12:31 – Updated: 2025-07-29 12:41HtmlUtil.escapeRedirect in Liferay Portal 7.2.0 through 7.4.3.12, and older unsupported versions, and Liferay DXP 7.4 before update 9, 7.3 service pack 3, 7.2 fix pack 15 through 18, and older unsupported versions can be circumvented by using two forward slashes, which allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary external URLs via the (1) 'redirectparameter (2)FORWARD_URL` parameter, and (3) others parameters that rely on HtmlUtil.escapeRedirect. This vulnerability is the result of an incomplete fix in CVE-2022-28977.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "com.liferay.portal:release.portal.bom"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "7.2.0"
},
{
"fixed": "7.4.3.13-ga13"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "com.liferay.portal:release.dxp.bom"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "7.2.10.fp15"
},
{
"last_affected": "7.2.10.fp18"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "com.liferay.portal:release.dxp.bom"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "7.4.0"
},
{
"fixed": "7.4.13.u9"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-25609"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-07-29T12:41:32Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-02-20T10:15:08Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "HtmlUtil.escapeRedirect in Liferay Portal 7.2.0 through 7.4.3.12, and older unsupported versions, and Liferay DXP 7.4 before update 9, 7.3 service pack 3, 7.2 fix pack 15 through 18, and older unsupported versions can be circumvented by using two forward slashes, which allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary external URLs via the (1) \u0027redirect` parameter (2) `FORWARD_URL` parameter, and (3) others parameters that rely on HtmlUtil.escapeRedirect. This vulnerability is the result of an incomplete fix in CVE-2022-28977.",
"id": "GHSA-3qq5-wcrx-4h8r",
"modified": "2025-07-29T12:41:33Z",
"published": "2024-02-20T12:31:00Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-25609"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/liferay/liferay-portal/commit/3c5ee2054b44e4354cd2e53782914157ef2b5362"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/liferay/liferay-portal/commit/5c9655c941b18d8948a0c38b2bc84f4a1f83543a"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/liferay/liferay-portal/commit/66f3ae610c24f10a6950e75e0ca4c981935244ed"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/liferay/liferay-portal/commit/702a1e35896681f04ec3c7c8075aa87d5e16a18d"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/liferay/liferay-portal/commit/7aca15e7195a03243d5461fcf09cde0fa7de81f0"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/liferay/liferay-portal/commit/dca931af71a3d9fbd896a25b92396df8458d2886"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/liferay/liferay-portal/commit/f015ad20bd9ee1661ccff5fb48e03dd3a1ebf003"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/liferay/liferay-portal"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://liferay.dev/portal/security/known-vulnerabilities/-/asset_publisher/jekt/content/cve-2024-25609"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Liferay Portal and Liferay DXP\u0027s HtmlUtil.escapeRedirect Can Be Circumvented via Two Forward Slashes"
}
GHSA-3R56-7HHR-VFG9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-06 21:31 – Updated: 2026-05-11 16:12Duplicate Advisory
This advisory has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate of GHSA-f7fh-qg34-x2xh. This link is maintained to preserve external references.
Original Description
OpenClaw before 2026.4.5 contains a server-side request forgery vulnerability in the CDP /json/version WebSocket endpoint that allows attackers to pivot to untrusted second-hop targets. The webSocketDebuggerUrl response field is not properly validated, enabling attackers to redirect connections to arbitrary hosts and perform SSRF-style attacks.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "openclaw"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2026.4.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-11T16:12:40Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-06T20:16:33Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Duplicate Advisory\nThis advisory has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate of GHSA-f7fh-qg34-x2xh. This link is maintained to preserve external references.\n\n### Original Description\nOpenClaw before 2026.4.5 contains a server-side request forgery vulnerability in the CDP /json/version WebSocket endpoint that allows attackers to pivot to untrusted second-hop targets. The webSocketDebuggerUrl response field is not properly validated, enabling attackers to redirect connections to arbitrary hosts and perform SSRF-style attacks.",
"id": "GHSA-3r56-7hhr-vfg9",
"modified": "2026-05-11T16:12:40Z",
"published": "2026-05-06T21:31:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-f7fh-qg34-x2xh"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-43576"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/bc356cc8c2beaa747c71dd86cceab8f804699665"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-second-hop-ssrf-via-cdp-json-version-websocket-url"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:H/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Duplicate Advisory: OpenClaw: CDP /json/version WebSocket URL could pivot to untrusted second-hop targets",
"withdrawn": "2026-05-11T16:12:40Z"
}
GHSA-3RQH-HCH3-JHPC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-10 15:31 – Updated: 2026-06-10 18:31Jenkins 2.567 and earlier, LTS 2.555.2 and earlier improperly determines that a redirect URL after login is legitimately pointing to Jenkins when it contains relative path segments (./ or ../), allowing attackers to perform phishing attacks.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-53436"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-10T14:16:36Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Jenkins 2.567 and earlier, LTS 2.555.2 and earlier improperly determines that a redirect URL after login is legitimately pointing to Jenkins when it contains relative path segments (`./` or `../`), allowing attackers to perform phishing attacks.",
"id": "GHSA-3rqh-hch3-jhpc",
"modified": "2026-06-10T18:31:45Z",
"published": "2026-06-10T15:31:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-53436"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.jenkins.io/security/advisory/2026-06-10/#SECURITY-3711+3755"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3RV5-C9QQ-6335
