CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2303 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-2XJC-5RQ3-QQGW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-05-08 15:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 03:50Open redirect vulnerability in typecho 1.1-17.10.30-release via the referer parameter to Login.php.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-21038"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-05-08T14:15:10Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open redirect vulnerability in typecho 1.1-17.10.30-release via the referer parameter to Login.php.",
"id": "GHSA-2xjc-5rq3-qqgw",
"modified": "2024-04-04T03:50:25Z",
"published": "2023-05-08T15:30:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-21038"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/typecho/typecho/issues/952"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/typecho/typecho"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-2XM9-JVFF-C46X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 23:41 – Updated: 2022-05-01 23:41Open redirect vulnerability in exchweb/bin/redir.asp in Microsoft Outlook Web Access (OWA) for Exchange Server 2003 SP2 (aka build 6.5.7638) allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via a URL in the URL parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2008-1547"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2008-10-21T01:18:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open redirect vulnerability in exchweb/bin/redir.asp in Microsoft Outlook Web Access (OWA) for Exchange Server 2003 SP2 (aka build 6.5.7638) allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via a URL in the URL parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-2xm9-jvff-c46x",
"modified": "2022-05-01T23:41:13Z",
"published": "2022-05-01T23:41:13Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-1547"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/46061"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://securityreason.com/securityalert/4441"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/497374/100/0/threaded"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/497390/100/0/threaded"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/497433/100/0/threaded"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/497500/100/0/threaded"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/497534/100/0/threaded"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/31765"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-323M-J8JX-G8PQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-06-29 03:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 05:16Ericsson Network Manager (ENM), versions prior to 22.2, contains a vulnerability in the REST endpoint “editprofile” where Open Redirect HTTP Header Injection can lead to redirection of the submitted request to domain out of control of ENM deployment. The attacker would need admin/elevated access to exploit the vulnerability
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-46407"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-06-29T02:15:15Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Ericsson Network Manager (ENM), versions prior to 22.2, contains a vulnerability in the REST endpoint \u201ceditprofile\u201d where Open Redirect HTTP Header Injection can lead to redirection of the submitted request to domain out of control of ENM deployment. The attacker would need admin/elevated access to exploit the vulnerability",
"id": "GHSA-323m-j8jx-g8pq",
"modified": "2024-04-04T05:16:53Z",
"published": "2023-06-29T03:30:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-46407"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.gruppotim.it/it/footer/red-team.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-32FX-V9HC-86M5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-29 12:30 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:33URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in Pexle Chris Library Viewer.This issue affects Library Viewer: from n/a through 2.0.6.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-32101"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-12-29T10:15:10Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in Pexle Chris Library Viewer.This issue affects Library Viewer: from n/a through 2.0.6.",
"id": "GHSA-32fx-v9hc-86m5",
"modified": "2026-04-28T21:33:38Z",
"published": "2023-12-29T12:30:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-32101"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/library-viewer/wordpress-library-viewer-plugin-2-0-6-open-redirection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-32X6-QVW6-MXJ4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-03-01 22:14 – Updated: 2024-10-24 21:46Impact
Using followRedirects or followRedirectsWith with any of the redirection strategies built into fluture-node 4.0.0 or 4.0.1, paired with a request that includes confidential headers such as Authorization or Cookie, exposes you to a vulnerability where, if the destination server were to redirect the request to a server on a third-party domain, or the same domain over unencrypted HTTP, the headers would be included in the follow-up request and be exposed to the third party, or potential http traffic sniffing.
Patches
The redirection strategies made available in version 4.0.2 automatically redact confidential headers when a redirect is followed across to another origin.
Workarounds
Use a custom redirection strategy via the followRedirectsWith function. The custom strategy can be based on the new strategies available in fluture-node@4.0.2.
References
- This vulnerability was discovered after the announcement of similar vulnerabilities in the
follow-redirectspackage. There is more information there: https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-74fj-2j2h-c42q and https://huntr.dev/bounties/7cf2bf90-52da-4d59-8028-a73b132de0db/ - Fixed in 125e4474f910c1507f8ec3232848626fbc0f55c4 and 0c99bc511533d48be17dc6bfe641f7d0aeb34d77
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "fluture-node"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "4.0.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "pyquest"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "0.0.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-24719"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-200",
"CWE-212",
"CWE-359",
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-03-01T22:14:57Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-03-01T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nUsing `followRedirects` or `followRedirectsWith` with any of the redirection strategies built into fluture-node 4.0.0 or 4.0.1, paired with a request that includes confidential headers such as Authorization or Cookie, exposes you to a vulnerability where, if the destination server were to redirect the request to a server on a third-party domain, or the same domain over unencrypted HTTP, the headers would be included in the follow-up request and be exposed to the third party, or potential http traffic sniffing.\n\n### Patches\n\nThe redirection strategies made available in version 4.0.2 automatically redact confidential headers when a redirect is followed across to another origin.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nUse a custom redirection strategy via the `followRedirectsWith` function. The custom strategy can be based on the new strategies available in fluture-node@4.0.2.\n\n### References\n\n- This vulnerability was discovered after the announcement of similar vulnerabilities in the `follow-redirects` package. There is more information there: https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-74fj-2j2h-c42q and https://huntr.dev/bounties/7cf2bf90-52da-4d59-8028-a73b132de0db/\n- Fixed in 125e4474f910c1507f8ec3232848626fbc0f55c4 and 0c99bc511533d48be17dc6bfe641f7d0aeb34d77\n ",
"id": "GHSA-32x6-qvw6-mxj4",
"modified": "2024-10-24T21:46:17Z",
