Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-345

Discouraged

Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity

Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft

The product does not sufficiently verify the origin or authenticity of data, in a way that causes it to accept invalid data.

1283 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-45069 (GCVE-0-2026-45069)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-14 18:46 – Updated: 2026-07-14 19:46

Title

Symfony: OidcTokenHandler Accepts JWTs Missing aud/iss/exp Claims

Summary

Symfony is a PHP framework for web and console applications and a set of reusable PHP components. Prior to 6.4.40, 7.4.12, and 8.0.12, OidcTokenHandler::verifyClaims() registered audience (aud), issuer (iss), and expiry (exp) checkers but did not pass the mandatory claims list to ClaimCheckerManager::check(), so a validly signed JWT that omitted those claims could pass verification. This issue is fixed in versions 6.4.40, 7.4.12, and 8.0.12.

Severity

8.8 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-07-14 19:40 UTC

CWE

CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
CWE-1287 - Improper Validation of Specified Type of Input

Assigner

GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root

CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7730 records in the last 180 days details

References

4 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/symfony/symfony/security/advis…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/symfony/symfony/releases/tag/v6.4.40	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/symfony/symfony/releases/tag/v7.4.12	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/symfony/symfony/releases/tag/v8.0.12	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

2 products

Vendor	Product	Version
symfony	symfony	Affected: >= 6.3.0, < 6.4.40 Affected: >= 7.4.0, < 7.4.12 Affected: >= 8.0.0-BETA1, < 8.0.12
symfony	security-http	Affected: >= 6.3.0, < 6.4.40 Affected: >= 7.4.0, < 7.4.12 Affected: >= 8.0.0-BETA1, < 8.0.12

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-45058 (GCVE-0-2026-45058)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-28 17:20 – Updated: 2026-05-30 02:04

Title

electerm: Import unsafe bookmark data could lead to unsafe operation when click local type bookmark

Summary

electerm is an open-sourced terminal/ssh/sftp/telnet/serialport/RDP/VNC/Spice/ftp client. In 3.8.8 and earlier, there is persistent local-pty code execution via imported bookmarks or compromised sync targets. Affects users who import bookmark JSON files or who have electerm sync configured (gist/WebDAV). The attacker can inject exec* fields or global config to cause remote code to run when a bookmark is opened or when sync is applied.

Severity

9.4 (Critical)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-05-30 02:03 UTC

CWE

CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
CWE-494 - Download of Code Without Integrity Check
CWE-915 - Improperly Controlled Modification of Dynamically-Determined Object Attributes

Assigner

GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root

CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7730 records in the last 180 days details

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://github.com/electerm/electerm/security/adv…	x_refsource_CONFIRM

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
electerm	electerm	Affected: <= 3.8.8

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-45057 (GCVE-0-2026-45057)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-11 21:12 – Updated: 2026-09-14 16:18

Title

matrix-sdk-ui: Incomplete edit validation

Summary

matrix-sdk-ui provides GUI-centric utilities on top of matrix-rust-sdk. The message edit validation logic in the `matrix-sdk-ui` crate prior to 0.17.0 is missing a check: when replacing an encrypted event, the replacement event itself is not required to be encrypted. This enables a malicious homeserver administrators (or actors with equivalent power) to impersonate or spoof messages as if they were sent by a victim user. `matrix-sdk-ui` 0.17.0 fixes the message edit validation logic to align with the algorithm for replacement events[^1] described in the Matrix specification. No known workarounds are available.

