CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2305 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-5H5M-FJ48-QPJW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 01:19 – Updated: 2023-07-26 20:03phpMyAdmin 4.0, 4.4, and 4.6 are vulnerable to an open redirect weakness
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "phpmyadmin/phpmyadmin"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.6"
},
{
"fixed": "4.6.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "phpmyadmin/phpmyadmin"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.4"
},
{
"fixed": "4.4.15.10"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "phpmyadmin/phpmyadmin"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.0"
},
{
"fixed": "4.0.10.19"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-1000013"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-07-26T20:03:27Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2017-07-17T13:18:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "phpMyAdmin 4.0, 4.4, and 4.6 are vulnerable to an open redirect weakness",
"id": "GHSA-5h5m-fj48-qpjw",
"modified": "2023-07-26T20:03:27Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T01:19:05Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-1000013"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210123220100/http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/95720"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.phpmyadmin.net/security/PMASA-2017-1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "phpMyAdmin Open Redirect"
}
GHSA-5HG3-6C2F-F3WR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2018-10-04 21:58 – Updated: 2024-09-17 15:06django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware in Django 1.11.x before 1.11.15 and 2.0.x before 2.0.8 has an Open Redirect.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "Django"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.0.8"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "Django"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.11"
},
{
"fixed": "1.11.15"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-14574"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2020-06-16T21:16:20Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "`django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware` in Django 1.11.x before 1.11.15 and 2.0.x before 2.0.8 has an Open Redirect.",
"id": "GHSA-5hg3-6c2f-f3wr",
"modified": "2024-09-17T15:06:31Z",
"published": "2018-10-04T21:58:46Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-14574"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/django/django/commit/6fffc3c6d420e44f4029d5643f38d00a39b08525"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/django/django/commit/c4e5ff7fdb5fce447675e90291fd33fddd052b3c"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/django/django/commit/d6eaee092709aad477a9894598496c6deec532ff"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2019:0265"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-5hg3-6c2f-f3wr"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/django/PYSEC-2018-2.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/3726-1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190901075632/http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1041403"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200227115315/http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/104970"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2018/dsa-4264"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2018/aug/01/security-releases"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Django open redirect"
}
GHSA-5HQ2-XF89-9JXQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-05-05 19:48 – Updated: 2023-08-08 15:56There is a possible Open Redirect Vulnerability in Action Pack.
Versions Affected: >= v6.1.0.rc2 Not affected: < v6.1.0.rc2 Fixed Versions: 6.1.3.2
Impact
This is similar to CVE-2021-22881. Specially crafted Host headers in combination with certain "allowed host" formats can cause the Host Authorization middleware in Action Pack to redirect users to a malicious website.
Since rails/rails@9bc7ea5, strings in config.hosts that do not have a leading dot are converted to regular expressions without proper escaping. This causes, for example, config.hosts << "sub.example.com" to permit a request with a Host header value of sub-example.com.
Releases
The fixed releases are available at the normal locations.
Workarounds
The following monkey patch put in an initializer can be used as a workaround.
class ActionDispatch::HostAuthorization::Permissions
def sanitize_string(host)
if host.start_with?(".")
/\A(.+\.)?#{Regexp.escape(host[1..-1])}\z/i
else
/\A#{Regexp.escape host}\z/i
end
end
end
Patches
To aid users who aren't able to upgrade immediately we have provided patches for the two supported release series. They are in git-am format and consist of a single changeset.
- 6-1-open-redirect.patch - Patch for 6.1 series
Please note that only the 6.1.Z, 6.0.Z, and 5.2.Z series are supported at present. Users of earlier unsupported releases are advised to upgrade as soon as possible as we cannot guarantee the continued availability of security fixes for unsupported releases.
Credits
Thanks Jonathan Hefner (https://hackerone.com/jonathanhefner) for reporting this bug!
