Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-287
DiscouragedImproper Authentication
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
When an actor claims to have a given identity, the product does not prove or insufficiently proves that the claim is correct.
6436 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2025-4268 (GCVE-0-2025-4268)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-05 06:31 – Updated: 2025-05-05 13:47
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
TOTOLINK A720R cstecgi.cgi missing authentication
Summary
A vulnerability has been found in TOTOLINK A720R 4.1.5cu.374 and classified as critical. This vulnerability affects unknown code of the file /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The manipulation of the argument topicurl with the input RebootSystem leads to missing authentication. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
5.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-05-05 13:46 UTC
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.307372 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.307372 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/?submit.563429 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/at0de/my_vulns/blob/main/TOTOL… | exploit |
| https://www.totolink.net/ | product |
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CVE-2025-4144 (GCVE-0-2025-4144)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-01 00:50 – Updated: 2025-05-01 15:33
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
PKCE bypass via downgrade attack
Summary
PKCE was implemented in the OAuth implementation in workers-oauth-provider that is part of MCP framework https://github.com/cloudflare/workers-mcp . However, it was found that an attacker could cause the check to be skipped.
Fixed in:
https://github.com/cloudflare/workers-oauth-provider/pull/27 https://github.com/cloudflare/workers-oauth-provider/pull/27
Impact:
PKCE is a defense-in-depth mechanism against certain kinds of attacks and was an optional extension in OAuth 2.0 which became required in the OAuth 2.1 draft. (Note that the MCP specification requires OAuth 2.1.). This bug completely bypasses PKCE protection.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-05-01 14:30 UTC
CWE
- CWE-287 - Improper Authentication
Assigner
References
1 reference
Date Public
2025-04-30 16:30
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CVE-2025-4019 (GCVE-0-2025-4019)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-28 12:00 – Updated: 2025-04-28 18:08
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
20120630 Novel-Plus GeneratorController.java genCode missing authentication
Summary
A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, was found in 20120630 Novel-Plus up to 0e156c04b4b7ce0563bef6c97af4476fcda8f160. Affected is the function genCode of the file novel-admin/src/main/java/com/java2nb/common/controller/GeneratorController.java. The manipulation leads to missing authentication. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-04-28 17:58 UTC
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.306372 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.306372 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/?submit.558360 | third-party-advisory |
| https://www.cnblogs.com/aibot/p/18827469 | exploit |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20120630 | Novel-Plus |
Affected:
0e156c04b4b7ce0563bef6c97af4476fcda8f160
|
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CVE-2025-4018 (GCVE-0-2025-4018)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-28 11:31 – Updated: 2025-04-28 12:09
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
20120630 Novel-Plus CrawlController.java addCrawlSource missing authentication
Summary
A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, has been found in 20120630 Novel-Plus up to 0e156c04b4b7ce0563bef6c97af4476fcda8f160. This issue affects the function addCrawlSource of the file novel-crawl/src/main/java/com/java2nb/novel/controller/CrawlController.java. The manipulation leads to missing authentication. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
5.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-04-28 12:09 UTC
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.306371 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.306371 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/?submit.558377 | third-party-advisory |
| https://www.cnblogs.com/aibot/p/18827504 | exploit |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20120630 | Novel-Plus |
Affected:
0e156c04b4b7ce0563bef6c97af4476fcda8f160
|
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CVE-2025-4015 (GCVE-0-2025-4015)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-28 10:00 – Updated: 2025-04-28 12:10
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
20120630 Novel-Plus SessionController.java list missing authentication
Summary
A vulnerability was found in 20120630 Novel-Plus up to 0e156c04b4b7ce0563bef6c97af4476fcda8f160. It has been rated as critical. Affected by this issue is the function list of the file novel-system/src/main/java/com/java2nb/system/controller/SessionController.java. The manipulation leads to missing authentication. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
5.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-04-28 12:09 UTC
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.306368 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.306368 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/?submit.558367 | third-party-advisory |
| https://www.cnblogs.com/aibot/p/18827501 | exploit |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20120630 | Novel-Plus |
Affected:
0e156c04b4b7ce0563bef6c97af4476fcda8f160
|
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CVE-2025-3910 (GCVE-0-2025-3910)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-29 20:46 – Updated: 2026-01-29 19:37
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Org.keycloak.authentication: two factor authentication bypass
Summary
A flaw was found in Keycloak. The org.keycloak.authorization package may be vulnerable to circumventing required actions, allowing users to circumvent requirements such as setting up two-factor authentication.
