Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-287

Discouraged

Improper Authentication

Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft

When an actor claims to have a given identity, the product does not prove or insufficiently proves that the claim is correct.

5966 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-RQMJ-PV46-5J7M

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-02 03:48 – Updated: 2022-05-02 03:48
VLAI
Details

The web interface for Everfocus EDR1600 DVR allows remote attackers to bypass authentication and access live cams via certain vectors.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2009-3828"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2009-10-30T19:30:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The web interface for Everfocus EDR1600 DVR allows remote attackers to bypass authentication and access live cams via certain vectors.",
  "id": "GHSA-rqmj-pv46-5j7m",
  "modified": "2022-05-02T03:48:54Z",
  "published": "2022-05-02T03:48:54Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2009-3828"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/53909"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2009/Oct/293"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/37108"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.osvdb.org/59139"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/507373/100/100/threaded"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-RQP9-223X-28P2

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-08-13 12:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 06:53
VLAI
Details

Permission control vulnerability in the audio module. Successful exploitation of this vulnerability may cause audio devices to perform abnormally.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-39380"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287",
      "CWE-306"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-08-13T12:15:43Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Permission control vulnerability in the audio module. Successful exploitation of this vulnerability may cause audio devices to perform abnormally.",
  "id": "GHSA-rqp9-223x-28p2",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T06:53:40Z",
  "published": "2023-08-13T12:30:19Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-39380"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://consumer.huawei.com/en/support/bulletin/2023/8"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://device.harmonyos.com/en/docs/security/update/security-bulletins-202308-0000001667644725"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-RQPW-V3G2-QCCX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:14 – Updated: 2025-10-22 00:31
VLAI
Details

Under certain conditions, vmdir that ships with VMware vCenter Server, as part of an embedded or external Platform Services Controller (PSC), does not correctly implement access controls.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-3952"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287",
      "CWE-306",
      "CWE-863"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2020-04-10T14:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Under certain conditions, vmdir that ships with VMware vCenter Server, as part of an embedded or external Platform Services Controller (PSC), does not correctly implement access controls.",
  "id": "GHSA-rqpw-v3g2-qccx",
  "modified": "2025-10-22T00:31:52Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:14:00Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-3952"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2020-3952"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2020-0006"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/157896/VMware-vCenter-Server-6.7-Authentication-Bypass.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-RQV8-76V6-FCX2

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 05:41 – Updated: 2022-05-17 05:41
VLAI
Details

The krb5_save_ccname_done function in providers/krb5/krb5_auth.c in System Security Services Daemon (SSSD) 1.5.x before 1.5.7, when automatic ticket renewal and offline authentication are configured, uses a pathname string as a password, which allows local users to bypass Kerberos authentication by listing the /tmp directory to obtain the pathname.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2011-1758"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2011-05-26T18:55:00Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "The krb5_save_ccname_done function in providers/krb5/krb5_auth.c in System Security Services Daemon (SSSD) 1.5.x before 1.5.7, when automatic ticket renewal and offline authentication are configured, uses a pathname string as a password, which allows local users to bypass Kerberos authentication by listing the /tmp directory to obtain the pathname.",
  "id": "GHSA-rqv8-76v6-fcx2",
  "modified": "2022-05-17T05:41:23Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T05:41:23Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2011-1758"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=700867"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=700891"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://fedorahosted.org/pipermail/sssd-devel/2011-April/006138.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://fedorahosted.org/sssd/ticket/856"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://fedorahosted.org/sssd/wiki/Releases/Notes-1.5.7"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://git.fedorahosted.org/git/?p=sssd.git%3Ba=commit%3Bh=fffdae81651b460f3d2c119c56d5caa09b4de42a"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://git.fedorahosted.org/git/?p=sssd.git;a=commit;h=fffdae81651b460f3d2c119c56d5caa09b4de42a"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.fedoraproject.org/pipermail/package-announce/2011-May/059532.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.fedoraproject.org/pipermail/package-announce/2011-May/059619.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2011/04/29/4"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-RQV8-G775-RJW3

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 23:50 – Updated: 2022-05-01 23:50
VLAI
Details

Unspecified vulnerability in Citrix Access Gateway Standard Edition 4.5.7 and earlier and Advanced Edition 4.5 HF2 and earlier allows attackers to bypass authentication and gain "access to network resources" via unspecified vectors.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2008-2528"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2008-06-03T15:32:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Unspecified vulnerability in Citrix Access Gateway Standard Edition 4.5.7 and earlier and Advanced Edition 4.5 HF2 and earlier allows attackers to bypass authentication and gain \"access to network resources\" via unspecified vectors.",
  "id": "GHSA-rqv8-g775-rjw3",
  "modified": "2022-05-01T23:50:52Z",
  "published": "2022-05-01T23:50:52Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-2528"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/42356"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/30175"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://support.citrix.com/article/CTX116930"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/29174"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id?1020025"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2008/1474/references"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-RR83-WQ3M-JXCR

