CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2424 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-WPQM-4GWX-W843
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-26 13:30 – Updated: 2026-06-30 17:29With valid login credentials, URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect'), Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) vulnerability in Apache Shiro.
This issue affects Apache Shiro from 2.0-alpha to 2.1.0, and 3.0.0-alpha-1, only when using shiro-jakarta-ee integration module.
Users are recommended to upgrade to version 2.1.1, or 3.0.0-alpha-2 or later, which fixes the issue by encrypting the cookie.
After successful login, Jakarta EE integration module uses shiroSavedRequest cookie to redirect to a particular web page after login. This cookie was not validated, and can be forged to send a HTTP GET request from the server itself to an arbitrary URL from the cookie.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.apache.shiro:shiro-jakarta-ee"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.0.0-alpha-0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.2.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.apache.shiro:shiro-jakarta-ee"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3.0.0-alpha-1"
},
{
"fixed": "3.0.0-alpha-2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
],
"versions": [
"3.0.0-alpha-1"
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-44598"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-06-30T17:29:49Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-25T21:16:34Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "With valid login credentials, URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027), Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) vulnerability in Apache Shiro.\n\nThis issue affects Apache Shiro from 2.0-alpha to 2.1.0, and 3.0.0-alpha-1,\u00a0only when using shiro-jakarta-ee integration module.\n\nUsers are recommended to upgrade to version 2.1.1, or 3.0.0-alpha-2 or later, which fixes the issue by encrypting the cookie.\n\nAfter successful login, Jakarta EE integration module uses shiroSavedRequest cookie to redirect to a particular web page after login.\nThis cookie was not validated, and can be forged to send a HTTP GET request from the server itself to an arbitrary URL from the cookie.",
"id": "GHSA-wpqm-4gwx-w843",
"modified": "2026-06-30T17:29:49Z",
"published": "2026-05-26T13:30:50Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-44598"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/apache/shiro"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://shiro.apache.org/security-reports.html#cve_2026_44598"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/05/25/8"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:P/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:N/SA:N/S:N/AU:Y/R:A/V:D/RE:L/U:Green",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Apache Shiro Vulnerable to Open Redirect, Server-Side Request Forgery"
}
GHSA-WPVR-V2CC-F6QX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-06-02 18:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 04:29After downloading a Windows .url shortcut from the local filesystem, an attacker could supply a remote path that would lead to unexpected network requests from the operating system. This also had the potential to leak NTLM credentials to the resource.
This bug only affects Firefox on Windows. Other operating systems are unaffected.. This vulnerability affects Firefox < 110, Thunderbird < 102.8, and Firefox ESR < 102.8.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-25734"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-06-02T17:15:11Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "After downloading a Windows \u003ccode\u003e.url\u003c/code\u003e shortcut from the local filesystem, an attacker could supply a remote path that would lead to unexpected network requests from the operating system. This also had the potential to leak NTLM credentials to the resource.\u003cbr\u003e*This bug only affects Firefox on Windows. Other operating systems are unaffected.*. This vulnerability affects Firefox \u003c 110, Thunderbird \u003c 102.8, and Firefox ESR \u003c 102.8.",
"id": "GHSA-wpvr-v2cc-f6qx",
"modified": "2024-04-04T04:29:58Z",
"published": "2023-06-02T18:30:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-25734"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1784451"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1809923"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1810143"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1812338"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2023-05"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2023-06"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2023-07"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WQ5J-WJP2-4F74
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-11 21:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:33URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in Akshar Soft Solutions AS English Admin allows Phishing. This issue affects AS English Admin: from n/a through 1.0.0.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-28896"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-11T21:15:47Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in Akshar Soft Solutions AS English Admin allows Phishing. This issue affects AS English Admin: from n/a through 1.0.0.",
"id": "GHSA-wq5j-wjp2-4f74",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:33:56Z",
"published": "2025-03-11T21:30:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-28896"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/as-english-admin/vulnerability/wordpress-as-english-admin-plugin-1-0-0-open-redirection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WQ63-QGC3-2P5R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-11 06:31 – Updated: 2026-03-11 06:31A vulnerability in the web-based management interface of AOS-CX Switches could allow an unauthenticated remote attacker to redirect users to an arbitrary URL.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-23817"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-11T04:17:35Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the web-based management interface of AOS-CX Switches could allow an unauthenticated remote attacker to redirect users to an arbitrary URL.",
"id": "GHSA-wq63-qgc3-2p5r",
"modified": "2026-03-11T06:31:40Z",
"published": "2026-03-11T06:31:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-23817"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=hpesbnw05027en_us\u0026docLocale=en_US"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WQCX-VPC9-7HV3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-09-07 00:01 – Updated: 2022-09-10 00:00RStudio Connect is affected by an Open Redirect issue. The vulnerability could allow an attacker to redirect users to malicious websites.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-38131"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-09-06T18:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "RStudio Connect is affected by an Open Redirect issue. The vulnerability could allow an attacker to redirect users to malicious websites.",
"id": "GHSA-wqcx-vpc9-7hv3",
"modified": "2022-09-10T00:00:35Z",
"published": "2022-09-07T00:01:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-38131"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.posit.co/hc/en-us/articles/10983374992023"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://tenable.com/security/research/tra-2022-30"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WQV2-4WPG-8HC9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-10 17:18 – Updated: 2026-02-02 16:29Summary
redirect_url is treated as safe when url.Parse(...).IsAbs() is false. Protocol-relative URLs like //ikotaslabs.com have an empty scheme and pass that check, allowing post-login redirects to attacker-controlled sites.