Severity

4.9 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-09-14 16:16 UTC

CWE

CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity

Assigner

GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root

CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7730 records in the last 180 days details

References

4 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-rust-sdk/sec…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-rust-sdk/pull/6454	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-rust-sdk/rel…	x_refsource_MISC
https://rustsec.org/advisories/RUSTSEC-2026-0158.html	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
matrix-org	matrix-sdk-ui	Affected: < 0.16.1

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-45055 (GCVE-0-2026-45055)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-13 20:44 – Updated: 2026-05-14 12:53

Title

CubeCart: Pre-Authenticated Password Reset Link Poisoning via HTTP Host Header

Summary

CubeCart is an ecommerce software solution. Prior to 6.7.2, CubeCart 6.6.x – 6.7.1 builds CC_STORE_URL directly from the Host request header at bootstrap, with no allowlist. The constant is embedded verbatim into transactional email links, most critically the password-reset link in User::passwordRequest() (and the admin equivalent in Admin::passwordRequest()). An unauthenticated attacker who knows a target email can POST /index.php?_a=recover with Host: evil.com; CubeCart writes a fresh verify token (valid 3,600 s) and emails the victim a link http://evil.com/index.php?_a=recovery&validate=<TOKEN>. The token is valid against the legitimate store — capturing the victim's click on evil.com yields full account takeover, or store takeover when an admin email is targeted. This vulnerability is fixed in 6.7.2.

Severity

8.1 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-05-14 12:52 UTC

CWE

CWE-20 - Improper Input Validation
CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
CWE-601 - URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
CWE-784 - Reliance on Cookies without Validation and Integrity Checking in a Security Decision

Assigner

GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root

CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7730 records in the last 180 days details

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://github.com/cubecart/v6/security/advisorie…	x_refsource_CONFIRM

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
cubecart	v6	Affected: < 6.7.2

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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            "url": "https://github.com/cubecart/v6/security/advisories/GHSA-7pvc-gxc4-chmc"
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          "lang": "en",
          "value": "CubeCart is an ecommerce software solution. Prior to 6.7.2, CubeCart 6.6.x \u2013 6.7.1 builds CC_STORE_URL directly from the Host request header at bootstrap, with no allowlist. The constant is embedded verbatim into transactional email links, most critically the password-reset link in User::passwordRequest() (and the admin equivalent in Admin::passwordRequest()). An unauthenticated attacker who knows a target email can POST /index.php?_a=recover with Host: evil.com; CubeCart writes a fresh verify token (valid 3,600 s) and emails the victim a link http://evil.com/index.php?_a=recovery\u0026validate=\u003cTOKEN\u003e. The token is valid against the legitimate store \u2014 capturing the victim\u0027s click on evil.com yields full account takeover, or store takeover when an admin email is targeted. This vulnerability is fixed in 6.7.2."
        }
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          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-784",
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CVE-2026-45022 (GCVE-0-2026-45022)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-27 14:54 – Updated: 2026-05-27 15:43

Title

go-git: Improper parsing of specially crafted objects may lead to inconsistent interpretation compared to upstream Git

Summary

go-git is an extensible git implementation library written in pure Go. Prior to 5.19.0 and 6.0.0-alpha.3, go-git may parse malformed Git objects in a way that differs from upstream Git. When commit or tag objects contain ambiguous or malformed headers, go-git’s decoded representation may expose values differently from how Git itself would interpret or reject the same object. Additionally, go-git’s commit signing and verification logic operates over commit data reconstructed from go-git’s parsed representation rather than the original raw object bytes. As a result, go-git may sign or verify a commit payload that is not byte-for-byte equivalent to the object stored in the repository. This can cause a signature to appear valid for a commit whose displayed or effective metadata differs from the object that was intended to be signed. This vulnerability is fixed in 5.19.0 and 6.0.0-alpha.3.

Severity

7 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:H/SA:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-05-27 15:42 UTC

CWE

CWE-180 - Incorrect Behavior Order: Validate Before Canonicalize
CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity

Assigner

GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root

CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7730 records in the last 180 days details

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://github.com/go-git/go-git/security/advisor…	x_refsource_CONFIRM

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
go-git	go-git	Affected: < 5.19.0 Affected: >= 6.0.0-alpha.1, < 6.0.0-alpha.3

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-44999 (GCVE-0-2026-44999)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-11 16:46 – Updated: 2026-05-12 13:53 X_Open Source

Title

OpenClaw < 2026.4.20 - Improper Trust Labeling in Isolated Cron Awareness Events

Summary

OpenClaw before 2026.4.20 fails to properly preserve untrusted labels for isolated cron awareness events, allowing webhook-triggered cron agent output to be recorded as trusted system events. Attackers can exploit this trust-labeling issue to strengthen prompt-injection attacks by rendering untrusted events as trusted System events.

