CWE-345
DiscouragedInsufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product does not sufficiently verify the origin or authenticity of data, in a way that causes it to accept invalid data.
944 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-GWJQ-FM88-774X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-19 18:31 – Updated: 2025-11-19 18:31eGovFramework/egovframe-common-components versions up to and including 4.3.1 includes Web Editor image upload and related file delivery functionality that uses symmetric encryption to protect URL parameters, but exposes an encryption oracle that allows attackers to generate valid ciphertext for chosen values. The image upload endpoints /utl/wed/insertImage.do and /utl/wed/insertImageCk.do encrypt server-side paths, filenames, and MIME types and embed them directly into a download URL that is returned to the client. Because these same encrypted parameters are trusted by other endpoints, such as /utl/web/imageSrc.do and /cmm/fms/getImage.do, an unauthenticated attacker can abuse the upload functionality to obtain encrypted representations of attacker-chosen identifiers and then replay those ciphertext values to file-serving APIs. This design failure allows an attacker to bypass access controls that rely solely on the secrecy of encrypted parameters and retrieve arbitrary stored files that are otherwise expected to require an existing session or specific authorization context. KISA/KrCERT has identified this unpatched vulnerability as "KVE-2023-5281."
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-34337"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-345"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-11-19T17:15:49Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "eGovFramework/egovframe-common-components versions up to and including 4.3.1 includes\u00a0Web Editor image upload and related file delivery functionality that uses symmetric encryption to protect URL parameters, but exposes an encryption oracle that allows attackers to generate valid ciphertext for chosen values. The image upload endpoints /utl/wed/insertImage.do and /utl/wed/insertImageCk.do encrypt server-side paths, filenames, and MIME types and embed them directly into a download URL that is returned to the client. Because these same encrypted parameters are trusted by other endpoints, such as /utl/web/imageSrc.do and /cmm/fms/getImage.do, an unauthenticated attacker can abuse the upload functionality to obtain encrypted representations of attacker-chosen identifiers and then replay those ciphertext values to file-serving APIs. This design failure allows an attacker to bypass access controls that rely solely on the secrecy of encrypted parameters and retrieve arbitrary stored files that are otherwise expected to require an existing session or specific authorization context. KISA/KrCERT has identified this unpatched vulnerability as \"KVE-2023-5281.\"",
"id": "GHSA-gwjq-fm88-774x",
"modified": "2025-11-19T18:31:21Z",
"published": "2025-11-19T18:31:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-34337"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/eGovFramework/egovframe-common-components"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://pierrekim.github.io/advisories/2025-egovframe.txt"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://pierrekim.github.io/blog/2025-11-20-egovframe-2-vulnerabilities.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.egovframe.go.kr/eng/sub.do?menuNo=2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/egovframework-unauthenticated-encryption-oracle-via-web-editor-image-upload-endpoints"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-GWP7-97J8-M79F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 02:48 – Updated: 2022-05-14 02:48The autoupdate implementation in TimeDoctor Pro 1.4.72.3 on Windows relies on unsigned installer files that are retrieved without use of SSL, which makes it easier for man-in-the-middle attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted file.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2015-4674"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-345"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2015-08-07T01:59:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The autoupdate implementation in TimeDoctor Pro 1.4.72.3 on Windows relies on unsigned installer files that are retrieved without use of SSL, which makes it easier for man-in-the-middle attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted file.",
"id": "GHSA-gwp7-97j8-m79f",
"modified": "2022-05-14T02:48:27Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T02:48:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-4674"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2015/Jun/105"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/535881/100/700/threaded"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/75572"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-H3C5-F4FM-GC7H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-20 21:30 – Updated: 2025-04-17 15:32TP-Link TL-WR940N V4 3.16.9 and earlier allows authenticated attackers to cause a Denial of Service (DoS) via uploading a crafted firmware image during the firmware update process.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-46139"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-345"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-12-20T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "TP-Link TL-WR940N V4 3.16.9 and earlier allows authenticated attackers to cause a Denial of Service (DoS) via uploading a crafted firmware image during the firmware update process.",
"id": "GHSA-h3c5-f4fm-gc7h",
"modified": "2025-04-17T15:32:31Z",
"published": "2022-12-20T21:30:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-46139"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://hackmd.io/%40slASVrz_SrW7NQCsunofeA/HJH7LSZPj"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://hackmd.io/@slASVrz_SrW7NQCsunofeA/HJH7LSZPj"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-H4CR-X49J-2R7W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:31 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:31In Network Security Services (NSS) before 3.46, several cryptographic primitives had missing length checks. In cases where the application calling the library did not perform a sanity check on the inputs it could result in a crash due to a buffer overflow.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-17006"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-345"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-10-22T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "In Network Security Services (NSS) before 3.46, several cryptographic primitives had missing length checks. In cases where the application calling the library did not perform a sanity check on the inputs it could result in a crash due to a buffer overflow.",
"id": "GHSA-h4cr-x49j-2r7w",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:31:55Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:31:55Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-17006"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1539788"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-379803.pdf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/Projects/NSS/NSS_3.46_release_notes"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20210129-0001"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ics/advisories/icsa-21-040-04"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-H623-Q49P-MG8Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-11-13 09:30 – Updated: 2023-11-13 09:30Bashis, a Security Researcher at IPVM has found a flaw that allows for a remote code execution during the installation of Wave on the camera device. The Wave server application in camera device was vulnerable to command injection allowing an attacker to run arbitrary code. HanwhaVision has released patched firmware for the highlighted flaw. Please refer to the hanwhavision security report for more information and solution."