Details
url.Parse("//ikotaslabs.com")=> empty Scheme, Host="ikotaslabs.com".IsAbs()returns false for//ikotaslabs.com, so the code treats it as allowed.- Browser resolves
//ikotaslabs.comto current-origin scheme (e.g.https://ikotaslabs.com), enabling phishing flows after login.
PoC
- Send or visit:
http://localhost/login?redirect_url=//ikotaslabs.com - Complete normal login flow.
- After login the app redirects to
https://ikotaslabs.com(orhttp://depending on origin).
Acknowledgements
This vulnerability was discovered using the automated vulnerability analysis tools VulScribe and PwnML. The research and tool development were conducted with support from the MITOU Advanced Program (未踏アドバンスト事業), implemented by the Information-technology Promotion Agency (IPA), Japan.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 2.2.14"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "miniflux.app/v2"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.2.15"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-67713"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-12-10T17:18:37Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-11T01:16:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Summary\n`redirect_url` is treated as safe when `url.Parse(...).IsAbs()` is false. Protocol-relative URLs like `//ikotaslabs.com` have an empty scheme and pass that check, allowing post-login redirects to attacker-controlled sites.\n\n### Details\n- `url.Parse(\"//ikotaslabs.com\")` =\u003e empty Scheme, Host=\"ikotaslabs.com\".\n- `IsAbs()` returns false for `//ikotaslabs.com`, so the code treats it as allowed.\n- Browser resolves `//ikotaslabs.com` to current-origin scheme (e.g. `https://ikotaslabs.com`), enabling phishing flows after login.\n\n### PoC\n1. Send or visit: `http://localhost/login?redirect_url=//ikotaslabs.com` \n2. Complete normal login flow. \n3. After login the app redirects to `https://ikotaslabs.com` (or `http://` depending on origin).\n\n### Acknowledgements \nThis vulnerability was discovered using the automated vulnerability analysis tools **VulScribe** and **PwnML**. The research and tool development were conducted with support from the **MITOU Advanced Program (\u672a\u8e0f\u30a2\u30c9\u30d0\u30f3\u30b9\u30c8\u4e8b\u696d)**, implemented by the **Information-technology Promotion Agency (IPA), Japan**.",
"id": "GHSA-wqv2-4wpg-8hc9",
"modified": "2026-02-02T16:29:11Z",
"published": "2025-12-10T17:18:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/miniflux/v2/security/advisories/GHSA-wqv2-4wpg-8hc9"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-67713"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/miniflux/v2/commit/76df99f3a3db234cf6b312be5e771485213d03c7"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/miniflux/v2"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Miniflux has an Open Redirect via protocol-relative redirect_url"
}
GHSA-WQVH-63MV-9W92
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-12 14:50 – Updated: 2026-03-13 13:35Impact
The experimental OIDC provider in @backstage/plugin-auth-backend is vulnerable to a redirect URI allowlist bypass. Instances that have enabled experimental Dynamic Client Registration or Client ID Metadata Documents and configured allowedRedirectUriPatterns are affected.
A specially crafted redirect URI can pass the allowlist validation while resolving to an attacker-controlled host. If a victim approves the resulting OAuth consent request, their authorization code is sent to the attacker, who can exchange it for a valid access token.
This requires victim interaction and that one of the experimental features is explicitly enabled, which is not the default.