Severity
5.4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-04-30 15:52 UTC
CWE
- CWE-287 - Improper Authentication
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2025:4335 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2025:4336 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2025-3910 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2361923 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://github.com/keycloak/keycloak/issues/39349 |
Impacted products
5 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Affected:
25.0.0 , < 25.*
(semver)
Affected: 26.0.0 , < 26.0.11 (semver) Unknown: 26.1.0 , < 26.1.* (semver) Affected: 26.2.0 , < 26.2.2 (semver) |
|||
| Red Hat | Red Hat Build of Keycloak |
cpe:/a:redhat:build_keycloak:26
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of Keycloak 26.0 |
Unaffected:
26.0.11-2 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:build_keycloak:26.0::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of Keycloak 26.0 |
Unaffected:
26.0-12 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:build_keycloak:26.0::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of Keycloak 26.0 |
Unaffected:
26.0-13 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:build_keycloak:26.0::el9 |
Date Public
2025-04-29 00:00
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CVE-2025-3850 (GCVE-0-2025-3850)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-22 00:00 – Updated: 2025-04-22 02:06
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
YXJ2018 SpringBoot-Vue-OnlineExam API improper authentication
Summary
A vulnerability, which was classified as problematic, has been found in YXJ2018 SpringBoot-Vue-OnlineExam 1.0. This issue affects some unknown processing of the component API. The manipulation leads to improper authentication. The attack may be initiated remotely. The complexity of an attack is rather high. The exploitation is known to be difficult. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-04-22 02:05 UTC
CWE
- CWE-287 - Improper Authentication
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.305777 | vdb-entry |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.305777 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/?submit.556284 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/YXJ2018/SpringBoot-Vue-OnlineE… | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/YXJ2018/SpringBoot-Vue-OnlineE… | exploitissue-tracking |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| YXJ2018 | SpringBoot-Vue-OnlineExam |
Affected:
1.0
|
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CVE-2025-3659 (GCVE-0-2025-3659)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-12 20:40 – Updated: 2025-05-12 22:06
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Improper authentication handling for Digi PortServer TS; Digi One SP, SP IA, IA; Digi One IAP
Summary
Improper authentication handling was identified in a set of HTTP POST requests affecting the following product families:
* Digi PortServer TS - prior to and including 82000747_AA, build date 06/17/2022
* Digi One SP/Digi One SP IA/Digi One IA - prior to and including 82000774_Z, build date 10/19/2020
* Digi One IAP – prior to and including 82000770 Z, build date 10/19/2020
A specially crafted POST request to the device’s web interface may allow an unauthenticated attacker to modify configuration settings.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-05-12 21:43 UTC
CWE
- CWE-287 - Improper Authentication
Assigner
References
4 references
Impacted products
3 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Digi International | Digi PortServer TS |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 82000747_AA
(custom)
|
|
| Digi International | Digi One SP/Digi One SP IA/Digi One IA |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 82000774_Z
(custom)
|
|
| Digi International | Digi One IAP |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 82000770 Z
(custom)
|
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CVE-2025-3634 (GCVE-0-2025-3634)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-25 14:02 – Updated: 2025-04-25 14:42
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Moodle: moodle allows course self-enrolment before completing mfa
Summary
A security vulnerability was discovered in Moodle that allows students to enroll themselves in courses without completing all the necessary safety checks. Specifically, users can sign up for courses prematurely, even if they haven't finished two-step verification processes.
