Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-290

Allowed

Authentication Bypass by Spoofing

Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete

This attack-focused weakness is caused by incorrectly implemented authentication schemes that are subject to spoofing attacks.

1030 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-5VH2-6VMQ-FW7J

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-20 15:30 – Updated: 2025-11-20 15:30
VLAI
Details

An attacker could take over a Looker account in a Looker instance configured with OIDC authentication, due to email address string normalization.Looker-hosted and Self-hosted were found to be vulnerable.

This issue has already been mitigated for Looker-hosted.

Self-hosted instances must be upgraded as soon as possible. This vulnerability has been patched in all supported versions of Self-hosted. The versions below have all been updated to protect from this vulnerability. You can download these versions at the Looker download page https://download.looker.com/ : * 24.12.100+ * 24.18.193+ * 25.0.69+ * 25.6.57+ * 25.8.39+ * 25.10.22+ * 25.12.0+

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-12414"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-11-20T15:17:23Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "An attacker could take over a Looker account in a Looker instance configured with OIDC authentication, due to email address string normalization.Looker-hosted and Self-hosted were found to be vulnerable.\n\nThis issue has already been mitigated for Looker-hosted.\n\n\nSelf-hosted instances must be upgraded as soon as possible. This vulnerability has been patched in all supported versions of Self-hosted.\nThe versions below have all been updated to protect from this vulnerability. You can download these versions at the Looker download page   https://download.looker.com/ :\n  *  24.12.100+\n  *  24.18.193+\n  *  25.0.69+\n  *  25.6.57+\n  *  25.8.39+\n  *  25.10.22+\n  *  25.12.0+",
  "id": "GHSA-5vh2-6vmq-fw7j",
  "modified": "2025-11-20T15:30:22Z",
  "published": "2025-11-20T15:30:22Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-12414"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cloud.google.com/support/bulletins#GCP-2025-067"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:Amber",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-5VMP-MMW3-VWR3

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-12 15:30 – Updated: 2026-08-12 21:31
VLAI
Details

CPSD CryptoPro Secure Disk for Bitlocker before v7.7.4 fails to certify the integrity of the intended boot partition and selects the first partition index matching a hardcoded type value. A crafted Linux partition could be inserted ahead of this intended target, allowing for code execution in the context of high privilege.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-59319"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-08-12T15:17:28Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "CPSD CryptoPro Secure Disk for Bitlocker before v7.7.4 fails to certify the integrity of the intended boot partition and selects the first partition index matching a hardcoded type value. A crafted Linux partition could be inserted ahead of this intended target, allowing for code execution in the context of high privilege.",
  "id": "GHSA-5vmp-mmw3-vwr3",
  "modified": "2026-08-12T21:31:34Z",
  "published": "2026-08-12T15:30:45Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-59319"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://i.blackhat.com/BH-USA-26/Presentations/US-26-Burch-The-Cost-of-Obscurity-Wednesday.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://i.blackhat.com/BH-USA-26/Presentations/US-26-Burch-The-Cost-of-Obscurity-wp.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.cpsd.at/blog"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-627P-RR78-99RJ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-20 17:56 – Updated: 2025-07-22 16:13
VLAI
Summary
GitLab auth uses full name instead of username as user ID, allowing impersonation
Details

Impact

Installations which use the GitLab auth connector are vulnerable to identity spoofing by way of configuring a GitLab account with the same full name as another GitLab user who is granted access to a Concourse team by having their full name listed under users in the team configuration or given to the --gitlab-user flag.

See the GitLab auth docs for details.

Concourse installations which do not configure the GitLab auth connector are not affected.

Patches

Concourse v6.3.1 and v6.4.1 were both released with a fix on August 4th, 2020.

Both versions change the GitLab connector to use the username, rather than the full name. This was always the intent, and the previous behavior was originally reported as a bug (concourse/dex#7) prior to being reported as a security issue.

Any Concourse teams which configure GitLab users will have to switch each user from their full name to their username upon upgrading to these versions.