Patches
Upgrade to @backstage/plugin-auth-backend version 0.27.1 or later.
Workarounds
Disable experimental Dynamic Client Registration and Client ID Metadata Documents features if they are not required.
References
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "@backstage/plugin-auth-backend"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.27.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-32235"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-20",
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-12T14:50:59Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-12T19:16:17Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nThe experimental OIDC provider in `@backstage/plugin-auth-backend` is vulnerable to a redirect URI allowlist bypass. Instances that have enabled experimental Dynamic Client Registration or Client ID Metadata Documents and configured `allowedRedirectUriPatterns` are affected.\n\nA specially crafted redirect URI can pass the allowlist validation while resolving to an attacker-controlled host. If a victim approves the resulting OAuth consent request, their authorization code is sent to the attacker, who can exchange it for a valid access token.\n\nThis requires victim interaction and that one of the experimental features is explicitly enabled, which is not the default.\n\n### Patches\n\nUpgrade to `@backstage/plugin-auth-backend` version 0.27.1 or later.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nDisable experimental Dynamic Client Registration and Client ID Metadata Documents features if they are not required.\n\n### References\n\n- [RFC 6749 Section 3.1.2 - Redirection Endpoint](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6749#section-3.1.2)",
"id": "GHSA-wqvh-63mv-9w92",
"modified": "2026-03-13T13:35:42Z",
"published": "2026-03-12T14:50:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/backstage/backstage/security/advisories/GHSA-wqvh-63mv-9w92"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-32235"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/backstage/backstage/commit/6042dd0c7f0706e0f473dafa92799ecf19c825ec"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/backstage/backstage"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "@backstage/plugin-auth-backend: OAuth redirect URI allowlist bypass"
}
GHSA-WRJC-X8RR-H8H6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-23 19:38 – Updated: 2026-07-23 19:38This is a follow up to CVE-2025-68470. React Router was alerted to certain scenarios in which the fix there was incomplete so there still existed some scenarios where attacker supplied paths passed to navigation mechanisms could result in unexpected external navigations.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "react-router"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "6.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "7.18.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-53669"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-07-23T19:38:28Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "This is a follow up to [CVE-2025-68470](https://github.com/remix-run/react-router/security/advisories/GHSA-9jcx-v3wj-wh4m). React Router was alerted to certain scenarios in which the fix there was incomplete so there still existed some scenarios where attacker supplied paths passed to navigation mechanisms could result in unexpected external navigations.",
"id": "GHSA-wrjc-x8rr-h8h6",
"modified": "2026-07-23T19:38:28Z",
"published": "2026-07-23T19:38:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/remix-run/react-router/security/advisories/GHSA-wrjc-x8rr-h8h6"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/remix-run/react-router/pull/15176"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/remix-run/react-router"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/remix-run/react-router/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md#v7180"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/remix-run/react-router/releases/tag/react-router@7.18.0"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://github.com/remix-run/react-router/pull/15176"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "React Router: Open redirect via backslash in \u003cLink\u003e and useNavigate (CVE-2025-68470 bypass)"
}
GHSA-WRMM-R226-5WRQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-10 06:30 – Updated: 2026-02-10 06:30The BSP applications allow an unauthenticated user to inject malicious script content via user-controlled URL parameters that are not sufficiently sanitized. When a victim accesses a crafted URL, the injected script is executed in the victim�s browser, leading to a low impact on confidentiality and integrity, and no impact on the availability of the application.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-24323"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-10T04:16:04Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The BSP applications allow an unauthenticated user to inject malicious script content via user-controlled URL parameters that are not sufficiently sanitized. When a victim accesses a crafted URL, the injected script is executed in the victim\ufffds browser, leading to a low impact on confidentiality and integrity, and no impact on the availability of the application.",
"id": "GHSA-wrmm-r226-5wrq",
"modified": "2026-02-10T06:30:39Z",
"published": "2026-02-10T06:30:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-24323"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://me.sap.com/notes/3678417"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://url.sap/sapsecuritypatchday"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WRPF-CFWG-7HXV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-03-14 18:30 – Updated: 2023-03-14 18:30Microsoft Edge (Chromium-based) Webview2 Spoofing Vulnerability
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-24892"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-290",
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-03-14T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Microsoft Edge (Chromium-based) Webview2 Spoofing Vulnerability",
"id": "GHSA-wrpf-cfwg-7hxv",
"modified": "2023-03-14T18:30:21Z",
"published": "2023-03-14T18:30:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-24892"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2023-24892"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.