CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2306 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-8HP3-RMR7-XH88
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-17 06:30 – Updated: 2026-03-04 01:57All versions of the package github.com/greenpau/caddy-security are vulnerable to Open Redirect via the redirect_url parameter. An attacker could perform a phishing attack and trick users into visiting a malicious website by crafting a convincing URL with this parameter. To exploit this vulnerability, the user must take an action, such as clicking on a portal button or using the browser’s back button, to trigger the redirection.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/greenpau/caddy-security"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "1.1.23"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-21497"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-02-20T23:47:36Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-02-17T05:15:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "All versions of the package github.com/greenpau/caddy-security are vulnerable to Open Redirect via the redirect_url parameter. An attacker could perform a phishing attack and trick users into visiting a malicious website by crafting a convincing URL with this parameter. To exploit this vulnerability, the user must take an action, such as clicking on a portal button or using the browser\u2019s back button, to trigger the redirection.",
"id": "GHSA-8hp3-rmr7-xh88",
"modified": "2026-03-04T01:57:19Z",
"published": "2024-02-17T06:30:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-21497"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/greenpau/caddy-security/issues/268"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://blog.trailofbits.com/2023/09/18/security-flaws-in-an-sso-plugin-for-caddy"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-GOLANG-GITHUBCOMGREENPAUCADDYSECURITY-6249861"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "github.com/greenpau/caddy-security"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Open Redirect in github.com/greenpau/caddy-security"
}
GHSA-8JHW-6PJJ-8723
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-30 16:49 – Updated: 2024-12-30 18:45Summary
An open redirect vulnerability has been identified in the verify email endpoint of Better Auth, potentially allowing attackers to redirect users to malicious websites. This issue affects users relying on email verification links generated by the library.
Affected Versions
- All versions prior to v1.1.6.
Impact
Attackers could craft malicious email verification links that exploit the redirect functionality to send users to untrusted domains. This can result in:
- Phishing attacks – Users may unknowingly enter sensitive information on fake login pages.
- Reputation damage – Trust issues for applications using Better Auth.
Vulnerability Details
The verify email callback endpoint accepts a callbackURL parameter. Unlike other verification methods, email verification only uses JWT to verify and redirect without proper validation of the target domain. The origin checker is bypassed in this scenario because it only checks for POST requests. An attacker can manipulate this parameter to redirect users to arbitrary URLs controlled by the attacker.
Example Exploit:
https://example.com/auth/verify-email?token=abcd1234&callbackURL=https://malicious-site.com
Patches
Upgrade to Better Auth v1.1.6 or later. This version enforces domain validation for callbackURL for /verify-email path and for all other GET endpoints.
Workarounds
You can also use hooks to pre-check URLs in your auth instance to prevent this without upgrading:
const auth = betterAuth({
hooks: {
before: (ctx) => {
if (ctx.path === "/verify-email") {
const callbackURL = ctx.query.callbackURL; // Check if this is a trusted callback URL or not
}
}
}
})
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "better-auth"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.1.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-56734"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-12-30T16:49:12Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-12-30T17:15:10Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "## Summary\nAn **open redirect vulnerability** has been identified in the **verify email endpoint** of Better Auth, potentially allowing attackers to redirect users to malicious websites. This issue affects users relying on email verification links generated by the library.\n\n## Affected Versions\n- All versions prior to **v1.1.6**.\n\n## Impact\nAttackers could craft malicious email verification links that exploit the redirect functionality to send users to untrusted domains. This can result in:\n\n- **Phishing attacks** \u2013 Users may unknowingly enter sensitive information on fake login pages.\n- **Reputation damage** \u2013 Trust issues for applications using Better Auth.\n\n## Vulnerability Details\nThe verify email callback endpoint accepts a `callbackURL` parameter. Unlike other verification methods, email verification only uses JWT to verify and redirect without proper validation of the target domain. The origin checker is bypassed in this scenario because it only checks for `POST` requests. An attacker can manipulate this parameter to redirect users to arbitrary URLs controlled by the attacker.\n\n**Example Exploit:**\n```\nhttps://example.com/auth/verify-email?token=abcd1234\u0026callbackURL=https://malicious-site.com\n```\n\n## Patches\nUpgrade to Better Auth **v1.1.6** or later. This version enforces domain validation for `callbackURL` for `/verify-email` path and for all other `GET` endpoints.\n\n## Workarounds\nYou can also use hooks to pre-check URLs in your auth instance to prevent this without upgrading:\n\n```ts\nconst auth = betterAuth({\n hooks: {\n before: (ctx) =\u003e {\n if (ctx.path === \"/verify-email\") {\n const callbackURL = ctx.query.callbackURL; // Check if this is a trusted callback URL or not\n }\n }\n }\n})\n```",
"id": "GHSA-8jhw-6pjj-8723",
"modified": "2024-12-30T18:45:17Z",
"published": "2024-12-30T16:49:12Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/better-auth/better-auth/security/advisories/GHSA-8jhw-6pjj-8723"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-56734"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/better-auth/better-auth/commit/deb3d73aea90d0468d92723f4511542b593e522f"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/better-auth/better-auth"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Better Auth has an Open Redirect Vulnerability in Verify Email Endpoint"
}
GHSA-8M9J-2F32-2VX4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-07-31 20:54 – Updated: 2024-08-02 15:58Impact
What kind of vulnerability is it? Who is impacted?
