CWE-409

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The RLE path is not vulnerable to this because the decoder pre-allocates exactly `row_size \u00d7 height` bytes; the ZIP path has no equivalent ceiling.\n\n**Impact**: Denial-of-service / OOM crash when processing untrusted PSD files.\n\n**Suggested mitigation**: Pass a reasonable `max_length` to `zlib.decompress`, derived from the expected `width * height * depth // 8` byte count already computed in `decompress()`.\n\n---\n\n### 2. No upper-bound validation on image dimensions before allocation (Low)\n\n**Location**: `src/psd_tools/compression/__init__.py`, lines 138 and 193\n\n```python\nlength = width * height * max(1, depth // 8)   # decompress()\nrow_size = max(width * depth // 8, 1)           # decode_rle()\n```\n\nNeither `width`, `height`, nor `depth` are range-checked before these values drive memory allocation. The PSD format (version 2 / PSB) permits dimensions up to 300,000 \u00d7 300,000 pixels; a 4-channel 32-bit image at that size would require ~144 TB to hold. While the OS/Python allocator will reject such a request, there is no early, explicit guard that produces a clean, user-facing error.\n\n**Impact**: Uncontrolled allocation attempt from a malformed or adversarially crafted PSB file; hard crash rather than a recoverable error.\n\n**Suggested mitigation**: Validate `width`, `height`, and `depth` against known PSD/PSB limits before entering decompression, and raise a descriptive `ValueError` early.\n\n---\n\n### 3. `assert` used as a runtime integrity check (Low)\n\n**Location**: `src/psd_tools/compression/__init__.py`, line 170\n\n```python\nassert len(result) == length, \"len=%d, expected=%d\" % (len(result), length)\n```\n\nThis assertion can be silently disabled by running the interpreter with `-O` (or `-OO`), which strips all `assert` statements. If the assertion ever becomes relevant (e.g., after future refactoring), disabling it would allow a length mismatch to propagate silently into downstream image compositing.\n\n**Impact**: Loss of an integrity guard in optimised deployments.\n\n**Suggested mitigation**: Replace with an explicit `if` + `raise ValueError(...)`.\n\n---\n\n### 4. `cdef int` indices vs. `Py_ssize_t size` type mismatch in Cython decoder (Low)\n\n**Location**: `src/psd_tools/compression/_rle.pyx`, lines 18\u201320\n\n```cython\ncdef int i = 0\ncdef int j = 0\ncdef int length = data.shape[0]\n```\n\nAll loop indices are C `signed int` (32-bit). The `size` parameter is `Py_ssize_t` (64-bit on modern platforms). The comparison `j \u003c size` promotes `j` to `Py_ssize_t`, but if `j` wraps due to a row size exceeding `INT_MAX` (~2.1 GB), the resulting comparison is undefined behaviour in C. In practice, row sizes are bounded by PSD/PSB dimension limits and are unreachable at this scale; however, the mismatch is a latent defect if the function is ever called directly with large synthetic inputs.\n\n**Impact**: Theoretical infinite loop or UB at \u003e2 GB row sizes; not reachable from standard PSD/PSB parsing.\n\n**Suggested mitigation**: Change `cdef int i`, `j`, `length` to `cdef Py_ssize_t`.\n\n---\n\n### 5. Silent data degradation not surfaced to callers (Informational)\n\n**Location**: `src/psd_tools/compression/__init__.py`, lines 144\u2013157\n\nThe tolerant RLE decoder (introduced in `2a006f5`) replaces malformed channel data with zero-padded (black) pixels and emits a `logger.warning`. This is the correct trade-off over crashing, but the warning is only observable if the caller has configured a log handler. The public `PSDImage` API does not surface channel-level decode failures to the user in any other way.\n\n**Impact**: A user parsing a silently corrupt file gets a visually wrong image with no programmatic signal to check.\n\n**Suggested mitigation**: Consider exposing a per-channel decode-error flag or raising a distinct warning category that users can filter or escalate via the `warnings` module.\n\n---\n\n### 6. `encode()` zero-length return type inconsistency in Cython (Informational)\n\n**Location**: `src/psd_tools/compression/_rle.pyx`, lines 66\u201367\n\n```cython\nif length == 0:\n    return data   # returns a memoryview, not an explicit std::string\n```\n\nAll other return paths return an explicit `cdef string result`. This path returns `data` (a `const unsigned char[:]` memoryview) and relies on Cython\u0027s implicit coercion to `bytes`. It is functionally equivalent today but is semantically inconsistent and fragile if Cython\u0027s coercion rules change in a future version.\n\n**Impact**: Potential silent breakage in future Cython versions; not a current security issue.\n\n**Suggested mitigation**: Replace `return data` with `return result` (the already-declared empty `string`).\n\n---\n\n## Environment\n\n- Branch: `fix/invalid-rle-compression`\n- Reviewed commits: `7490ffa`, `2a006f5`\n- Python: 3.x (Cython extension compiled for CPython)",
