CWE-294
AllowedAuthentication Bypass by Capture-replay
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
A capture-replay flaw exists when the design of the product makes it possible for a malicious user to sniff network traffic and bypass authentication by replaying it to the server in question to the same effect as the original message (or with minor changes).
346 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-M893-PWCQ-437V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-24 18:32 – Updated: 2025-02-24 18:32Credential disclosure vulnerability via the /staff route in GreaterWMS <= 2.1.49 allows a remote unauthenticated attackers to bypass authentication and escalate privileges.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-26201"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-294"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-02-24T17:15:14Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Credential disclosure vulnerability via the /staff route in GreaterWMS \u003c= 2.1.49 allows a remote unauthenticated attackers to bypass authentication and escalate privileges.",
"id": "GHSA-m893-pwcq-437v",
"modified": "2025-02-24T18:32:42Z",
"published": "2025-02-24T18:32:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-26201"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/GreaterWMS/GreaterWMS/issues/383"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Elymaro/CVE/blob/main/GreaterWMS/CVE-2025-26201.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://greaterwms.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M8G6-VRR2-X7FF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-25 09:31 – Updated: 2026-06-25 12:32"Remember me" cookie age is not verified on the server. This potentially allows an attacker to intercept a valid cookie and reuse it indefinitely, even after the configured expiration time has passed. This issue affects all Apache Shiro versions from 1.2.4 through 2.x, and 3.0.0-alpha-1, only when RememberMe functionality is enabled.
Upgrade to version 3.0.0 or later, which fixes the issue.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-56130"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-294"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-25T09:16:46Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "\"Remember me\" cookie age is not verified on the server. This potentially allows an attacker to intercept a valid cookie and reuse it indefinitely, even after the configured expiration time has passed.\nThis issue affects all Apache Shiro versions from 1.2.4 through 2.x, and 3.0.0-alpha-1, only when RememberMe functionality is enabled.\n\n\nUpgrade to version 3.0.0 or later, which fixes the issue.",
"id": "GHSA-m8g6-vrr2-x7ff",
"modified": "2026-06-25T12:32:10Z",
"published": "2026-06-25T09:31:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-56130"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/9k9b3bmlq516ylvf7cdp3dlrtdtmxbmo"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/06/24/8"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:L/UI:A/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:N/AU:Y/R:X/V:D/RE:L/U:Green",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-M8HV-35C9-8JRX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:36 – Updated: 2026-06-05 00:31An Authentication Bypass by Capture-Replay issue was discovered in Schneider Electric Modicon Modbus Protocol. Sensitive information is transmitted in cleartext in the Modicon Modbus protocol, which may allow an attacker to replay the following commands: run, stop, upload, and download.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-6034"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287",
"CWE-294"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-06-30T03:29:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "An Authentication Bypass by Capture-Replay issue was discovered in Schneider Electric Modicon Modbus Protocol. Sensitive information is transmitted in cleartext in the Modicon Modbus protocol, which may allow an attacker to replay the following commands: run, stop, upload, and download.",
"id": "GHSA-m8hv-35c9-8jrx",
"modified": "2026-06-05T00:31:35Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:36:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-6034"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/cisagov/CSAF/blob/develop/csaf_files/OT/white/2017/icsa-17-101-01.json"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://ics-cert.us-cert.gov/advisories/ICSA-17-101-01"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.se.com/us/en/download/document/SEVD-2017-065-01"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/97562"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M92P-9H44-3748
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:18 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:18The data of a network capture of the initial handshake phase can be used to authenticate at a SYSDBA level. If a specific .exe is not restarted often, it is possible to access the needed handshake packets between admin/client connections. Using the SYSDBA permission, an attacker can change user passwords or delete the database.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-38459"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-294"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-10-22T12:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The data of a network capture of the initial handshake phase can be used to authenticate at a SYSDBA level. If a specific .exe is not restarted often, it is possible to access the needed handshake packets between admin/client connections. Using the SYSDBA permission, an attacker can change user passwords or delete the database.",
"id": "GHSA-m92p-9h44-3748",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:18:40Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:18:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-38459"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ics/advisories/icsa-21-292-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-M958-864J-XQ5W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-24 00:31 – Updated: 2026-05-04 21:59Duplicate Advisory
This advisory has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate of GHSA-37v6-fxx8-xjmx. This link is maintained to preserve external references.