Severity

6.3 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

5.3 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-05-12 13:52 UTC

CWE

CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity

Assigner

VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root

CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 6422 records in the last 180 days details

References

3 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/adv…	vendor-advisory
https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/f6189…	patch
https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-imp…	third-party-advisory

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
OpenClaw	OpenClaw	Affected: 0 , < 2026.4.20 (semver) Unaffected: 2026.4.20 (semver) cpe:2.3:a:openclaw:openclaw::::::node.js::*

Date Public

2026-04-21 00:00

Credits

zsx (@zsxsoft) KeenSecurityLab qclawer

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-44725 (GCVE-0-2026-44725)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-20 14:35 – Updated: 2026-08-21 21:47

Title

EMQX: Stale plugins allow grants amplify a compromised admin/API key to remote code execution

Summary

EMQX is a scalable and reliable MQTT broker for AI, IoT, IIoT, and connected vehicles. Prior to versions 5.8.11, 5.9.3, 5.10.4, 6.0.3, 6.1.2, and 6.2.1, the plugin-install REST API and dashboard upload accepted stale grants created with emqx ctl plugins allow because there was no five-minute grant lifetime or SHA-256 package binding. An attacker with a compromised dashboard administrator credential or API key with plugin-install permission who finds a stale allowed name and version can upload attacker-controlled bytes under the allowed .tar.gz filename through POST /api/v5/plugins/install or the dashboard plugin upload. The broker then installs and runs attacker-controlled Erlang code with the privileges of the EMQX process. This issue is fixed in versions 5.8.11, 5.9.3, 5.10.4, 6.0.3, 6.1.2, and 6.2.1.

Severity

6.6 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-08-21 21:00 UTC

CWE

CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
CWE-672 - Operation on a Resource after Expiration or Release

Assigner

GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root

CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7730 records in the last 180 days details

References

10 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/emqx/emqx/security/advisories/…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/emqx/emqx/pull/17200	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/emqx/emqx/pull/17201	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/emqx/emqx/commit/2f926359fa847…	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/emqx/emqx/commit/efa1ca1bef151…	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/emqx/emqx/releases/tag/6.0.3	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/emqx/emqx/releases/tag/6.1.2	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/emqx/emqx/releases/tag/6.2.1	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/emqx/emqx/releases/tag/e5.10.4	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/emqx/emqx/releases/tag/e5.8.11	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
emqx	emqx	Affected: < 5.8.11 Affected: >= 5.9.0, < 5.9.3 Affected: >= 5.10.0, < 5.10.4 Affected: >= 6.0.0, < 6.0.3 Affected: >= 6.1.0, < 6.1.2 Affected: >= 6.2.0, < 6.2.1

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-44690 (GCVE-0-2026-44690)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-22 13:06 – Updated: 2026-07-22 18:56

Title

Cross-zone wildcard cache poisoning via RRSIG.labels manipulation

Summary

In NLnet Labs Unbound 1.7.0 up to and including 1.25.1, insufficient validation of the RRSIG.Labels field combined with premature cache writes during RFC 8198 aggressive NSEC processing leads to cache poisoning that permits a malicious actor controlling a single delegated zone to poison arbitrary sibling zones under NSEC-signed parent domains. A malicious actor with one registered domain under an NSEC-signed TLD can serve malicious insecure DNS responses for unrelated sibling domains (sharing the same parent zone). Arbitrary delegations that do not exist under the parent domain and are covered by the parent's NSEC chain can be brought into insecure existence by fraudulent wildcard DS records (less labels than expected, unknown algorithm) from the malicious sibling domain. This allows the malicious actor to inject insecure wildcard records for those delegations.

