Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-434
Weakness AllowedUnrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product allows the upload or transfer of dangerous file types that are automatically processed within its environment.
Mapping guidance
This CWE entry is at the Base level of abstraction, which is a preferred level of abstraction for mapping to the root causes of vulnerabilities.
Carefully read both the name and description to ensure that this mapping is an appropriate fit. Do not try to 'force' a mapping to a lower-level Base/Variant simply to comply with this preferred level of abstraction.
Relationships and members
Modes of introduction
Implementation
Architecture and Design
OMISSION: This weakness is caused by missing a security tactic during the architecture and design phase.
Detection methods
Dynamic Analysis with Automated Results Interpretation
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Web Application Scanner
Web Services Scanner
Database Scanners
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Dynamic Analysis with Manual Results Interpretation
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Fuzz Tester
Framework-based Fuzzer
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Manual Static Analysis - Source Code
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Focused Manual Spotcheck - Focused manual analysis of source
Manual Source Code Review (not inspections)
Effectiveness: High
Automated Static Analysis - Source Code
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Source code Weakness Analyzer
Context-configured Source Code Weakness Analyzer
Effectiveness: High
Architecture or Design Review
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Formal Methods / Correct-By-Construction
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Inspection (IEEE 1028 standard) (can apply to requirements, design, source code, etc.)
Effectiveness: High
Notes
Relationship
This can have a chaining relationship with incomplete denylist / permissive allowlist errors when the product tries, but fails, to properly limit which types of files are allowed (CWE-183, CWE-184).
This can also overlap multiple interpretation errors for intermediaries, e.g. anti-virus products that do not remove or quarantine attachments with certain file extensions that can be processed by client systems.
Content history
Submission: PLOVER
· 2006-07-19
· CWE Draft 3
Contribution: Abhi Balakrishnan
· 2024-02-29
· CWE 4.15
Provided diagram to improve CWE usability
Modification: Eric Dalci
· Cigital
· 2008-07-01
· CWE 1.0
updated Time_of_Introduction
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2008-09-08
· CWE 1.0
updated Alternate_Terms, Relationships, Other_Notes, Taxonomy_Mappings
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2009-01-12
· CWE 1.2
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2009-12-28
· CWE 1.7
updated Applicable_Platforms, Functional_Areas, Likelihood_of_Exploit, Potential_Mitigations, Time_of_Introduction
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-02-16
· CWE 1.8
converted from Compound_Element to Weakness
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-02-16
· CWE 1.8
updated Alternate_Terms, Applicable_Platforms, Common_Consequences, Demonstrative_Examples, Name, Other_Notes, Potential_Mitigations, References, Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationship_Notes, Relationships, Type, Weakness_Ordinalities
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-04-05
· CWE 1.8.1
updated Related_Attack_Patterns
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-06-21
· CWE 1.9
updated References, Relationship_Notes
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-09-27
· CWE 1.10
updated Potential_Mitigations
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-12-13
· CWE 1.11
updated Potential_Mitigations
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2011-06-27
· CWE 2.0
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2011-09-13
· CWE 2.1
updated Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2012-05-11
· CWE 2.2
updated References, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2012-10-30
· CWE 2.3
updated Potential_Mitigations
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2014-07-30
· CWE 2.8
updated Detection_Factors
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2015-12-07
· CWE 2.9
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2017-11-08
· CWE 3.0
updated Affected_Resources, Applicable_Platforms, Likelihood_of_Exploit, Modes_of_Introduction, References, Relationships, Weakness_Ordinalities
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2019-01-03
· CWE 3.2
updated References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2019-06-20
· CWE 3.3
updated Related_Attack_Patterns
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2019-09-19
· CWE 3.4
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2020-02-24
· CWE 4.0
updated Applicable_Platforms, Potential_Mitigations
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2020-06-25
· CWE 4.1
updated Potential_Mitigations, Relationship_Notes
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2020-08-20
· CWE 4.2
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2020-12-10
· CWE 4.3
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2021-03-15
· CWE 4.4
updated Demonstrative_Examples
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2021-07-20
· CWE 4.5
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2021-10-28
· CWE 4.6
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2022-04-28
· CWE 4.7
updated Research_Gaps
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2022-06-28
· CWE 4.8
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2022-10-13
· CWE 4.9
updated References
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2023-01-31
· CWE 4.10
updated Alternate_Terms, Description
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2023-04-27
· CWE 4.11
updated References, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2023-06-29
· CWE 4.12
updated Mapping_Notes, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2024-02-29
· CWE 4.14
updated Observed_Examples
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2024-07-16
· CWE 4.15
updated Common_Consequences, Description, Diagram, Weakness_Ordinalities
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2024-11-19
· CWE 4.16
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2025-09-09
· CWE 4.18
updated Detection_Factors, References