An open redirect vulnerability exist in MobSF authentication view.
PoC 1. Go to http://127.0.0.1:8000/login/?next=//afine.com in a web browser. 2. Enter credentials and press "Sign In". 3. You will be redirected to afine.com
Users who are not using authentication are not impacted.
Patches
Has the problem been patched? What versions should users upgrade to?
Update to MobSF v4.0.5
Workarounds
Is there a way for users to fix or remediate the vulnerability without upgrading? Disable Authentication
References
Are there any links users can visit to find out more? Fix: https://github.com/MobSF/Mobile-Security-Framework-MobSF/commit/fdaad81314f393d324c1ede79627e9d47986c8c8
Reporter
Marcin Węgłowski (AFINE Team)
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "mobsf"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "4.0.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-41955"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-07-31T20:54:08Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-07-31T20:15:06Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\n_What kind of vulnerability is it? Who is impacted?_\n\nAn open redirect vulnerability exist in MobSF authentication view. \n\nPoC\n1. Go to http://127.0.0.1:8000/login/?next=//afine.com in a web browser.\n2. Enter credentials and press \"Sign In\".\n3. You will be redirected to [afine.com](http://afine.com/)\n\nUsers who are not using authentication are not impacted.\n\n### Patches\n_Has the problem been patched? What versions should users upgrade to?_\n\nUpdate to MobSF v4.0.5\n\n### Workarounds\n_Is there a way for users to fix or remediate the vulnerability without upgrading?_\nDisable Authentication\n\n### References\n_Are there any links users can visit to find out more?_\nFix: https://github.com/MobSF/Mobile-Security-Framework-MobSF/commit/fdaad81314f393d324c1ede79627e9d47986c8c8\n\n### Reporter\nMarcin W\u0119g\u0142owski (AFINE Team)\n",
"id": "GHSA-8m9j-2f32-2vx4",
"modified": "2024-08-02T15:58:47Z",
"published": "2024-07-31T20:54:08Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/MobSF/Mobile-Security-Framework-MobSF/security/advisories/GHSA-8m9j-2f32-2vx4"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-41955"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/MobSF/Mobile-Security-Framework-MobSF/commit/fdaad81314f393d324c1ede79627e9d47986c8c8"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/MobSF/Mobile-Security-Framework-MobSF"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:A/VC:L/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "MobSF vulnerable to Open Redirect in Login Redirect"
}
GHSA-8MC3-F8RM-5Q5Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-11-09 12:00 – Updated: 2022-11-09 19:02SAP NetWeaver ABAP Server and ABAP Platform allows an unauthenticated attacker to redirect users to a malicious site due to insufficient URL validation. This could lead to the user being tricked to disclose personal information.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-41215"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-11-08T22:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "SAP NetWeaver ABAP Server and ABAP Platform allows an unauthenticated attacker to redirect users to a malicious site due to insufficient URL validation. This could lead to the user being tricked to disclose personal information.",
"id": "GHSA-8mc3-f8rm-5q5q",
"modified": "2022-11-09T19:02:24Z",
"published": "2022-11-09T12:00:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-41215"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://launchpad.support.sap.com/#/notes/3251202"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.sap.com/documents/2022/02/fa865ea4-167e-0010-bca6-c68f7e60039b.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8MGX-H5P4-XXXM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:27 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:27download.cgi in Pulse Secure Pulse Connect Secure 8.1RX before 8.1R13 and 8.3RX before 8.3R4 and Pulse Policy Secure through 5.2RX before 5.2R10 and 5.4RX before 5.4R4 have an Open Redirect Vulnerability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-14366"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-09-06T23:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "download.cgi in Pulse Secure Pulse Connect Secure 8.1RX before 8.1R13 and 8.3RX before 8.3R4 and Pulse Policy Secure through 5.2RX before 5.2R10 and 5.4RX before 5.4R4 have an Open Redirect Vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-8mgx-h5p4-xxxm",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:27:08Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:27:08Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-14366"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://kb.pulsesecure.net/articles/Pulse_Security_Advisories/SA43877"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8MMJ-XMJ8-554P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-14 21:32 – Updated: 2026-07-14 21:32Adobe Commerce is affected by an Improper Redirect (Open Redirect) vulnerability that could result in a Security feature bypass. An attacker could construct a malicious URL that redirects a victim to an attacker-controlled site, potentially enabling credential theft and account takeover. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction in that a victim must click on a malicious link.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-48000"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-14T20:17:05Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Adobe Commerce is affected by an Improper Redirect (Open Redirect) vulnerability that could result in a Security feature bypass. An attacker could construct a malicious URL that redirects a victim to an attacker-controlled site, potentially enabling credential theft and account takeover. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction in that a victim must click on a malicious link.",