Original Description
OpenClaw before 2026.3.31 contains a replay detection bypass vulnerability in webhook signature handling that treats Base64 and Base64URL encoded signatures as distinct requests. Attackers can re-encode Telnyx webhook signatures to bypass replay detection while maintaining valid signature verification.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "openclaw"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2026.3.31"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-294"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-04T21:59:01Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-23T22:16:42Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Duplicate Advisory\nThis advisory has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate of GHSA-37v6-fxx8-xjmx. This link is maintained to preserve external references.\n\n### Original Description\nOpenClaw before 2026.3.31 contains a replay detection bypass vulnerability in webhook signature handling that treats Base64 and Base64URL encoded signatures as distinct requests. Attackers can re-encode Telnyx webhook signatures to bypass replay detection while maintaining valid signature verification.",
"id": "GHSA-m958-864j-xq5w",
"modified": "2026-05-04T21:59:01Z",
"published": "2026-04-24T00:31:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-37v6-fxx8-xjmx"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-41351"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/ad77666054651c1fd77b1dc60fd6a8db6600a29a"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-webhook-replay-detection-bypass-via-base64-signature-re-encoding"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Duplicate Advisory: OpenClaw: Telnyx Webhook Replay Detection Bypass via Base64 Signature Re-encoding",
"withdrawn": "2026-05-04T21:59:01Z"
}
GHSA-M9WR-PVW8-MGMM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-21 18:33 – Updated: 2025-05-21 18:33Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay vulnerability in Drupal One Time Password allows Remote Services with Stolen Credentials.This issue affects One Time Password: from 0.0.0 before 1.3.0.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-48012"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-294"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-21T17:15:58Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay vulnerability in Drupal One Time Password allows Remote Services with Stolen Credentials.This issue affects One Time Password: from 0.0.0 before 1.3.0.",
"id": "GHSA-m9wr-pvw8-mgmm",
"modified": "2025-05-21T18:33:31Z",
"published": "2025-05-21T18:33:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-48012"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.drupal.org/sa-contrib-2025-063"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MF42-CJ9F-VMHP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-05-22 03:30 – Updated: 2024-03-21 03:35The remote keyfob system on Nissan Sylphy Classic 2021 sends the same RF signal for each door-open request, which allows for a replay attack.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-33281"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-294"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-05-22T02:15:11Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The remote keyfob system on Nissan Sylphy Classic 2021 sends the same RF signal for each door-open request, which allows for a replay attack.",
"id": "GHSA-mf42-cj9f-vmhp",
"modified": "2024-03-21T03:35:18Z",
"published": "2023-05-22T03:30:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-33281"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://chaos-lab.blogspot.com/2023/05/nissan-sylphy-classic-2021-fixed-code.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://twitter.com/Kevin2600/status/1658059570806415365"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GG1utSdYG1k"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MFPH-P7R3-JVFM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-09 18:30 – Updated: 2025-12-09 18:30A vulnerability has been identified in Gridscale X Prepay (All versions < V4.2.1). The affected application is vulnerable to capture-replay of authentication tokens. This could allow an authenticated but already locked-out user to establish still valid user sessions.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-40807"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-294"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-09T16:17:45Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability has been identified in Gridscale X Prepay (All versions \u003c V4.2.1). The affected application is vulnerable to capture-replay of authentication tokens. This could allow an authenticated but already locked-out user to establish still valid user sessions.",
"id": "GHSA-mfph-p7r3-jvfm",
"modified": "2025-12-09T18:30:36Z",
"published": "2025-12-09T18:30:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-40807"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-356310.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-MP8X-36FV-PWV3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-11-27 03:30 – Updated: 2022-12-01 18:30The ESL (Electronic Shelf Label) protocol, as implemented by (for example) the OV80e934802 RF transceiver on the ETAG-2130-V4.3 20190629 board, does not use authentication, which allows attackers to change label values via 433 MHz RF signals, as demonstrated by disrupting the organization of a hospital storage unit, or changing retail pricing.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-45914"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-294",
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-11-27T01:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The ESL (Electronic Shelf Label) protocol, as implemented by (for example) the OV80e934802 RF transceiver on the ETAG-2130-V4.3 20190629 board, does not use authentication, which allows attackers to change label values via 433 MHz RF signals, as demonstrated by disrupting the organization of a hospital storage unit, or changing retail pricing.",
"id": "GHSA-mp8x-36fv-pwv3",
"modified": "2022-12-01T18:30:47Z",
"published": "2022-11-27T03:30:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-45914"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FQRMNjZVlHg"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/170177/Zhuhai-Suny-Technology-ESL-Tag-Forgery-Replay-Attacks.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2022/Dec/6"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MPRX-59C7-J4FV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:50 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:50YSoft SafeQ Server 6 allows a replay attack.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-15498"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-294"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-03-21T16:00:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "YSoft SafeQ Server 6 allows a replay attack.",
"id": "GHSA-mprx-59c7-j4fv",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:50:09Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:50:09Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-15498"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://herolab.usd.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/usd20180021.txt"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Utilize some sequence or time stamping functionality along with a checksum which takes this into account in order to ensure that messages can be parsed only once.