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "RubyGems",
"name": "actionpack"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "6.1.0.rc2"
},
{
"fixed": "6.1.3.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-22903"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-05-05T19:47:50Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2021-06-11T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "There is a possible Open Redirect Vulnerability in Action Pack.\n\nVersions Affected: \u003e= v6.1.0.rc2\nNot affected: \u003c v6.1.0.rc2\nFixed Versions: 6.1.3.2\n\nImpact\n------\nThis is similar to CVE-2021-22881. Specially crafted Host headers in combination with certain \"allowed host\" formats can cause the Host Authorization middleware in Action Pack to redirect users to a malicious\nwebsite.\n\nSince rails/rails@9bc7ea5, strings in config.hosts that do not have a leading dot are converted to regular expressions without proper escaping. This causes, for example, config.hosts \u003c\u003c \"sub.example.com\" to permit a request with a Host header value of sub-example.com.\n\n\nReleases\n--------\nThe fixed releases are available at the normal locations.\n\nWorkarounds\n-----------\nThe following monkey patch put in an initializer can be used as a workaround.\n\n```ruby\nclass ActionDispatch::HostAuthorization::Permissions\n def sanitize_string(host)\n if host.start_with?(\".\")\n /\\A(.+\\.)?#{Regexp.escape(host[1..-1])}\\z/i\n else\n /\\A#{Regexp.escape host}\\z/i\n end\n end\nend\n```\n\nPatches\n-------\nTo aid users who aren\u0027t able to upgrade immediately we have provided patches for the two supported release series. They are in git-am format and consist of a single changeset.\n\n* 6-1-open-redirect.patch - Patch for 6.1 series\n\nPlease note that only the 6.1.Z, 6.0.Z, and 5.2.Z series are supported at present. Users of earlier unsupported releases are advised to upgrade as soon as possible as we cannot guarantee the continued availability of security fixes for unsupported releases.\n\nCredits\n-------\n\nThanks Jonathan Hefner (https://hackerone.com/jonathanhefner) for reporting this bug!",
"id": "GHSA-5hq2-xf89-9jxq",
"modified": "2023-08-08T15:56:26Z",
"published": "2021-05-05T19:48:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-22903"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://hackerone.com/reports/1148025"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://discuss.rubyonrails.org/t/cve-2021-22903-possible-open-redirect-vulnerability-in-action-pack/77867"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v6.1.3.2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/actionpack/CVE-2021-22903.yml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://groups.google.com/g/rubyonrails-security/c/8TxqXEtgSF0"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Possible Open Redirect Vulnerability in Action Pack"
}
GHSA-5HW2-3847-332F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:44 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:44SAP Netweaver Application Server Java (Applications based on WebDynpro Java) versions 7.00, 7.10, 7.11, 7.20, 7.30, 7.31, 7.40, 7.50, allow an attacker to redirect users to a malicious site due to Reverse Tabnabbing vulnerabilities.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-21491"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-03-10T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "SAP Netweaver Application Server Java (Applications based on WebDynpro Java) versions 7.00, 7.10, 7.11, 7.20, 7.30, 7.31, 7.40, 7.50, allow an attacker to redirect users to a malicious site due to Reverse Tabnabbing vulnerabilities.",
"id": "GHSA-5hw2-3847-332f",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:44:13Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:44:13Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-21491"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://launchpad.support.sap.com/#/notes/2976947"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wiki.scn.sap.com/wiki/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=571343107"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-5HX6-QHRR-8VV5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:47 – Updated: 2022-10-12 19:00This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on vulnerable installations of Samsung Galaxy S9 prior to January 2019 Security Update (SMR-JAN-2019 - SVE-2018-13467). User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must connect to a wireless network. The specific flaw exists within the captive portal. By manipulating HTML, an attacker can force a page redirection. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-7476.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-6741"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-06-03T19:29:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on vulnerable installations of Samsung Galaxy S9 prior to January 2019 Security Update (SMR-JAN-2019 - SVE-2018-13467). User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must connect to a wireless network. The specific flaw exists within the captive portal. By manipulating HTML, an attacker can force a page redirection. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-7476.",
"id": "GHSA-5hx6-qhrr-8vv5",
"modified": "2022-10-12T19:00:38Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:47:04Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-6741"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-19-254"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5J2J-3QXV-FCMX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-27 21:30 – Updated: 2025-01-28 21:31An issue in Tencent Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd WeSing iOS v9.3.39 allows attackers to access sensitive user information via supplying a crafted link.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-56962"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-01-27T19:15:17Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue in Tencent Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd WeSing iOS v9.3.39 allows attackers to access sensitive user information via supplying a crafted link.",
"id": "GHSA-5j2j-3qxv-fcmx",
"modified": "2025-01-28T21:31:02Z",
"published": "2025-01-27T21:30:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-56962"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ZhouZiyi1/Vuls/blob/main/241227-WeSing/241227-WeSing.pdf"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5J8M-6W2F-56VM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-08 09:30 – Updated: 2024-10-08 09:30The web server of affected devices does not properly validate input that is used for a user redirection. This could allow an attacker to make the server redirect the legitimate user to an attacker-chosen URL. For a successful exploit, the legitimate user must actively click on an attacker-crafted link.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-46886"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-10-08T09:15:16Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The web server of affected devices does not properly validate input that is used for a user redirection. This could allow an attacker to make the server redirect the legitimate user to an attacker-chosen URL. For a successful exploit, the legitimate user must actively click on an attacker-crafted link.",
"id": "GHSA-5j8m-6w2f-56vm",
"modified": "2024-10-08T09:30:54Z",
"published": "2024-10-08T09:30:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-46886"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-876787.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:L/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-5JCH-XHW4-R43V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-29 20:07 – Updated: 2025-09-01 20:06Summary
It is possible to redirect a user to another origin if the "proceed_to" value in the session store is set to a protocol-relative URL.