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-22 18:31 – Updated: 2025-08-22 21:31An intent redirection vulnerability in Reolink v4.54.0.4.20250526 allows unauthorized attackers to access internal functions or access non-public components.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-55624"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-08-22T17:15:34Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An intent redirection vulnerability in Reolink v4.54.0.4.20250526 allows unauthorized attackers to access internal functions or access non-public components.",
"id": "GHSA-3rv5-c9qq-6335",
"modified": "2025-08-22T21:31:15Z",
"published": "2025-08-22T18:31:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-55624"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://relieved-knuckle-264.notion.site/Reolink-Intent-Redirection-21a43700364280cabb8bcce817ab1879?pvs=143"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3V66-H3RQ-PJ5P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-04-21 01:57 – Updated: 2022-04-21 01:57drupal6 version 6.16 has open redirection
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2010-2471"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-11-06T18:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "drupal6 version 6.16 has open redirection",
"id": "GHSA-3v66-h3rq-pj5p",
"modified": "2022-04-21T01:57:48Z",
"published": "2022-04-21T01:57:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2010-2471"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/cve-2010-2471"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=592716"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security-tracker.debian.org/tracker/CVE-2010-2471"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.drupal.org/node/731710"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2010/06/28/8"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2014/02/12/8"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-3V98-Q7QW-M4CR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-26 13:30 – Updated: 2026-05-26 13:30Improper input validation in the external authentication provider flow in Devolutions Server allows an unauthenticated remote attacker to redirect victims to an attacker-controlled domain via a crafted login link.
This issue affects :
- Devolutions Server 2026.1.6.0 through 2026.1.16.0
- Devolutions Server 2025.3.20.0 and earlier
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-9245"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-22T16:16:25Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Improper input validation in the external authentication provider flow in Devolutions Server allows an unauthenticated remote attacker to redirect victims to an attacker-controlled domain via a crafted login link.\n\nThis issue affects :\n\n * Devolutions Server 2026.1.6.0 through 2026.1.16.0\n * Devolutions Server 2025.3.20.0 and earlier",
"id": "GHSA-3v98-q7qw-m4cr",
"modified": "2026-05-26T13:30:19Z",
"published": "2026-05-26T13:30:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-9245"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://devolutions.net/security/advisories/DEVO-2026-0013"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3VFF-HJQV-M7H8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-03 21:36 – Updated: 2026-04-27 16:19Affected Version
JupyterHub <= 5.4.3
Impact
An open redirect vulnerability in JupyterHub <=5.4.3 allows attackers to construct links which, when clicked, take users to the JupyterHub login page, after which they are sent to an arbitrary attacker-controlled site outside JupyterHub instead of a JupyterHub page, bypassing JupyterHub's check to prevent this.
Patches
Upgrade to JupyterHub 5.4.4
Workarounds
A deployment can apply filters on the Location header in a reverse proxy such as nginx/apache/traefik.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 5.4.3"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "jupyterhub"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "5.4.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-33709"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-03T21:36:07Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-03T22:16:26Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "## Affected Version\n\nJupyterHub \u003c= 5.4.3\n\n## Impact\n\nAn open redirect vulnerability in JupyterHub \u003c=5.4.3 allows attackers to construct links which, when clicked, take users to the JupyterHub login page, after which they are sent to an arbitrary attacker-controlled site outside JupyterHub instead of a JupyterHub page, bypassing JupyterHub\u0027s check to prevent this.\n\n## Patches\n\nUpgrade to JupyterHub 5.4.4\n\n## Workarounds\n\nA deployment can apply filters on the Location header in a reverse proxy such as nginx/apache/traefik.",
"id": "GHSA-3vff-hjqv-m7h8",
"modified": "2026-04-27T16:19:31Z",
"published": "2026-04-03T21:36:07Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/security/advisories/GHSA-3vff-hjqv-m7h8"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-33709"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/releases/tag/5.4.4"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "JupyterHub has an Open Redirect Vulnerability"
}
GHSA-3VGG-3Q9M-CX36
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:32 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:32IBM Curam Social Program Management 6.0.5, 6.1.1, 6.2.0, 7.0.1, and 7.0.3 could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially-crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim. IBM X-Force ID: 144747.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-1654"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-12-11T16:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IBM Curam Social Program Management 6.0.5, 6.1.1, 6.2.0, 7.0.1, and 7.0.3 could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially-crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim. IBM X-Force ID: 144747.",
"id": "GHSA-3vgg-3q9m-cx36",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:32:59Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:32:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-1654"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/144747"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=ibm10739027"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/106187"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.