"published": "2022-03-01T22:14:57Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/fluture-js/fluture-node/security/advisories/GHSA-32x6-qvw6-mxj4"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-24719"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/psf/requests/pull/4718"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/fluture-js/fluture-node/commit/0c99bc511533d48be17dc6bfe641f7d0aeb34d77"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/fluture-js/fluture-node/commit/125e4474f910c1507f8ec3232848626fbc0f55c4"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/fluture-js/fluture-node"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/pyquest/PYSEC-2022-43051.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/request-util/PYSEC-2022-43052.yaml"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:A/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Forwarding of confidentials headers to third parties in fluture-node"
}
GHSA-338X-J9C9-2C8V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-17 21:30 – Updated: 2025-12-18 21:31This issue was addressed with improved URL validation. This issue is fixed in macOS Tahoe 26.2, Safari 26.2. On a Mac with Lockdown Mode enabled, web content opened via a file URL may be able to use Web APIs that should be restricted.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-43526"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-17T21:16:11Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "This issue was addressed with improved URL validation. This issue is fixed in macOS Tahoe 26.2, Safari 26.2. On a Mac with Lockdown Mode enabled, web content opened via a file URL may be able to use Web APIs that should be restricted.",
"id": "GHSA-338x-j9c9-2c8v",
"modified": "2025-12-18T21:31:36Z",
"published": "2025-12-17T21:30:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-43526"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/125886"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/125892"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-33C5-9FX5-FVJM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-24 20:01 – Updated: 2024-05-20 22:08The Kubernetes kube-apiserver in versions v1.6-v1.15, and versions prior to v1.16.13, v1.17.9 and v1.18.7 are vulnerable to an unvalidated redirect on proxied upgrade requests that could allow an attacker to escalate privileges from a node compromise to a full cluster compromise.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "k8s.io/apimachinery"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.16.13"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "k8s.io/apimachinery"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.17.0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.17.9"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "k8s.io/apimachinery"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.18.0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.18.7"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "k8s.io/kubernetes"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.16.13"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "k8s.io/kubernetes"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.17.0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.17.9"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "k8s.io/kubernetes"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.18.0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.18.7"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-8559"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-04-24T20:01:22Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2020-07-22T14:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Kubernetes kube-apiserver in versions v1.6-v1.15, and versions prior to v1.16.13, v1.17.9 and v1.18.7 are vulnerable to an unvalidated redirect on proxied upgrade requests that could allow an attacker to escalate privileges from a node compromise to a full cluster compromise.",
"id": "GHSA-33c5-9fx5-fvjm",
"modified": "2024-05-20T22:08:21Z",
"published": "2024-04-24T20:01:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-8559"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/92914"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/92941"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1851422"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/tdwyer/CVE-2020-8559"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://groups.google.com/d/msg/kubernetes-security-announce/JAIGG5yNROs/19nHQ5wkBwAJ"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://groups.google.com/g/kubernetes-security-announce/c/JAIGG5yNROs"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20200810-0004"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Privilege Escalation in Kubernetes"
}
GHSA-33FH-JHP9-Q8W6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-31 18:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 06:27Fuge CMS v1.0 contains an Open Redirect vulnerability in member/RegisterAct.java.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-34917"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-07-31T16:15:10Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Fuge CMS v1.0 contains an Open Redirect vulnerability in member/RegisterAct.java.",
"id": "GHSA-33fh-jhp9-q8w6",
"modified": "2024-04-04T06:27:28Z",
"published": "2023-07-31T18:30:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-34917"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/fuge/cms/issues/3"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://payatu.com/advisory/unvalidated-redirection-vulnerability-in-fuge-cms-v1-0"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-34HV-F45P-4QFQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-04-06 00:01 – Updated: 2022-04-19 14:13Open redirect vulnerability in objects/login.json.php in WWBN AVideo through 11.6, allows attackers to arbitrarily redirect users from a crafted url to the login page. A patch is available on the master branch of the repository.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "wwbn/avideo"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "11.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-27463"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-04-07T22:15:39Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-04-05T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open redirect vulnerability in objects/login.json.php in WWBN AVideo through 11.6, allows attackers to arbitrarily redirect users from a crafted url to the login page. A patch is available on the `master` branch of the repository.",
"id": "GHSA-34hv-f45p-4qfq",
"modified": "2022-04-19T14:13:44Z",
"published": "2022-04-06T00:01:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-27463"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/WWBN/AVideo/commit/77e9aa6411ff4b97571eb82e587139ec05ff894c"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://avideo.tube"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/WWBN/AVideo"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Open redirect in wwbn/avideo"
}
GHSA-34R6-Q8C8-23MX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-26 21:31 – Updated: 2025-06-26 21:31When a URL was provided in a link querystring parameter, Firefox for Android would follow that URL instead of the correct URL, potentially leading to phishing attacks. This bug only affects Firefox for Android. Other versions of Firefox are unaffected. This vulnerability affects Firefox < 140.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-6428"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-06-24T13:15:23Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "When a URL was provided in a link querystring parameter, Firefox for Android would follow that URL instead of the correct URL, potentially leading to phishing attacks.\n*This bug only affects Firefox for Android. Other versions of Firefox are unaffected.* This vulnerability affects Firefox \u003c 140.",
"id": "GHSA-34r6-q8c8-23mx",
"modified": "2025-06-26T21:31:06Z",
"published": "2025-06-26T21:31:06Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-6428"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1970151"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2025-51"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.