CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2308 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-QF8P-GPW6-R52G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:44 – Updated: 2024-04-04 00:09Cloud Foundry UAA Release, versions prior to 71.0, allows clients to be configured with an insecure redirect uri. Given a UAA client was configured with a wildcard in the redirect uri's subdomain, a remote malicious unauthenticated user can craft a phishing link to get a UAA access code from the victim.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-3788"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-04-25T21:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Cloud Foundry UAA Release, versions prior to 71.0, allows clients to be configured with an insecure redirect uri. Given a UAA client was configured with a wildcard in the redirect uri\u0027s subdomain, a remote malicious unauthenticated user can craft a phishing link to get a UAA access code from the victim.",
"id": "GHSA-qf8p-gpw6-r52g",
"modified": "2024-04-04T00:09:49Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:44:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-3788"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cloudfoundry.org/blog/cve-2019-3788"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QFPJ-FGMR-WW6V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-04 18:31 – Updated: 2024-10-04 18:31There is an unvalidated redirect vulnerability in Esri Portal for ArcGIS 10.8.1 - 11.2 that may allow a remote, unauthenticated attacker to craft a URL that could redirect a victim to an arbitrary website, simplifying phishing attacks.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-8148"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-10-04T18:15:08Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "There is an unvalidated redirect vulnerability in Esri Portal for ArcGIS 10.8.1 - 11.2 that may allow a remote, unauthenticated attacker to craft a URL that could redirect a victim to an arbitrary website, simplifying phishing attacks.",
"id": "GHSA-qfpj-fgmr-ww6v",
"modified": "2024-10-04T18:31:11Z",
"published": "2024-10-04T18:31:11Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-8148"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.esri.com/arcgis-blog/products/trust-arcgis/administration/portal-for-arcgis-security-2024-update-2-released"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QGFC-QPH5-P4Q4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:54 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:54IBM WebSphere Commerce Enterprise, Professional, Express, and Developer 6.0, 7.0, and 8.0 could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially-crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim. IBM X-Force ID: 127385.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-1398"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-07-10T16:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IBM WebSphere Commerce Enterprise, Professional, Express, and Developer 6.0, 7.0, and 8.0 could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially-crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim. IBM X-Force ID: 127385.",
"id": "GHSA-qgfc-qph5-p4q4",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:54:00Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:54:00Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-1398"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/127385"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg22005360"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/99491"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QGHG-MQ98-MJR4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:54 – Updated: 2022-05-24 16:54The startup.jsp resource in Jira before version 7.13.6, from version 8.0.0 before version 8.2.3, and from version 8.3.0 before version 8.3.2 allows remote attackers to redirect users to a different website which they may use as part of performing a phishing attack via an open redirect.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-11585"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-08-23T14:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The startup.jsp resource in Jira before version 7.13.6, from version 8.0.0 before version 8.2.3, and from version 8.3.0 before version 8.3.2 allows remote attackers to redirect users to a different website which they may use as part of performing a phishing attack via an open redirect.",
"id": "GHSA-qghg-mq98-mjr4",
"modified": "2022-05-24T16:54:36Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:54:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-11585"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jira.atlassian.com/browse/JRASERVER-69784"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QGM5-36JW-P76Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:56 – Updated: 2023-02-13 21:31SPIP before 3.1.11 and 3.2 before 3.2.5 mishandles redirect URLs in ecrire/inc/headers.php with a %0D, %0A, or %20 character.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-16393"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-09-17T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "SPIP before 3.1.11 and 3.2 before 3.2.5 mishandles redirect URLs in ecrire/inc/headers.php with a %0D, %0A, or %20 character.",
"id": "GHSA-qgm5-36jw-p76q",
"modified": "2023-02-13T21:31:05Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:56:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-16393"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://blog.spip.net/Mise-a-jour-CRITIQUE-de-securite-Sortie-de-SPIP-3-2-5-et-SPIP-3-1-11.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://core.spip.net/issues/4362"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.spip.net/SPIP/spip/commit/0b832408b0aabd5b94a81e261e9413c0f31a19f1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2019/10/msg00038.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://seclists.org/bugtraq/2019/Sep/40"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/4536-1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2019/dsa-4532"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QGVM-VJ48-358P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-15 21:31 – Updated: 2025-05-20 21:30The wccp-pro WordPress plugin before 15.3 contains an open-redirect flaw via the referrer parameter, allowing redirection of users to external sites
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-6690"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-15T20:15:55Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The wccp-pro WordPress plugin before 15.3 contains an open-redirect flaw via the referrer parameter, allowing redirection of users to external sites",
"id": "GHSA-qgvm-vj48-358p",
"modified": "2025-05-20T21:30:38Z",
"published": "2025-05-15T21:31:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-6690"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wpscan.com/vulnerability/09c6848d-30dc-4382-ae74-b470f586e142"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QH6X-J82H-VPF9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-16 00:30 – Updated: 2024-04-16 18:05An SSRF (Server-Side Request Forgery) vulnerability exists in the gradio-app/gradio repository, allowing attackers to scan and identify open ports within an internal network. By manipulating the 'file' parameter in a GET request, an attacker can discern the status of internal ports based on the presence of a 'Location' header or a 'File not allowed' error in the response.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "gradio"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "4.10.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-1183"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-04-16T18:05:45Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-04-16T00:15:07Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An SSRF (Server-Side Request Forgery) vulnerability exists in the gradio-app/gradio repository, allowing attackers to scan and identify open ports within an internal network. By manipulating the \u0027file\u0027 parameter in a GET request, an attacker can discern the status of internal ports based on the presence of a \u0027Location\u0027 header or a \u0027File not allowed\u0027 error in the response.",
"id": "GHSA-qh6x-j82h-vpf9",
"modified": "2024-04-16T18:05:45Z",
"published": "2024-04-16T00:30:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-1183"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/gradio-app/gradio/commit/2ad3d9e7ec6c8eeea59774265b44f11df7394bb4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/gradio-app/gradio/commit/7ba8c5da45b004edd12c0460be9222f5b5f5f055"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/gradio-app/gradio"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://huntr.com/bounties/103434f9-87d2-42ea-9907-194a3c25007c"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "gradio Server-Side Request Forgery vulnerability"
}
GHSA-QH7Q-6QM3-653W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-05 16:32 – Updated: 2026-06-05 17:55Summary
The ?next=... URL query parameter has an open redirection vulnerability. In jupyter_server<=2.17.0, this URL query parameter allows redirection to arbitrary external domains, which can be exploited to facilitate phishing attacks on server users.