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2025-12-11
· CWE 4.19
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2026-04-30
· CWE 4.20
updated Applicable_Platforms, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2026-10-28
· CWE 5.0
updated Observed_Examples, References
6657 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2025-22470 (GCVE-0-2025-22470)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-08-06 09:52 – Updated: 2025-08-06 13:26
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
CL4/6NX Plus and CL4/6NX-J Plus (Japan model) with the firmware versions prior to 1.15.5-r1 allow crafted dangerous files to be uploaded. An arbitrary Lua script may be executed on the system with the root privilege.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-08-06 13:26 UTC
CWE
- CWE-434 - Unrestricted upload of file with dangerous type
Assigner
References
2 references
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SATO Corporation | CL4/6NX Plus |
Affected:
prior to firmware 1.15.5-r1
|
|
| SATO Corporation | CL4/6NX-J Plus (Japan model) |
Affected:
prior to firmware 1.15.5-r1
|
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CVE-2025-22389 (GCVE-0-2025-22389)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-01-04 00:00 – Updated: 2025-02-11 21:15
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
An issue was discovered in Optimizely EPiServer.CMS.Core before 12.32.0. A medium-severity vulnerability exists in the CMS, where the application does not properly validate uploaded files. This allows the upload of potentially malicious file types, including .docm .html. When accessed by application users, these files can be used to execute malicious actions or compromise users' systems.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-01-06 15:00 UTC
CWE
- CWE-434 - Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type
Assigner
References
1 reference
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CVE-2025-22213 (GCVE-0-2025-22213)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-03-11 16:07 – Updated: 2025-03-11 19:24
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
[20250301] - Core - Malicious file uploads via Media Manager
Summary
Inadequate checks in the Media Manager allowed users with "edit" privileges to change file extension to arbitrary extension, including .php and other potentially executable extensions.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-03-11 19:24 UTC
CWE
- CWE-434 - Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://developer.joomla.org/security-centre/961-… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Joomla! Project | Joomla! CMS |
Affected:
4.0.0-4.4.11
Affected: 5.0.0-5.2.4 |
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CVE-2025-22152 (GCVE-0-2025-22152)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-01-10 15:23 – Updated: 2025-01-10 16:08
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Improper Path Validation Enables Path Traversal in Multiple Components in Atheos
Summary
Atheos is a self-hosted browser-based cloud IDE. Prior to v600, the $path and $target parameters are not properly validated across multiple components, allowing an attacker to read, modify, or execute arbitrary files on the server. These vulnerabilities can be exploited through various attack vectors present in multiple PHP files. This vulnerability is fixed in v600.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-01-10 16:07 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/Atheos/Atheos/security/advisor… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
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CVE-2025-22137 (GCVE-0-2025-22137)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-01-08 16:08 – Updated: 2025-01-08 19:28
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Arbitrary File Overwrite via HTTP POST in Pingvin Share
Summary
Pingvin Share is a self-hosted file sharing platform and an alternative for WeTransfer. This vulnerability allows an authenticated or unauthenticated (if anonymous shares are allowed) user to overwrite arbitrary files on the server, including sensitive system files, via HTTP POST requests. The issue has been patched in version 1.4.0.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-01-08 19:28 UTC
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/stonith404/pingvin-share/secur… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/stonith404/pingvin-share/commi… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/stonith404/pingvin-share/commi… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| stonith404 | pingvin-share |
Affected:
>= 0.6.0, < 1.4.0
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CVE-2025-22133 (GCVE-0-2025-22133)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-01-07 22:07 – Updated: 2025-01-08 14:52
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
WeGIA Allows Arbitrary File Upload with Remote Code Execution (RCE)
Summary
WeGIA is a web manager for charitable institutions. Prior to 3.2.8, a critical vulnerability was identified in the /WeGIA/html/socio/sistema/controller/controla_xlsx.php endpoint. The endpoint accepts file uploads without proper validation, allowing the upload of malicious files, such as .phar, which can then be executed by the server. This vulnerability is fixed in 3.2.8.
Severity
10 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-01-08 14:52 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/nilsonLazarin/WeGIA/security/a… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/nilsonLazarin/WeGIA/commit/a08… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nilsonLazarin | WeGIA |
Affected:
< 3.2.8
|
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CVE-2025-22132 (GCVE-0-2025-22132)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-01-07 22:04 – Updated: 2025-01-08 15:34
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
WeGIA has a Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) in File Upload Field
Summary
WeGIA is a web manager for charitable institutions. A Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability was identified in the file upload functionality of the WeGIA/html/socio/sistema/controller/controla_xlsx.php endpoint. By uploading a file containing malicious JavaScript code, an attacker can execute arbitrary scripts in the context of a victim's browser. This can lead to information theft, session hijacking, and other forms of client-side exploitation. This vulnerability is fixed in 3.2.7.