"id": "GHSA-8mmj-xmj8-554p",
"modified": "2026-07-14T21:32:18Z",
"published": "2026-07-14T21:32:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-48000"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/magento/apsb26-73.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8MP4-RXJ5-MMQW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:37 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:37Dell Wyse Management Suite versions prior to 3.1 contain an open redirect vulnerability. A remote unauthenticated attacker could potentially exploit this vulnerability to redirect application users to arbitrary web URLs by tricking the victim users to click on maliciously crafted links. The vulnerability could be used to conduct phishing attacks that cause users to unknowingly visit malicious sites.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-29498"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-01-04T22:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Dell Wyse Management Suite versions prior to 3.1 contain an open redirect vulnerability. A remote unauthenticated attacker could potentially exploit this vulnerability to redirect application users to arbitrary web URLs by tricking the victim users to click on maliciously crafted links. The vulnerability could be used to conduct phishing attacks that cause users to unknowingly visit malicious sites.",
"id": "GHSA-8mp4-rxj5-mmqw",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:37:53Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:37:53Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-29498"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dell.com/support/kbdoc/en-us/000180983/dsa-2020-282"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-8P6J-22M6-97X2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-17 21:30 – Updated: 2025-12-19 21:30AVideo versions prior to 20.0 contain an open redirect vulnerability caused by insufficient validation of the siteRedirectUri parameter during user registration. Attackers can redirect users to external sites, facilitating phishing attacks.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-34440"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-17T20:15:54Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "AVideo versions prior to 20.0 contain an open redirect vulnerability caused by insufficient validation of the siteRedirectUri parameter during user registration. Attackers can redirect users to external sites, facilitating phishing attacks.",
"id": "GHSA-8p6j-22m6-97x2",
"modified": "2025-12-19T21:30:18Z",
"published": "2025-12-17T21:30:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-34440"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/WWBN/AVideo/commit/4a53ab2056"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/WWBN/AVideo/commit/77c70019b0"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://chocapikk.com/posts/2025/avideo-security-vulnerabilities"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/avideo-open-redirect-via-siteredirecturi-parameter"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:A/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-8PQ2-WP8V-HCWC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:31 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:31An open redirect vulnerability in LabKey Server Community Edition before 18.3.0-61806.763 via the /__r1/ returnURL parameter allows an unauthenticated remote attacker to redirect users to arbitrary web sites.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-3912"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-01-30T20:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An open redirect vulnerability in LabKey Server Community Edition before 18.3.0-61806.763 via the /__r1/ returnURL parameter allows an unauthenticated remote attacker to redirect users to arbitrary web sites.",
"id": "GHSA-8pq2-wp8v-hcwc",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:31:15Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:31:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-3912"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.tenable.com/security/research/tra-2019-03"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8PV8-J6GQ-48M4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-20 18:31 – Updated: 2026-06-20 18:31Capgo before 12.128.2 contains an open redirect vulnerability in the confirm-signup endpoint that allows attackers to redirect users to arbitrary external websites. The confirmation_url parameter is not validated, enabling attackers to craft malicious links for phishing and credential harvesting attacks.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-56332"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-20T16:17:06Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Capgo before 12.128.2 contains an open redirect vulnerability in the confirm-signup endpoint that allows attackers to redirect users to arbitrary external websites. The confirmation_url parameter is not validated, enabling attackers to craft malicious links for phishing and credential harvesting attacks.",
"id": "GHSA-8pv8-j6gq-48m4",
"modified": "2026-06-20T18:31:29Z",
"published": "2026-06-20T18:31:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Cap-go/capgo/security/advisories/GHSA-24q8-ghqq-m8cj"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-56332"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/capgo-open-redirect-via-confirmation-url-parameter"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:L/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.