Details
The vulnerability is caused by insufficient validation in the LoginFormHandler._redirect_safe() method.
- Source code reference: https://github.com/jupyter-server/jupyter_server/blob/987ebdd5e188cdc49751b01a0d6782d686492a53/jupyter_server/auth/login.py#L33-L76
This vulnerability was originally reported by Noriaki Iwasaki. All discovery credit goes to them.
PoC
- Navigate to
http://localhost:8888/login?next=///google.com - Observe that the user is redirected to
google.comdespite it being an external domain.
The external domain passed in the ?next parameter may be replaced with a malicious lookalike to facilitate phishing attacks. Jupyter Server deployments served on a public domain are especially vulnerable, as prod.company.com may be redirected to a look-alike URL such as prod.company.dev.
Impact
This vulnerability affects all users, especially enterprise users who work with sensitive/confidential data.
Patches
Jupyter Server 2.18+
Workaround
None.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 2.17.0"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "jupyter-server"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.18.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-61669"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-05T16:32:48Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-05T16:16:10Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Summary\n\nThe `?next=...` URL query parameter has an open redirection vulnerability. In `jupyter_server\u003c=2.17.0`, this URL query parameter allows redirection to arbitrary external domains, which can be exploited to facilitate phishing attacks on server users.\n\n### Details\n\nThe vulnerability is caused by insufficient validation in the `LoginFormHandler._redirect_safe()` method.\n\n- Source code reference: https://github.com/jupyter-server/jupyter_server/blob/987ebdd5e188cdc49751b01a0d6782d686492a53/jupyter_server/auth/login.py#L33-L76\n\nThis vulnerability was originally reported by Noriaki Iwasaki. All discovery credit goes to them.\n\n### PoC\n\n1. Navigate to `http://localhost:8888/login?next=///google.com`\n2. Observe that the user is redirected to `google.com` despite it being an external domain.\n\nThe external domain passed in the `?next` parameter may be replaced with a malicious lookalike to facilitate phishing attacks. Jupyter Server deployments served on a public domain are especially vulnerable, as `prod.company.com` may be redirected to a look-alike URL such as `prod.company.dev`. \n\n### Impact\n\nThis vulnerability affects all users, especially enterprise users who work with sensitive/confidential data.\n\n### Patches\n\nJupyter Server 2.18+\n\n### Workaround\n\nNone.",
"id": "GHSA-qh7q-6qm3-653w",
"modified": "2026-06-05T17:55:47Z",
"published": "2026-05-05T16:32:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jupyter-server/jupyter_server/security/advisories/GHSA-qh7q-6qm3-653w"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-61669"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/jupyter-server/jupyter_server"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/jupyter-server/PYSEC-2026-67.yaml"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:H/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Jupyter Server has an open redirection vulnerability in `next` query parameter"
}
GHSA-QHFC-4CCC-96WG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:48 – Updated: 2022-07-30 00:00Insufficient policy enforcement in service workers in Google Chrome prior to 74.0.3729.108 allowed a remote attacker to bypass navigation restrictions via a crafted HTML page.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-5823"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-06-27T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Insufficient policy enforcement in service workers in Google Chrome prior to 74.0.3729.108 allowed a remote attacker to bypass navigation restrictions via a crafted HTML page.",
"id": "GHSA-qhfc-4ccc-96wg",
"modified": "2022-07-30T00:00:24Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:48:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-5823"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2019/04/stable-channel-update-for-desktop_23.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://crbug.com/930154"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/CPM7VPE27DUNJLXM4F5PAAEFFWOEND6X"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://seclists.org/bugtraq/2019/Aug/19"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/201908-18"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2019/dsa-4500"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2019-06/msg00085.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QHJ7-CVPP-4WM8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-17 18:35 – Updated: 2026-06-17 18:35Vulnerability in the WebLogic Server product of Oracle Fusion Middleware (component: Console). Supported versions that are affected are 12.2.1.4.0 and 14.1.1.0.0. Difficult to exploit vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via HTTP to compromise WebLogic Server. Successful attacks require human interaction from a person other than the attacker and while the vulnerability is in WebLogic Server, attacks may significantly impact additional products (scope change). Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in takeover of WebLogic Server. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 8.3 (Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-35302"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-17T10:40:22Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Vulnerability in the WebLogic Server product of Oracle Fusion Middleware (component: Console). Supported versions that are affected are 12.2.1.4.0 and 14.1.1.0.0. Difficult to exploit vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via HTTP to compromise WebLogic Server. Successful attacks require human interaction from a person other than the attacker and while the vulnerability is in WebLogic Server, attacks may significantly impact additional products (scope change). Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in takeover of WebLogic Server. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 8.3 (Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H).",
"id": "GHSA-qhj7-cvpp-4wm8",
"modified": "2026-06-17T18:35:24Z",
"published": "2026-06-17T18:35:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-35302"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cspujun2026.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.