Severity
8.3 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-01-08 15:34 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/nilsonLazarin/WeGIA/security/a… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/nilsonLazarin/WeGIA/commit/330… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nilsonLazarin | WeGIA |
Affected:
< 3.2.7
|
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CVE-2025-21624 (GCVE-0-2025-21624)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-01-07 15:46 – Updated: 2025-01-07 17:02
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
ClipBucket V5 Playlist Cover File Upload to Remote Code Execution
Summary
ClipBucket V5 provides open source video hosting with PHP. Prior to 5.5.1 - 239, a file upload vulnerability exists in the Manage Playlist functionality of the application, specifically surrounding the uploading of playlist cover images. Without proper checks, an attacker can upload a PHP script file instead of an image file, thus allowing a webshell or other malicious files to be stored and executed on the server. This attack vector exists in both the admin area and low-level user area. This vulnerability is fixed in 5.5.1 - 239.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-01-07 17:02 UTC
CWE
- CWE-434 - Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/MacWarrior/clipbucket-v5/secur… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/MacWarrior/clipbucket-v5/commi… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| MacWarrior | clipbucket-v5 |
Affected:
< 5.5.1 - 239
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CVE-2025-20376 (GCVE-0-2025-20376)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-11-05 16:31 – Updated: 2026-11-03 22:02
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Cisco Unified Contact Center Express Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
Summary
A vulnerability in the web UI of Cisco Unified CCX could allow an authenticated, remote attacker to upload and execute arbitrary files.
This vulnerability is due to an insufficient input validation associated to file upload mechanisms. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by uploading a malicious file to the web UI and executing it. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to execute arbitrary commands on the underlying system and elevate privileges to root. To exploit this vulnerability, the attacker must have valid administrative credentials.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-11-06 04:55 UTC
CWE
- CWE-434 - Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cisco | Cisco Unified Contact Center Express |
Affected:
10.5(1)SU1
Affected: 10.6(1) Affected: 11.6(1) Affected: 10.6(1)SU1 Affected: 10.6(1)SU3 Affected: 11.6(2) Affected: 12.0(1) Affected: 11.0(1)SU1 Affected: 11.5(1)SU1 Affected: 10.5(1) Affected: 12.5(1) Affected: 12.5(1)SU1 Affected: 12.5(1)SU2 Affected: 12.5(1)SU3 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU03_ES01 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU03_ES02 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU02_ES03 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU02_ES04 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU02_ES02 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU01_ES02 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU01_ES03 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU02_ES01 Affected: 11.6(2)ES07 Affected: 11.6(2)ES08 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU01_ES01 Affected: 12.0(1)ES04 Affected: 12.5(1)ES02 Affected: 12.5(1)ES03 Affected: 11.6(2)ES06 Affected: 12.5(1)ES01 Affected: 12.0(1)ES03 Affected: 12.0(1)ES01 Affected: 11.6(2)ES05 Affected: 12.0(1)ES02 Affected: 11.6(2)ES04 Affected: 11.6(2)ES03 Affected: 11.6(2)ES02 Affected: 11.6(2)ES01 Affected: 10.6(1)SU3ES03 Affected: 11.0(1)SU1ES03 Affected: 10.6(1)SU3ES01 Affected: 10.5(1)SU1ES10 Affected: 11.5(1)SU1ES03 Affected: 11.6(1)ES02 Affected: 11.5(1)ES01 Affected: 10.6(1)SU2 Affected: 10.6(1)SU2ES04 Affected: 11.6(1)ES01 Affected: 10.6(1)SU3ES02 Affected: 11.5(1)SU1ES02 Affected: 11.5(1)SU1ES01 Affected: 11.0(1)SU1ES02 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU03_ES03 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU03_ES04 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU03_ES05 Affected: UCCX 15.0.1 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU03_ES06 |
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CVE-2025-20375 (GCVE-0-2025-20375)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-11-05 16:31 – Updated: 2026-11-03 22:02
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Cisco Unified Contact Center Express Arbitrary File Upload Vulnerability
Summary
A vulnerability in the web UI of Cisco Unified CCX could allow an authenticated, remote attacker to upload and execute arbitrary files.