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:56 – Updated: 2024-04-04 01:57
VLAI
Details

The ghost plugin before 0.5.6 for WordPress has no access control for wp-admin/tools.php?ghostexport=true downloads of exported data.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2016-10983"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2019-09-17T15:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The ghost plugin before 0.5.6 for WordPress has no access control for wp-admin/tools.php?ghostexport=true downloads of exported data.",
  "id": "GHSA-rr83-wq3m-jxcr",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T01:57:50Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T16:56:19Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-10983"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://packetstormsecurity.com/files/136887"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://wordpress.org/plugins/ghost/#developers"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-RRJ9-VV37-478G

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:11 – Updated: 2022-06-29 00:00
VLAI
Details

Operational restrictions bypass vulnerability in E-mail of Cybozu Garoon 4.0.0 to 5.0.2 allows a remote authenticated attacker to alter the data of Portal without the appropriate privilege.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-20757"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-08-18T06:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Operational restrictions bypass vulnerability in E-mail of Cybozu Garoon 4.0.0 to 5.0.2 allows a remote authenticated attacker to alter the data of Portal without the appropriate privilege.",
  "id": "GHSA-rrj9-vv37-478g",
  "modified": "2022-06-29T00:00:41Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:11:37Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-20757"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cs.cybozu.co.jp/2021/007206.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://jvn.jp/en/jp/JVN54794245/index.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-RRQ3-89R9-PXG6

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 05:49 – Updated: 2022-05-17 05:49
VLAI
Details

Mahara before 1.0.15, 1.1.x before 1.1.9, and 1.2.x before 1.2.5 has improper configuration options for authentication plugins associated with logins that use the single sign-on (SSO) functionality, which allows remote attackers to bypass authentication via an empty password. NOTE: some of these details are obtained from third party information.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2010-1670"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2010-07-06T17:17:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Mahara before 1.0.15, 1.1.x before 1.1.9, and 1.2.x before 1.2.5 has improper configuration options for authentication plugins associated with logins that use the single sign-on (SSO) functionality, which allows remote attackers to bypass authentication via an empty password.  NOTE: some of these details are obtained from third party information.",
  "id": "GHSA-rrq3-89r9-pxg6",
  "modified": "2022-05-17T05:49:43Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T05:49:43Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2010-1670"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/40431"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://wiki.mahara.org/Release_Notes/1.0.15"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://wiki.mahara.org/Release_Notes/1.1.9"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://wiki.mahara.org/Release_Notes/1.2.5"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/41319"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-RRQF-VMWV-G72P

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-01 06:30 – Updated: 2024-11-01 06:30
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability was found in knightliao Disconf 2.6.36. It has been classified as critical. This affects an unknown part of the file /api/config/list of the component Configuration Center. The manipulation leads to improper authentication. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-10620"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-11-01T05:15:05Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability was found in knightliao Disconf 2.6.36. It has been classified as critical. This affects an unknown part of the file /api/config/list of the component Configuration Center. The manipulation leads to improper authentication. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.",
  "id": "GHSA-rrqf-vmwv-g72p",
  "modified": "2024-11-01T06:30:34Z",
  "published": "2024-11-01T06:30:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-10620"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/knightliao/disconf/issues/431"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/knightliao/disconf/issues/431#issue-2607011340"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.282633"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.282633"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.429927"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-RRVG-CXH4-QHRV

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-03 21:35 – Updated: 2026-04-06 23:09
VLAI
Summary
Auth0OAuthenticator has an Authentication Bypass via Unverified Email Claims
Details

Summary

An authentication bypass vulnerability in oauthenticator allows an attacker with an unverified email address on an Auth0 tenant to login to JupyterHub. When email is used as the usrname_claim, this gives users control over their username and the possibility of account takeover.

Impact

This is an Authentication Bypass Vulnerability. Any Auth0 tenant leveraging the Auth0OAuthenticator mapping the email claim to the JupyterHub username is impacted. By default, Auth0 handles email verification as a user flag, not a hard block to authentication streams. If an attacker can register an account with the Auth0 tenant with an unverified email and knows the email of an existing user on the system, they can authenticate as that user.