Severity

7.5 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-07-22 18:56 UTC

CWE

CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity

Assigner

NLnet Labs CNA

CNA scorecard B 82/100 over 61 records in the last 180 days details

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://www.nlnetlabs.nl/downloads/unbound/CVE-20…	vendor-advisory

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
NLnet Labs	Unbound	Affected: 1.7.0 , < 1.25.2 (semver)

Date Public

2026-07-22 00:00

Credits

Qifan Zhang (Palo Alto Networks)

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-44592 (GCVE-0-2026-44592)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-14 18:39 – Updated: 2026-05-16 00:50

Title

Gradient: Unauthenticated worker on /proto → arbitrary NAR write / cache poisoning

Summary

Gradient is a nix-based continuous integration system. In 1.1.0, when GRADIENT_DISCOVERABLE=true (the default, and the NixOS module default), anyone who can reach /proto can register as a worker without any credentials by sending a fresh, never-registered worker UUID. The resulting session has PeerAuth::Open, i.e. it sees jobs from every organisation, and can immediately NarPush/NarUploaded arbitrary store paths into nar_storage and the cached_path table. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.1.1.

Severity

9.4 (Critical)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:H

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-05-16 00:50 UTC

CWE

CWE-306 - Missing Authentication for Critical Function
CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
CWE-862 - Missing Authorization

Assigner

GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root

CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7730 records in the last 180 days details

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://github.com/wavelens/gradient/security/adv…	x_refsource_CONFIRM

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
wavelens	gradient	Affected: 1.1.0

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-44584 (GCVE-0-2026-44584)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-20 19:58 – Updated: 2026-07-20 21:44

Title

Paymenter doesn't reset email verification status after email change

Summary

Paymenter is a free and open-source webshop solution for management of hosting services. In versions prior to 1.5.0, the email update functionality fails to invalidate the existing verification state when a user changes their email address, allowing a verified account to retain its verified status after switching to an unverified or unowned email address. When a user updated their email address, the system did not reset or revalidate the associated email verification status. As a result, the verification column remained set to “true” even after the email address was changed. Exploitation could potentially result in: misrepresentation of email ownership, bypass of verification-based trust assumptions, and abuse of features gated behind verified status. No direct unauthorized access to other users accounts or data is possible through this issue alone. This issue has been fixed in version 1.5.0.

Severity

4.3 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-07-20 21:44 UTC

CWE

CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity

Assigner

GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root

CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7730 records in the last 180 days details

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://github.com/Paymenter/Paymenter/security/a…	x_refsource_CONFIRM

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
Paymenter	Paymenter	Affected: < 1.5.0

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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    "datePublished": "2026-07-20T19:58:49.126Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-05-06T21:49:12.425Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-07-20T21:44:18.192Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

No mitigation information available for this CWE.

CAPEC-111: JSON Hijacking (aka JavaScript Hijacking)

An attacker targets a system that uses JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) as a transport mechanism between the client and the server (common in Web 2.0 systems using AJAX) to steal possibly confidential information transmitted from the server back to the client inside the JSON object by taking advantage of the loophole in the browser's Same Origin Policy that does not prohibit JavaScript from one website to be included and executed in the context of another website.

CAPEC-141: Cache Poisoning

An attacker exploits the functionality of cache technologies to cause specific data to be cached that aids the attackers' objectives. This describes any attack whereby an attacker places incorrect or harmful material in cache. The targeted cache can be an application's cache (e.g. a web browser cache) or a public cache (e.g. a DNS or ARP cache). Until the cache is refreshed, most applications or clients will treat the corrupted cache value as valid. This can lead to a wide range of exploits including redirecting web browsers towards sites that install malware and repeatedly incorrect calculations based on the incorrect value.

CAPEC-142: DNS Cache Poisoning

A domain name server translates a domain name (such as www.example.com) into an IP address that Internet hosts use to contact Internet resources. An adversary modifies a public DNS cache to cause certain names to resolve to incorrect addresses that the adversary specifies. The result is that client applications that rely upon the targeted cache for domain name resolution will be directed not to the actual address of the specified domain name but to some other address. Adversaries can use this to herd clients to sites that install malware on the victim's computer or to masquerade as part of a Pharming attack.