Workarounds

GitLab groups do not have this vulnerability, so GitLab users may be moved into groups which are then configured in the Concourse team.

References

  • concourse/dex#12: PR with the fix

For more information

If you have any questions or comments about this advisory, you may reach us privately at concourseteam+security@gmail.com.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/concourse/concourse"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "6.4.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "6.4.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ],
      "versions": [
        "6.4.0"
      ]
    },
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 6.3.0"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/concourse/concourse"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "1.6.1"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "6.3.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/concourse/dex"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "6.4.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "6.4.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ],
      "versions": [
        "6.4.0"
      ]
    },
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c 6.3.0"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/concourse/dex"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "6.3.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/concourse/dex"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.0.0-20200730150203-821b48abfd88"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/concourse/concourse"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.0.0-20200730151558-b00d1c8d8576"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/concourse/concourse"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.6.1-0.20200730151558-b00d1c8d8576"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-5415"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2021-05-24T17:56:03Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\n\nInstallations which use the GitLab auth connector are vulnerable to identity spoofing by way of configuring a GitLab account with the same full name as another GitLab user who is granted access to a Concourse team by having their full name listed under `users` in the team configuration or given to the `--gitlab-user` flag.\n\nSee the [GitLab auth docs](https://concourse-ci.org/gitlab-auth.html) for details.\n\nConcourse installations which do not configure the GitLab auth connector are not affected.\n\n### Patches\n\nConcourse [v6.3.1](https://github.com/concourse/concourse/releases/tag/v6.3.1) and [v6.4.1](https://github.com/concourse/concourse/releases/tag/v6.4.1) were both released with a fix on August 4th, 2020.\n\nBoth versions change the GitLab connector to use the username, rather than the full name. This was always the intent, and the previous behavior was originally reported as a bug (concourse/dex#7) prior to being reported as a security issue.\n\nAny Concourse teams which configure GitLab users will have to switch each user from their full name to their username upon upgrading to these versions.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nGitLab groups do not have this vulnerability, so GitLab users may be moved into groups which are then configured in the Concourse team.\n\n### References\n\n* concourse/dex#12: PR with the fix\n\n### For more information\n\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory, you may reach us privately at [concourseteam+security@gmail.com](mailto:concourseteam+security@gmail.com).",
  "id": "GHSA-627p-rr78-99rj",
  "modified": "2025-07-22T16:13:01Z",
  "published": "2021-12-20T17:56:03Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/concourse/concourse/security/advisories/GHSA-627p-rr78-99rj"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-5415"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://tanzu.vmware.com/security/cve-2020-5415"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "GitLab auth uses full name instead of username as user ID, allowing impersonation"
}

GHSA-62G2-Q3W2-XF47

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-11 15:32 – Updated: 2026-08-11 15:32
VLAI
Details

An authenticated attacker can spoof another GUI user's identity by sending their request with the custom header \"Grpc-Metadata-USER\". This can lead to an account takeover attack from a user with low privileges to administrator.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-18972"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-08-11T13:17:56Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "An authenticated attacker can spoof another GUI user\u0027s identity by sending their request with the custom header \\\"Grpc-Metadata-USER\\\". This can lead to an account takeover attack from a user with low privileges to administrator.",
  "id": "GHSA-62g2-q3w2-xf47",
  "modified": "2026-08-11T15:32:36Z",
  "published": "2026-08-11T15:32:36Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-18972"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://docs.velociraptor.app/announcements/advisories/cve-2026-18972"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-62GQ-FGJ3-92V6

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-02-27 18:32 – Updated: 2023-03-03 18:30
VLAI
Details

The User Activity WordPress plugin through 1.0.1 checks headers such as the X-Forwarded-For to retrieve the IP address of the request, which could lead to IP spoofing