Details
The google_sign_in gem persists an optional URL for redirection after authentication. If this URL is set to a protocol-relative URL, it improperly passes the "same origin" check, and it's possible for the user to be redirected to another origin after authentication, possibly resulting in exposure of authentication information if this attack is chained with other attacks.
Normally the value of this URL is only written and read by the library or the calling application. However, it may be possible to set this session value from a malicious site with a form submission.
Impact
Any Rails applications using the google_sign_in gem may be vulnerable, if this vector can be chained with another attack that is able to modify the OAuth2 request parameters.
Workarounds
No known workarounds.
Credits
This issue was responsibly reported by Hackerone user muntrive.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "RubyGems",
"name": "google_sign_in"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.3.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-58067"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-08-29T20:07:47Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-08-29T21:15:36Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "## Summary\n\nIt is possible to redirect a user to another origin if the \"proceed_to\" value in the session store is set to a protocol-relative URL.\n\n## Details\n\nThe google_sign_in gem persists an optional URL for redirection after authentication. If this URL is set to a protocol-relative URL, it improperly passes the \"same origin\" check, and it\u0027s possible for the user to be redirected to another origin after authentication, possibly resulting in exposure of authentication information if this attack is chained with other attacks.\n\nNormally the value of this URL is only written and read by the library or the calling application. However, it may be possible to set this session value from a malicious site with a form submission.\n\n## Impact\n\nAny Rails applications using the google_sign_in gem may be vulnerable, if this vector can be chained with another attack that is able to modify the OAuth2 request parameters.\n\n## Workarounds\n\nNo known workarounds.\n\n## Credits\n\nThis issue was responsibly reported by Hackerone user [muntrive](https://hackerone.com/muntrive?type=user).",
"id": "GHSA-5jch-xhw4-r43v",
"modified": "2025-09-01T20:06:09Z",
"published": "2025-08-29T20:07:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/basecamp/google_sign_in/security/advisories/GHSA-5jch-xhw4-r43v"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-58067"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/basecamp/google_sign_in/pull/75"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/basecamp/google_sign_in/commit/e97aef4626b1bcbd2c6f01f7dd25f12ac855d4cc"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/basecamp/google_sign_in"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/basecamp/google_sign_in/releases/tag/v1.3.1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/google_sign_in/CVE-2025-58067.yml"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Google Sign-In for Rails allowed redirect to protocol-relative URI"
}
GHSA-5JF9-CM59-7568
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-11-09 12:00 – Updated: 2022-11-09 19:02SAP Financial Consolidation - version 1010, does not sufficiently encode user-controlled input which may allow an unauthenticated attacker to inject a web script via a GET request. On successful exploitation, an attacker can view or modify information causing a limited impact on confidentiality and integrity of the application.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-41260"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601",
"CWE-79"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-11-08T22:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "SAP Financial Consolidation - version 1010, does not sufficiently encode user-controlled input which may allow an unauthenticated attacker to inject a web script via a GET request. On successful exploitation, an attacker can view or modify information causing a limited impact on confidentiality and integrity of the application.",
"id": "GHSA-5jf9-cm59-7568",
"modified": "2022-11-09T19:02:24Z",
"published": "2022-11-09T12:00:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-41260"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://launchpad.support.sap.com/#/notes/3260708"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.sap.com/documents/2022/02/fa865ea4-167e-0010-bca6-c68f7e60039b.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5JHH-P449-3XVH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 02:20 – Updated: 2022-05-17 02:20XOOPS Core 2.5.8 has a stored URL redirect bypass vulnerability in /modules/profile/index.php because of the URL filter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-12138"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-08-02T05:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "XOOPS Core 2.5.8 has a stored URL redirect bypass vulnerability in /modules/profile/index.php because of the URL filter.",
"id": "GHSA-5jhh-p449-3xvh",
"modified": "2022-05-17T02:20:12Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T02:20:12Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-12138"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/XOOPS/XoopsCore25/issues/523"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/100091"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.