CAPEC-148: Content Spoofing

An adversary modifies content to make it contain something other than what the original content producer intended while keeping the apparent source of the content unchanged. The term content spoofing is most often used to describe modification of web pages hosted by a target to display the adversary's content instead of the owner's content. However, any content can be spoofed, including the content of email messages, file transfers, or the content of other network communication protocols. Content can be modified at the source (e.g. modifying the source file for a web page) or in transit (e.g. intercepting and modifying a message between the sender and recipient). Usually, the adversary will attempt to hide the fact that the content has been modified, but in some cases, such as with web site defacement, this is not necessary. Content Spoofing can lead to malware exposure, financial fraud (if the content governs financial transactions), privacy violations, and other unwanted outcomes.

CAPEC-218: Spoofing of UDDI/ebXML Messages

An attacker spoofs a UDDI, ebXML, or similar message in order to impersonate a service provider in an e-business transaction. UDDI, ebXML, and similar standards are used to identify businesses in e-business transactions. Among other things, they identify a particular participant, WSDL information for SOAP transactions, and supported communication protocols, including security protocols. By spoofing one of these messages an attacker could impersonate a legitimate business in a transaction or could manipulate the protocols used between a client and business. This could result in disclosure of sensitive information, loss of message integrity, or even financial fraud.

CAPEC-384: Application API Message Manipulation via Man-in-the-Middle

An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the content of messages. Performing this attack can allow the attacker to gain unauthorized privileges within the application, or conduct attacks such as phishing, deceptive strategies to spread malware, or traditional web-application attacks. The techniques require use of specialized software that allow the attacker to perform adversary-in-the-middle (CAPEC-94) communications between the web browser and the remote system. Despite the use of AiTH software, the attack is actually directed at the server, as the client is one node in a series of content brokers that pass information along to the application framework. Additionally, it is not true "Adversary-in-the-Middle" attack at the network layer, but an application-layer attack the root cause of which is the master applications trust in the integrity of code supplied by the client.

CAPEC-385: Transaction or Event Tampering via Application API Manipulation

An attacker hosts or joins an event or transaction within an application framework in order to change the content of messages or items that are being exchanged. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that look authentic but may contain deceptive links, substitute one item or another, spoof an existing item and conduct a false exchange, or otherwise change the amounts or identity of what is being exchanged. The techniques require use of specialized software that allow the attacker to man-in-the-middle communications between the web browser and the remote system in order to change the content of various application elements. Often, items exchanged in game can be monetized via sales for coin, virtual dollars, etc. The purpose of the attack is for the attack to scam the victim by trapping the data packets involved the exchange and altering the integrity of the transfer process.

CAPEC-386: Application API Navigation Remapping

An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the destination and/or content of links/buttons displayed to a user within API messages. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that looks authentic but contains links/buttons that point to an attacker controlled destination. Some applications make navigation remapping more difficult to detect because the actual HREF values of images, profile elements, and links/buttons are masked. One example would be to place an image in a user's photo gallery that when clicked upon redirected the user to an off-site location. Also, traditional web vulnerabilities (such as CSRF) can be constructed with remapped buttons or links. In some cases navigation remapping can be used for Phishing attacks or even means to artificially boost the page view, user site reputation, or click-fraud.

CAPEC-387: Navigation Remapping To Propagate Malicious Content

An adversary manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the content of messages and thereby circumvent the expected application logic.

CAPEC-388: Application API Button Hijacking

An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the destination and/or content of buttons displayed to a user within API messages. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that looks authentic but contains buttons that point to an attacker controlled destination.

CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws

An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.

CAPEC-701: Browser in the Middle (BiTM)

An adversary exploits the inherent functionalities of a web browser, in order to establish an unnoticed remote desktop connection in the victim's browser to the adversary's system. The adversary must deploy a web client with a remote desktop session that the victim can access.

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