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-5747"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-345",
"CWE-347"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-11-13T08:15:26Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Bashis, a Security Researcher at IPVM has found a flaw that allows for a remote code execution during the installation of Wave on the camera device. The Wave server application in camera device was vulnerable to command injection allowing an attacker to run arbitrary code. HanwhaVision has released patched firmware for the highlighted flaw. Please refer to the hanwhavision security report for more information and solution.\"",
"id": "GHSA-h623-q49p-mg8q",
"modified": "2023-11-13T09:30:25Z",
"published": "2023-11-13T09:30:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-5747"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.hanwhavision.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Camera-Vulnerability-Report-CVE-2023-5747_20231113.pdf"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-H6C8-CWW8-35HF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-26 17:21 – Updated: 2026-03-27 21:30Description
In OpenFGA, under specific conditions, models using conditions with caching enabled can result in two different check requests producing the same cache key. This can result in OpenFGA reusing an earlier cached result for a different request.
Am I Affected?
Users are affected if the following preconditions are met: 1. The model has relations which rely on condition evaluation. 1. Caching is enabled.
Fix
Upgrade to OpenFGA v1.13.1.
Acknowledgement
OpenFGA would like to thank @Amemoyoi for the discovery and responsible disclosure.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/openfga/openfga"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.13.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-33729"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-1289",
"CWE-20",
"CWE-345"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-26T17:21:50Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-27T01:16:20Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Description\nIn OpenFGA, under specific conditions, models using conditions with caching enabled can result in two different check requests producing the same cache key. This can result in OpenFGA reusing an earlier cached result for a different request.\n\n### Am I Affected?\nUsers are affected if the following preconditions are met:\n1. The model has relations which rely on condition evaluation.\n1. Caching is enabled.\n\n### Fix\nUpgrade to OpenFGA v1.13.1.\n\n### Acknowledgement\nOpenFGA would like to thank @Amemoyoi for the discovery and responsible disclosure.",
"id": "GHSA-h6c8-cww8-35hf",
"modified": "2026-03-27T21:30:41Z",
"published": "2026-03-26T17:21:50Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openfga/openfga/security/advisories/GHSA-h6c8-cww8-35hf"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-33729"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openfga/openfga/commit/049b50ccd2cc7e163bd897f3d17a7b859ad146f8"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/openfga/openfga"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openfga/openfga/releases/tag/v1.13.1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "OpenFGA has an Authorization Bypass through cached keys"
}
GHSA-H79M-9724-RW92
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-09-02 00:01 – Updated: 2022-09-10 00:00HashiCorp Boundary up to 0.10.1 did not properly perform data integrity checks to ensure the resources were associated with the correct scopes, allowing potential privilege escalation for authorized users of another scope. Fixed in Boundary 0.10.2.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-36130"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-345"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-09-01T02:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "HashiCorp Boundary up to 0.10.1 did not properly perform data integrity checks to ensure the resources were associated with the correct scopes, allowing potential privilege escalation for authorized users of another scope. Fixed in Boundary 0.10.2.",
"id": "GHSA-h79m-9724-rw92",
"modified": "2022-09-10T00:00:31Z",
"published": "2022-09-02T00:01:12Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-36130"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://discuss.hashicorp.com"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://discuss.hashicorp.com/t/hcsec-2022017-boundary-allowed-access-to-host-sets-and-credential-sources-for-authorized-users-of-another-scope/43493"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-H84F-X5FQ-F87C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-21 18:31 – Updated: 2024-06-21 18:31Use of Less Trusted Source vulnerability in SolidWP Solid Security allows HTTP DoS.This issue affects Solid Security: from n/a through 9.3.1.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-44593"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-345",
"CWE-348"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-06-21T16:15:11Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "Use of Less Trusted Source vulnerability in SolidWP Solid Security allows HTTP DoS.This issue affects Solid Security: from n/a through 9.3.1.",
"id": "GHSA-h84f-x5fq-f87c",
"modified": "2024-06-21T18:31:00Z",