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-4550"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290",
      "CWE-639"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-02-27T16:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The User Activity WordPress plugin through 1.0.1 checks headers such as the X-Forwarded-For to retrieve the IP address of the request, which could lead to IP spoofing",
  "id": "GHSA-62gq-fgj3-92v6",
  "modified": "2023-03-03T18:30:26Z",
  "published": "2023-02-27T18:32:08Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-4550"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://wpscan.com/vulnerability/a1179959-2044-479f-a5ca-3c9ffc46d00e"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-62HR-8RG3-V7HC

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-04 09:30 – Updated: 2024-06-04 09:30
VLAI
Details

Authentication Bypass by Spoofing vulnerability in pluginkollektiv Antispam Bee allows Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs.This issue affects Antispam Bee: from n/a through 2.11.3.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-41134"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-06-04T08:15:10Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Authentication Bypass by Spoofing vulnerability in pluginkollektiv Antispam Bee allows Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs.This issue affects Antispam Bee: from n/a through 2.11.3.",
  "id": "GHSA-62hr-8rg3-v7hc",
  "modified": "2024-06-04T09:30:57Z",
  "published": "2024-06-04T09:30:57Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-41134"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/antispam-bee/wordpress-antispam-bee-plugin-2-11-3-country-ip-restriction-bypass-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-63G5-X8W2-4383

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-13 15:30 – Updated: 2022-12-29 21:30
VLAI
Details

The Samsung TV (2021 and 2022 model) smart remote control allows attackers to enable microphone access via Bluetooth spoofing when a user is activating remote control by pressing a button. This is fixed in xxx72510, E9172511 for 2021 models, xxxA1000, 4x2A0200 for 2022 models.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-44636"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-12-13T15:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Samsung TV (2021 and 2022 model) smart remote control allows attackers to enable microphone access via Bluetooth spoofing when a user is activating remote control by pressing a button. This is fixed in xxx72510, E9172511 for 2021 models, xxxA1000, 4x2A0200 for 2022 models.",
  "id": "GHSA-63g5-x8w2-4383",
  "modified": "2022-12-29T21:30:30Z",
  "published": "2022-12-13T15:30:26Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-44636"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://samsung.com"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://samsungtvbounty.com/securityUpdates"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-64CR-FV76-JH9M

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-17 12:30 – Updated: 2024-05-17 12:30
VLAI
Details

Authentication Bypass by Spoofing vulnerability in WP Royal Royal Elementor Addons allows Functionality Bypass.This issue affects Royal Elementor Addons: from n/a through 1.3.93.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-32786"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-05-17T10:15:10Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Authentication Bypass by Spoofing vulnerability in WP Royal Royal Elementor Addons allows Functionality Bypass.This issue affects Royal Elementor Addons: from n/a through 1.3.93.",
  "id": "GHSA-64cr-fv76-jh9m",
  "modified": "2024-05-17T12:30:59Z",
  "published": "2024-05-17T12:30:59Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-32786"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/royal-elementor-addons/wordpress-royal-elementor-addons-and-templates-plugin-1-3-93-ip-bypass-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-65QG-R2JH-J3CM

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-29 21:31 – Updated: 2026-04-29 21:31
VLAI
Details

Tenda W308R v2 V5.07.48 contains a cookie session weakness vulnerability that allows unauthenticated attackers to modify DNS settings by exploiting insufficient session validation. Attackers can send GET requests to the goform/AdvSetDns endpoint with a crafted admin language cookie to change DNS servers and redirect user traffic to malicious sites.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-25316"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-04-29T20:16:27Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Tenda W308R v2 V5.07.48 contains a cookie session weakness vulnerability that allows unauthenticated attackers to modify DNS settings by exploiting insufficient session validation. Attackers can send GET requests to the goform/AdvSetDns endpoint with a crafted admin language cookie to change DNS servers and redirect user traffic to malicious sites.",
  "id": "GHSA-65qg-r2jh-j3cm",
  "modified": "2026-04-29T21:31:30Z",
  "published": "2026-04-29T21:31:30Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-25316"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/44373"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/tenda-w308r-v2-cookie-session-weakness-dns-change"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-66PR-WCH7-Q6H3