Mitigation
Since any attacker who can listen to traffic can see sequence numbers, it is necessary to sign messages with some kind of cryptography to ensure that sequence numbers are not simply doctored along with content.
CAPEC-102: Session Sidejacking
Session sidejacking takes advantage of an unencrypted communication channel between a victim and target system. The attacker sniffs traffic on a network looking for session tokens in unencrypted traffic. Once a session token is captured, the attacker performs malicious actions by using the stolen token with the targeted application to impersonate the victim. This attack is a specific method of session hijacking, which is exploiting a valid session token to gain unauthorized access to a target system or information. Other methods to perform a session hijacking are session fixation, cross-site scripting, or compromising a user or server machine and stealing the session token.
CAPEC-509: Kerberoasting
Through the exploitation of how service accounts leverage Kerberos authentication with Service Principal Names (SPNs), the adversary obtains and subsequently cracks the hashed credentials of a service account target to exploit its privileges. The Kerberos authentication protocol centers around a ticketing system which is used to request/grant access to services and to then access the requested services. As an authenticated user, the adversary may request Active Directory and obtain a service ticket with portions encrypted via RC4 with the private key of the authenticated account. By extracting the local ticket and saving it disk, the adversary can brute force the hashed value to reveal the target account credentials.
CAPEC-555: Remote Services with Stolen Credentials
This pattern of attack involves an adversary that uses stolen credentials to leverage remote services such as RDP, telnet, SSH, and VNC to log into a system. Once access is gained, any number of malicious activities could be performed.
CAPEC-561: Windows Admin Shares with Stolen Credentials
An adversary guesses or obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Windows administrator credentials (e.g. userID/password) to access Windows Admin Shares on a local machine or within a Windows domain.
CAPEC-60: Reusing Session IDs (aka Session Replay)
This attack targets the reuse of valid session ID to spoof the target system in order to gain privileges. The attacker tries to reuse a stolen session ID used previously during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking. Another name for this type of attack is Session Replay.
CAPEC-644: Use of Captured Hashes (Pass The Hash)
An adversary obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Windows domain credential hash values to access systems within the domain that leverage the Lan Man (LM) and/or NT Lan Man (NTLM) authentication protocols.
CAPEC-645: Use of Captured Tickets (Pass The Ticket)
An adversary uses stolen Kerberos tickets to access systems/resources that leverage the Kerberos authentication protocol. The Kerberos authentication protocol centers around a ticketing system which is used to request/grant access to services and to then access the requested services. An adversary can obtain any one of these tickets (e.g. Service Ticket, Ticket Granting Ticket, Silver Ticket, or Golden Ticket) to authenticate to a system/resource without needing the account's credentials. Depending on the ticket obtained, the adversary may be able to access a particular resource or generate TGTs for any account within an Active Directory Domain.
CAPEC-652: Use of Known Kerberos Credentials
An adversary obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Kerberos credentials (e.g. Kerberos service account userID/password or Kerberos Tickets) with the goal of achieving authenticated access to additional systems, applications, or services within the domain.
CAPEC-701: Browser in the Middle (BiTM)
An adversary exploits the inherent functionalities of a web browser, in order to establish an unnoticed remote desktop connection in the victim's browser to the adversary's system. The adversary must deploy a web client with a remote desktop session that the victim can access.
CAPEC-94: Adversary in the Middle (AiTM)
An adversary targets the communication between two components (typically client and server), in order to alter or obtain data from transactions. A general approach entails the adversary placing themself within the communication channel between the two components.