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      "url": "https://github.com/EQSTLab/CVE-2026-49975"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2485371"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-49975"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:55992"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:55930"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:50572"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:50538"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:36846"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:36831"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:36373"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:27201"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:27200"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:27114"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:25225"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:25090"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:25057"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:25042"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/06/03/3"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/06/08/16"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/crowdsecurity/crowdsec"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "1.7.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.7.8"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-44981"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-409"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-27T19:57:28Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The LAPI router uses `gin-contrib/gzip` with `DefaultDecompressHandle` globally (`pkg/apiserver/controllers/controller.go`).\nThis middleware decompresses incoming request bodies without enforcing a maximum decompressed size. \n\nThe endpoints `/v1/watchers` or `/v1/watchers/login` require no authentication.\nAn attacker can send small gzip-compressed JSON payloads that, when decompressed, result in hundreds of MB of valid JSON occupying server memory.\nSending enough requests concurrently will cause LAPI to allocate excessive heap memory, leading the OS to forcibly terminate the process.\n \nThis vulnerability is not exploitable from the network in default configurations, as LAPI only listens on the loopback interface.\nIf developers\u0027 applications are using a multi-server setup, LAPI will be exposed in the network, in which case they are at risk if untrusted IPs can access it.\n \n### Impact\n\nExploiting this vulnerability will make LAPI unreachable, meaning that bouncers will not be able to fetch new decisions (but existing decisions will still be enforced) and log processors will not be able to send alerts, effectively denying the creation of new decisions.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nIf the LAPI is exposed on the network (either directly or through a reverse proxy), for example in the case of a multi-server deployment, restrict access to trusted IP addresses.",
  "id": "GHSA-273h-gvwr-c3qj",
  "modified": "2026-06-12T20:24:21Z",
  "published": "2026-05-27T19:57:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/crowdsecurity/crowdsec/security/advisories/GHSA-273h-gvwr-c3qj"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/crowdsecurity/crowdsec"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/crowdsecurity/crowdsec/releases/tag/v1.7.8"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:U",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "CrowdSec LAPI: Denial of Service via Unbounded Gzip Decompression"
}

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-66909"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-409"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-12-19T15:15:56Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Turms AI-Serving module v0.10.0-SNAPSHOT and earlier contains an image decompression bomb denial of service vulnerability. The ExtendedOpenCVImage class in ai/djl/opencv/ExtendedOpenCVImage.java loads images using OpenCV\u0027s imread() function without validating dimensions or pixel count before decompression. An attacker can upload a specially crafted compressed image file (e.g., PNG) that is small when compressed but expands to gigabytes of memory when loaded. This causes immediate memory exhaustion, OutOfMemoryError, and service crash. No authentication is required if the OCR service is publicly accessible. Multiple requests can completely deny service availability.",
  "id": "GHSA-2f87-396w-g74p",
  "modified": "2025-12-19T18:31:17Z",
  "published": "2025-12-19T15:31:19Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-66909"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/Xzzz111/public_cve_report/blob/main/CVE-2025-66909_report.md"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/turms-im/turms"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/turms-im/turms/blob/develop/turms-ai-serving/src/main/java/ai/djl/opencv/ExtendedOpenCVImage.java#L37"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}