Severity
4.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-04-25 14:23 UTC
CWE
- CWE-287 - Improper Authentication
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2025-3634 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2359707 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
Date Public
2025-04-22 12:00
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CVE-2025-3627 (GCVE-0-2025-3627)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-25 14:42 – Updated: 2025-04-25 16:01
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Moodle: partial data exposure in moodle before completing multi-factor authentication
Summary
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Severity
4.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-04-25 15:43 UTC
CWE
- CWE-287 - Improper Authentication
Assigner
References
2 references
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| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2025-3627 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
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"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.1"
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
Use an authentication framework or library such as the OWASP ESAPI Authentication feature.
CAPEC-114: Authentication Abuse
An attacker obtains unauthorized access to an application, service or device either through knowledge of the inherent weaknesses of an authentication mechanism, or by exploiting a flaw in the authentication scheme's implementation. In such an attack an authentication mechanism is functioning but a carefully controlled sequence of events causes the mechanism to grant access to the attacker.
CAPEC-115: Authentication Bypass
An attacker gains access to application, service, or device with the privileges of an authorized or privileged user by evading or circumventing an authentication mechanism. The attacker is therefore able to access protected data without authentication ever having taken place.
CAPEC-151: Identity Spoofing
Identity Spoofing refers to the action of assuming (i.e., taking on) the identity of some other entity (human or non-human) and then using that identity to accomplish a goal. An adversary may craft messages that appear to come from a different principle or use stolen / spoofed authentication credentials.
CAPEC-194: Fake the Source of Data
An adversary takes advantage of improper authentication to provide data or services under a falsified identity. The purpose of using the falsified identity may be to prevent traceability of the provided data or to assume the rights granted to another individual. One of the simplest forms of this attack would be the creation of an email message with a modified "From" field in order to appear that the message was sent from someone other than the actual sender. The root of the attack (in this case the email system) fails to properly authenticate the source and this results in the reader incorrectly performing the instructed action. Results of the attack vary depending on the details of the attack, but common results include privilege escalation, obfuscation of other attacks, and data corruption/manipulation.
CAPEC-22: Exploiting Trust in Client
An attack of this type exploits vulnerabilities in client/server communication channel authentication and data integrity. It leverages the implicit trust a server places in the client, or more importantly, that which the server believes is the client. An attacker executes this type of attack by communicating directly with the server where the server believes it is communicating only with a valid client. There are numerous variations of this type of attack.
CAPEC-57: Utilizing REST's Trust in the System Resource to Obtain Sensitive Data
This attack utilizes a REST(REpresentational State Transfer)-style applications' trust in the system resources and environment to obtain sensitive data once SSL is terminated.
CAPEC-593: Session Hijacking
This type of attack involves an adversary that exploits weaknesses in an application's use of sessions in performing authentication. The adversary is able to steal or manipulate an active session and use it to gain unathorized access to the application.
CAPEC-633: Token Impersonation
An adversary exploits a weakness in authentication to create an access token (or equivalent) that impersonates a different entity, and then associates a process/thread to that that impersonated token. This action causes a downstream user to make a decision or take action that is based on the assumed identity, and not the response that blocks the adversary.
CAPEC-650: Upload a Web Shell to a Web Server
By exploiting insufficient permissions, it is possible to upload a web shell to a web server in such a way that it can be executed remotely. This shell can have various capabilities, thereby acting as a "gateway" to the underlying web server. The shell might execute at the higher permission level of the web server, providing the ability the execute malicious code at elevated levels.
CAPEC-94: Adversary in the Middle (AiTM)
An adversary targets the communication between two components (typically client and server), in order to alter or obtain data from transactions. A general approach entails the adversary placing themself within the communication channel between the two components.