Patches

  • Upgrade oauthenticator to 17.4

Workarounds

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "oauthenticator"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "17.4.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-33175"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287",
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-03T21:35:37Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-04-03T22:16:26Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n\nAn authentication bypass vulnerability in `oauthenticator` allows an attacker with an unverified email address on an Auth0 tenant to login to JupyterHub. When `email` is used as the usrname_claim, this gives users control over their username and the possibility of account takeover.\n\n### Impact\n\nThis is an **Authentication Bypass Vulnerability**. Any Auth0 tenant leveraging the `Auth0OAuthenticator` mapping the `email` claim to the JupyterHub username is impacted. By default, Auth0 handles email verification as a user flag, not a hard block to authentication streams. If an attacker can register an account with the Auth0 tenant with an unverified email and knows the email of an existing user on the system, they can authenticate as that user.\n\n### Patches\n\n- Upgrade oauthenticator to 17.4\n\n### Workarounds\n\n- Check `email_verified` field in an `Authenticator.post_auth_hook` function\n- Do not use `email` as the username claim\n- [Enforce email verification in auth0](https://support.auth0.com/center/s/article/Enforce-Email-Verification-With-Sending-Email-After-Each-Denied-Access)",
  "id": "GHSA-rrvg-cxh4-qhrv",
  "modified": "2026-04-06T23:09:50Z",
  "published": "2026-04-03T21:35:37Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/jupyterhub/oauthenticator/security/advisories/GHSA-rrvg-cxh4-qhrv"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-33175"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/jupyterhub/oauthenticator/commit/f0c7002dc36e41efae0f674033cf7888a21d96f9"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/jupyterhub/oauthenticator"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/jupyterhub/oauthenticator/releases/tag/17.4.0"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.auth0.com/center/s/article/Enforce-Email-Verification-With-Sending-Email-After-Each-Denied-Access"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Auth0OAuthenticator has an Authentication Bypass via Unverified Email Claims"
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

Use an authentication framework or library such as the OWASP ESAPI Authentication feature.

CAPEC-114: Authentication Abuse

An attacker obtains unauthorized access to an application, service or device either through knowledge of the inherent weaknesses of an authentication mechanism, or by exploiting a flaw in the authentication scheme's implementation. In such an attack an authentication mechanism is functioning but a carefully controlled sequence of events causes the mechanism to grant access to the attacker.

CAPEC-115: Authentication Bypass

An attacker gains access to application, service, or device with the privileges of an authorized or privileged user by evading or circumventing an authentication mechanism. The attacker is therefore able to access protected data without authentication ever having taken place.

CAPEC-151: Identity Spoofing

Identity Spoofing refers to the action of assuming (i.e., taking on) the identity of some other entity (human or non-human) and then using that identity to accomplish a goal. An adversary may craft messages that appear to come from a different principle or use stolen / spoofed authentication credentials.

CAPEC-194: Fake the Source of Data

An adversary takes advantage of improper authentication to provide data or services under a falsified identity. The purpose of using the falsified identity may be to prevent traceability of the provided data or to assume the rights granted to another individual. One of the simplest forms of this attack would be the creation of an email message with a modified "From" field in order to appear that the message was sent from someone other than the actual sender. The root of the attack (in this case the email system) fails to properly authenticate the source and this results in the reader incorrectly performing the instructed action. Results of the attack vary depending on the details of the attack, but common results include privilege escalation, obfuscation of other attacks, and data corruption/manipulation.

CAPEC-22: Exploiting Trust in Client

An attack of this type exploits vulnerabilities in client/server communication channel authentication and data integrity. It leverages the implicit trust a server places in the client, or more importantly, that which the server believes is the client. An attacker executes this type of attack by communicating directly with the server where the server believes it is communicating only with a valid client. There are numerous variations of this type of attack.

CAPEC-57: Utilizing REST's Trust in the System Resource to Obtain Sensitive Data

This attack utilizes a REST(REpresentational State Transfer)-style applications' trust in the system resources and environment to obtain sensitive data once SSL is terminated.

CAPEC-593: Session Hijacking

This type of attack involves an adversary that exploits weaknesses in an application's use of sessions in performing authentication. The adversary is able to steal or manipulate an active session and use it to gain unathorized access to the application.

CAPEC-633: Token Impersonation

An adversary exploits a weakness in authentication to create an access token (or equivalent) that impersonates a different entity, and then associates a process/thread to that that impersonated token. This action causes a downstream user to make a decision or take action that is based on the assumed identity, and not the response that blocks the adversary.

CAPEC-650: Upload a Web Shell to a Web Server

By exploiting insufficient permissions, it is possible to upload a web shell to a web server in such a way that it can be executed remotely. This shell can have various capabilities, thereby acting as a "gateway" to the underlying web server. The shell might execute at the higher permission level of the web server, providing the ability the execute malicious code at elevated levels.

CAPEC-94: Adversary in the Middle (AiTM)

An adversary targets the communication between two components (typically client and server), in order to alter or obtain data from transactions. A general approach entails the adversary placing themself within the communication channel between the two components.