"published": "2024-06-21T18:31:00Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-44593"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/better-wp-security/wordpress-solid-security-plugin-9-3-1-ip-spoofing-leading-to-denial-of-service-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-H8VM-XJCH-3JWX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-24 09:30 – Updated: 2025-08-24 09:30A vulnerability was determined in Belkin AX1800 1.1.00.016. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality of the component Firmware Update Handler. This manipulation causes insufficient verification of data authenticity. The attack can be initiated remotely. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-9379"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-345"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-08-24T07:15:29Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was determined in Belkin AX1800 1.1.00.016. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality of the component Firmware Update Handler. This manipulation causes insufficient verification of data authenticity. The attack can be initiated remotely. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-h8vm-xjch-3jwx",
"modified": "2025-08-24T09:30:19Z",
"published": "2025-08-24T09:30:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-9379"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/IOTRes/IOT_Firmware_Update/blob/main/Belkin/AX1800.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.321212"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.321212"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.628641"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-H97M-27FX-42RX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-04 14:50 – Updated: 2026-06-04 14:50Impact
The message edit validation logic in the matrix-sdk-ui crate before 0.16.1 is missing a check: when replacing an encrypted event, the replacement event itself is not required to be encrypted. This enables a malicious homeserver administrator (or an actor with equivalent power) to impersonate or spoof messages as if they were sent by a victim user.
Patches
matrix-sdk-ui 0.16.1 fixes the message edit validation logic to align with the algorithm for replacement events^1 described in the Matrix specification.
Workarounds
N/A
References
- Pull request: https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-rust-sdk/pull/6454
For more information
If you have any questions or comments about this advisory, please email us at security at matrix.org.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "crates.io",
"name": "matrix-sdk-ui"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.16.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-45057"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-345"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-06-04T14:50:47Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\nThe message edit validation logic in the `matrix-sdk-ui` crate before 0.16.1 is missing a check: when replacing an encrypted event, the replacement event itself is not required to be encrypted. This enables a malicious homeserver administrator (or an actor with equivalent power) to impersonate or spoof messages as if they were sent by a victim user.\n\n### Patches\n`matrix-sdk-ui` 0.16.1 fixes the message edit validation logic to align with the algorithm for replacement events[^1] described in the Matrix specification.\n\n### Workarounds\nN/A\n\n### References\n* Pull request: https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-rust-sdk/pull/6454\n\n### For more information\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory, please email us at [security at matrix.org](mailto:security@matrix.org).\n\n[^1]: https://spec.matrix.org/unstable/client-server-api/#validity-of-replacement-events",
"id": "GHSA-h97m-27fx-42rx",
"modified": "2026-06-04T14:50:47Z",
"published": "2026-06-04T14:50:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-rust-sdk/security/advisories/GHSA-h97m-27fx-42rx"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-rust-sdk/pull/6454"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-rust-sdk"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-rust-sdk/releases/tag/matrix-sdk-0.16.1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://rustsec.org/advisories/RUSTSEC-2026-0158.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "matrix-sdk-ui: Incomplete edit validation"
}
No mitigation information available for this CWE.
CAPEC-111: JSON Hijacking (aka JavaScript Hijacking)
An attacker targets a system that uses JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) as a transport mechanism between the client and the server (common in Web 2.0 systems using AJAX) to steal possibly confidential information transmitted from the server back to the client inside the JSON object by taking advantage of the loophole in the browser's Same Origin Policy that does not prohibit JavaScript from one website to be included and executed in the context of another website.
CAPEC-141: Cache Poisoning
An attacker exploits the functionality of cache technologies to cause specific data to be cached that aids the attackers' objectives. This describes any attack whereby an attacker places incorrect or harmful material in cache. The targeted cache can be an application's cache (e.g. a web browser cache) or a public cache (e.g. a DNS or ARP cache). Until the cache is refreshed, most applications or clients will treat the corrupted cache value as valid. This can lead to a wide range of exploits including redirecting web browsers towards sites that install malware and repeatedly incorrect calculations based on the incorrect value.