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-07-09 18:30 – Updated: 2024-07-09 18:30
VLAI
Details

PingOne MFA Integration Kit contains a vulnerability where the skipMFA action can be configured such that user authentication does not require the second factor authentication from the user's existing registered devices. A threat actor might be able to exploit this vulnerability to authenticate as a target user if they have existing knowledge of the target user’s first-factor credentials.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-40702"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-07-09T16:15:03Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "PingOne MFA Integration Kit contains a vulnerability where the skipMFA action can be configured such that user authentication does not require the second factor authentication from the user\u0027s existing registered devices. A threat actor might be able to exploit this vulnerability to authenticate as a target user if they have existing knowledge of the target user\u2019s first-factor credentials.",
  "id": "GHSA-66pr-wch7-q6h3",
  "modified": "2024-07-09T18:30:47Z",
  "published": "2024-07-09T18:30:47Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-40702"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://docs.pingidentity.com/r/en-us/pingfederate-pingone-mfa-ik/bks1657303194394"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

No mitigation information available for this CWE.

CAPEC-21: Exploitation of Trusted Identifiers

An adversary guesses, obtains, or "rides" a trusted identifier (e.g. session ID, resource ID, cookie, etc.) to perform authorized actions under the guise of an authenticated user or service.

CAPEC-22: Exploiting Trust in Client

An attack of this type exploits vulnerabilities in client/server communication channel authentication and data integrity. It leverages the implicit trust a server places in the client, or more importantly, that which the server believes is the client. An attacker executes this type of attack by communicating directly with the server where the server believes it is communicating only with a valid client. There are numerous variations of this type of attack.

CAPEC-459: Creating a Rogue Certification Authority Certificate

An adversary exploits a weakness resulting from using a hashing algorithm with weak collision resistance to generate certificate signing requests (CSR) that contain collision blocks in their "to be signed" parts. The adversary submits one CSR to be signed by a trusted certificate authority then uses the signed blob to make a second certificate appear signed by said certificate authority. Due to the hash collision, both certificates, though different, hash to the same value and so the signed blob works just as well in the second certificate. The net effect is that the adversary's second X.509 certificate, which the Certification Authority has never seen, is now signed and validated by that Certification Authority.

CAPEC-461: Web Services API Signature Forgery Leveraging Hash Function Extension Weakness

An adversary utilizes a hash function extension/padding weakness, to modify the parameters passed to the web service requesting authentication by generating their own call in order to generate a legitimate signature hash (as described in the notes), without knowledge of the secret token sometimes provided by the web service.

CAPEC-473: Signature Spoof

An attacker generates a message or datablock that causes the recipient to believe that the message or datablock was generated and cryptographically signed by an authoritative or reputable source, misleading a victim or victim operating system into performing malicious actions.

CAPEC-476: Signature Spoofing by Misrepresentation

An attacker exploits a weakness in the parsing or display code of the recipient software to generate a data blob containing a supposedly valid signature, but the signer's identity is falsely represented, which can lead to the attacker manipulating the recipient software or its victim user to perform compromising actions.

CAPEC-59: Session Credential Falsification through Prediction

This attack targets predictable session ID in order to gain privileges. The attacker can predict the session ID used during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking.

CAPEC-60: Reusing Session IDs (aka Session Replay)

This attack targets the reuse of valid session ID to spoof the target system in order to gain privileges. The attacker tries to reuse a stolen session ID used previously during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking. Another name for this type of attack is Session Replay.

CAPEC-667: Bluetooth Impersonation AttackS (BIAS)

An adversary disguises the MAC address of their Bluetooth enabled device to one for which there exists an active and trusted connection and authenticates successfully. The adversary can then perform malicious actions on the target Bluetooth device depending on the target’s capabilities.

CAPEC-94: Adversary in the Middle (AiTM)

An adversary targets the communication between two components (typically client and server), in order to alter or obtain data from transactions. A general approach entails the adversary placing themself within the communication channel between the two components.