This vulnerability is due to an insufficient input validation associated to specific UI features. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by uploading a crafted file to the web UI. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to upload arbitrary files to a vulnerable system and execute them, gaining access to the underlying operating system. To exploit this vulnerability, the attacker must have valid administrative credentials.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-11-06 04:55 UTC
CWE
- CWE-434 - Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cisco | Cisco Unified Contact Center Express |
Affected:
10.5(1)SU1
Affected: 10.6(1) Affected: 11.6(1) Affected: 10.6(1)SU1 Affected: 10.6(1)SU3 Affected: 11.6(2) Affected: 12.0(1) Affected: 11.0(1)SU1 Affected: 11.5(1)SU1 Affected: 10.5(1) Affected: 12.5(1) Affected: 12.5(1)SU1 Affected: 12.5(1)SU2 Affected: 12.5(1)SU3 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU03_ES01 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU03_ES02 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU02_ES03 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU02_ES04 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU02_ES02 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU01_ES02 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU01_ES03 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU02_ES01 Affected: 11.6(2)ES07 Affected: 11.6(2)ES08 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU01_ES01 Affected: 12.0(1)ES04 Affected: 12.5(1)ES02 Affected: 12.5(1)ES03 Affected: 11.6(2)ES06 Affected: 12.5(1)ES01 Affected: 12.0(1)ES03 Affected: 12.0(1)ES01 Affected: 11.6(2)ES05 Affected: 12.0(1)ES02 Affected: 11.6(2)ES04 Affected: 11.6(2)ES03 Affected: 11.6(2)ES02 Affected: 11.6(2)ES01 Affected: 10.6(1)SU3ES03 Affected: 11.0(1)SU1ES03 Affected: 10.6(1)SU3ES01 Affected: 10.5(1)SU1ES10 Affected: 11.5(1)SU1ES03 Affected: 11.6(1)ES02 Affected: 11.5(1)ES01 Affected: 10.6(1)SU2 Affected: 10.6(1)SU2ES04 Affected: 11.6(1)ES01 Affected: 10.6(1)SU3ES02 Affected: 11.5(1)SU1ES02 Affected: 11.5(1)SU1ES01 Affected: 11.0(1)SU1ES02 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU03_ES03 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU03_ES04 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU03_ES05 Affected: UCCX 15.0.1 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU03_ES06 |
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],
"source": {
"advisory": "cisco-sa-cc-mult-vuln-gK4TFXSn",
"defects": [
"CSCwq36645"
],
"discovery": "EXTERNAL"
},
"title": "Cisco Unified Contact Center Express Arbitrary File Upload Vulnerability"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "d1c1063e-7a18-46af-9102-31f8928bc633",
"assignerShortName": "cisco",
"cveId": "CVE-2025-20375",
"datePublished": "2025-11-05T16:31:43.035Z",
"dateReserved": "2024-10-10T19:15:13.262Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-11-03T22:02:53.399Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Generate a new, unique filename for an uploaded file instead of using the user-supplied filename, so that no external input is used at all.[REF-422] [REF-423]
Mitigation MIT-21
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Consider storing the uploaded files outside of the web document root entirely. Then, use other mechanisms to deliver the files dynamically. [REF-423]
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- For example, limiting filenames to alphanumeric characters can help to restrict the introduction of unintended file extensions.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Define a very limited set of allowable extensions and only generate filenames that end in these extensions. Consider the possibility of XSS (CWE-79) before allowing .html or .htm file types.
Mitigation
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
Ensure that only one extension is used in the filename. Some web servers, including some versions of Apache, may process files based on inner extensions so that "filename.php.gif" is fed to the PHP interpreter.[REF-422] [REF-423]
Mitigation
Implementation
When running on a web server that supports case-insensitive filenames, perform case-insensitive evaluations of the extensions that are provided.
Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation
Implementation
Do not rely exclusively on sanity checks of file contents to ensure that the file is of the expected type and size. It may be possible for an attacker to hide code in some file segments that will still be executed by the server. For example, GIF images may contain a free-form comments field.
Mitigation
Implementation
Do not rely exclusively on the MIME content type or filename attribute when determining how to render a file. Validating the MIME content type and ensuring that it matches the extension is only a partial solution.
Mitigation MIT-17
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation MIT-22
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
- Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
- OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
CAPEC-1: Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs
In applications, particularly web applications, access to functionality is mitigated by an authorization framework. This framework maps Access Control Lists (ACLs) to elements of the application's functionality; particularly URL's for web apps. In the case that the administrator failed to specify an ACL for a particular element, an attacker may be able to access it with impunity. An attacker with the ability to access functionality not properly constrained by ACLs can obtain sensitive information and possibly compromise the entire application. Such an attacker can access resources that must be available only to users at a higher privilege level, can access management sections of the application, or can run queries for data that they otherwise not supposed to.