CAPEC-142: DNS Cache Poisoning
A domain name server translates a domain name (such as www.example.com) into an IP address that Internet hosts use to contact Internet resources. An adversary modifies a public DNS cache to cause certain names to resolve to incorrect addresses that the adversary specifies. The result is that client applications that rely upon the targeted cache for domain name resolution will be directed not to the actual address of the specified domain name but to some other address. Adversaries can use this to herd clients to sites that install malware on the victim's computer or to masquerade as part of a Pharming attack.
CAPEC-148: Content Spoofing
An adversary modifies content to make it contain something other than what the original content producer intended while keeping the apparent source of the content unchanged. The term content spoofing is most often used to describe modification of web pages hosted by a target to display the adversary's content instead of the owner's content. However, any content can be spoofed, including the content of email messages, file transfers, or the content of other network communication protocols. Content can be modified at the source (e.g. modifying the source file for a web page) or in transit (e.g. intercepting and modifying a message between the sender and recipient). Usually, the adversary will attempt to hide the fact that the content has been modified, but in some cases, such as with web site defacement, this is not necessary. Content Spoofing can lead to malware exposure, financial fraud (if the content governs financial transactions), privacy violations, and other unwanted outcomes.
CAPEC-218: Spoofing of UDDI/ebXML Messages
An attacker spoofs a UDDI, ebXML, or similar message in order to impersonate a service provider in an e-business transaction. UDDI, ebXML, and similar standards are used to identify businesses in e-business transactions. Among other things, they identify a particular participant, WSDL information for SOAP transactions, and supported communication protocols, including security protocols. By spoofing one of these messages an attacker could impersonate a legitimate business in a transaction or could manipulate the protocols used between a client and business. This could result in disclosure of sensitive information, loss of message integrity, or even financial fraud.
CAPEC-384: Application API Message Manipulation via Man-in-the-Middle
An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the content of messages. Performing this attack can allow the attacker to gain unauthorized privileges within the application, or conduct attacks such as phishing, deceptive strategies to spread malware, or traditional web-application attacks. The techniques require use of specialized software that allow the attacker to perform adversary-in-the-middle (CAPEC-94) communications between the web browser and the remote system. Despite the use of AiTH software, the attack is actually directed at the server, as the client is one node in a series of content brokers that pass information along to the application framework. Additionally, it is not true "Adversary-in-the-Middle" attack at the network layer, but an application-layer attack the root cause of which is the master applications trust in the integrity of code supplied by the client.
CAPEC-385: Transaction or Event Tampering via Application API Manipulation
An attacker hosts or joins an event or transaction within an application framework in order to change the content of messages or items that are being exchanged. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that look authentic but may contain deceptive links, substitute one item or another, spoof an existing item and conduct a false exchange, or otherwise change the amounts or identity of what is being exchanged. The techniques require use of specialized software that allow the attacker to man-in-the-middle communications between the web browser and the remote system in order to change the content of various application elements. Often, items exchanged in game can be monetized via sales for coin, virtual dollars, etc. The purpose of the attack is for the attack to scam the victim by trapping the data packets involved the exchange and altering the integrity of the transfer process.
CAPEC-386: Application API Navigation Remapping
An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the destination and/or content of links/buttons displayed to a user within API messages. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that looks authentic but contains links/buttons that point to an attacker controlled destination. Some applications make navigation remapping more difficult to detect because the actual HREF values of images, profile elements, and links/buttons are masked. One example would be to place an image in a user's photo gallery that when clicked upon redirected the user to an off-site location. Also, traditional web vulnerabilities (such as CSRF) can be constructed with remapped buttons or links. In some cases navigation remapping can be used for Phishing attacks or even means to artificially boost the page view, user site reputation, or click-fraud.
CAPEC-387: Navigation Remapping To Propagate Malicious Content
An adversary manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the content of messages and thereby circumvent the expected application logic.
CAPEC-388: Application API Button Hijacking
An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the destination and/or content of buttons displayed to a user within API messages. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that looks authentic but contains buttons that point to an attacker controlled destination.
CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws
An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.
CAPEC-701: Browser in the Middle (BiTM)
An adversary exploits the inherent functionalities of a web browser, in order to establish an unnoticed remote desktop connection in the victim's browser to the adversary's system. The adversary must deploy a web client with a remote desktop session that the victim can access.