Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-287

Discouraged

Improper Authentication

Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft

When an actor claims to have a given identity, the product does not prove or insufficiently proves that the claim is correct.

5966 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-RMC7-QC5Q-H96J

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-26 06:31 – Updated: 2026-04-26 06:31
VLAI
Details

A security vulnerability has been detected in SmythOS sre up to 0.0.15. Affected is the function AgentRuntime of the file packages/core/src/subsystems/AgentManager/AgentRuntime.class.ts of the component HTTP Header Handler. Such manipulation of the argument X-DEBUG-RUN/X-DEBUG-INJ leads to improper authentication. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-7022"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-04-26T06:16:02Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A security vulnerability has been detected in SmythOS sre up to 0.0.15. Affected is the function AgentRuntime of the file packages/core/src/subsystems/AgentManager/AgentRuntime.class.ts of the component HTTP Header Handler. Such manipulation of the argument X-DEBUG-RUN/X-DEBUG-INJ leads to improper authentication. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
  "id": "GHSA-rmc7-qc5q-h96j",
  "modified": "2026-04-26T06:31:16Z",
  "published": "2026-04-26T06:31:16Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-7022"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gist.github.com/YLChen-007/c6a4a6a5f4c8b9e758f72c07ca0cd30d"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/797643"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/359601"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/359601/cti"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-RMCP-32RF-MXH7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 00:37 – Updated: 2022-05-17 00:37
VLAI
Details

Absolute Podcast .NET 1.0 allows remote attackers to bypass authentication and gain administrative access by setting a cookie to a certain value.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2008-6857"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2009-07-14T14:30:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Absolute Podcast .NET 1.0 allows remote attackers to bypass authentication and gain administrative access by setting a cookie to a certain value.",
  "id": "GHSA-rmcp-32rf-mxh7",
  "modified": "2022-05-17T00:37:41Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T00:37:41Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-6857"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/46241"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/6882"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://osvdb.org/49467"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/32472"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/32003"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-RMMC-8CQJ-HFP3

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2020-09-03 18:24 – Updated: 2020-08-31 18:46
VLAI
Summary
Authentication Bypass in otpauth
Details

Versions of otpauth prior to 3.2.8 are vulnerable to Authentication Bypass. The package's totp.validate() function may return positive values for single digit tokens even if they are invalid. This may allow attackers to bypass the OTP authentication by providing single digit tokens.

Recommendation

Upgrade to version 3.2.8 or later.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "otpauth"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.2.8"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2020-08-31T18:46:51Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Versions of `otpauth` prior to 3.2.8 are vulnerable to Authentication Bypass. The package\u0027s `totp.validate()` function may return positive values for single digit tokens even if they are invalid. This may allow attackers to bypass the OTP authentication by providing single digit tokens.\n\n\n## Recommendation\n\nUpgrade to version 3.2.8 or later.",
  "id": "GHSA-rmmc-8cqj-hfp3",
  "modified": "2020-08-31T18:46:51Z",
  "published": "2020-09-03T18:24:43Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.npmjs.com/advisories/1087"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [],
  "summary": "Authentication Bypass in otpauth"
}

GHSA-RMMW-CH86-WW88

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 00:38 – Updated: 2022-05-17 00:38
VLAI
Details

A+ PHP Scripts News Management System (NMS) allows remote attackers to bypass authentication and gain administrator privileges by setting the mobsuser and mobspass cookies to 1.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2008-6667"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2009-04-08T10:30:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A+ PHP Scripts News Management System (NMS) allows remote attackers to bypass authentication and gain administrator privileges by setting the mobsuser and mobspass cookies to 1.",
  "id": "GHSA-rmmw-ch86-ww88",
  "modified": "2022-05-17T00:38:43Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T00:38:43Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-6667"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/43431"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/5954"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/29977"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-RMRP-R22G-JMMV

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:40 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:40
VLAI
Details

An issue was discovered on Mofi Network MOFI4500-4GXeLTE 4.1.5-std devices. The authentication function contains undocumented code that provides the ability to authenticate as root without knowing the actual root password. An adversary with the private key can remotely authenticate to the management interface as root.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-15835"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-02-01T02:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "An issue was discovered on Mofi Network MOFI4500-4GXeLTE 4.1.5-std devices. The authentication function contains undocumented code that provides the ability to authenticate as root without knowing the actual root password. An adversary with the private key can remotely authenticate to the management interface as root.",
  "id": "GHSA-rmrp-r22g-jmmv",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T17:40:42Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:40:42Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-15835"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://mofinetwork.com/index.php?main_page=page\u0026id=14"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.criticalstart.com/critical-vulnerabilities-discovered-in-mofi-routers"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-RMXW-JXXX-4CPC

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-17 21:34 – Updated: 2026-03-06 01:01
VLAI
Summary
OpenClaw has a Matrix allowlist bypass via displayName and cross-homeserver localpart matching
Details

Summary

OpenClaw Matrix DM allowlist matching could be bypassed in certain configurations.

Matrix support ships as an optional plugin (not bundled with the core install), so this only affects deployments that have installed and enabled the Matrix plugin.

Affected Packages / Versions

  • Package: openclaw (npm)
  • Affected: >= 2026.1.14-1, < 2026.2.2
  • Patched: >= 2026.2.2

Details

In affected versions, DM allowlist decisions could be made by exact-matching channels.matrix.dm.allowFrom entries against multiple sender-derived candidates, including:

  • The sender display name (attacker-controlled and non-unique)
  • The sender MXID localpart with the homeserver discarded, so @alice:evil.example and @alice:trusted.example both match alice

If an operator configured channels.matrix.dm.allowFrom with display names or bare localparts (for example, "Alice" or "alice"), a remote Matrix user may be able to impersonate an allowed identity for allowlist purposes and reach the routing/agent pipeline.

Impact

Matrix DM allowlist identity confusion. The practical impact depends on your Matrix channel policies and what capabilities are enabled downstream.

Mitigation

  • Upgrade to openclaw >= 2026.2.2.
  • Ensure Matrix allowlists contain only full Matrix user IDs (MXIDs) like @user:server (or *). Do not use display names or bare localparts.

Fix Commit(s)

  • 8f3bfbd1c4fb967a2ddb5b4b9a05784920814bcf

Release Process Note

The patched version is already published to npm; the advisory can be published once you're ready.

Thanks @MegaManSec (https://joshua.hu) of AISLE Research Team for reporting.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "openclaw"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "2026.1.14-1"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2026.2.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-28471"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287",
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-02-17T21:34:17Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-03-05T22:16:20Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n\nOpenClaw Matrix DM allowlist matching could be bypassed in certain configurations.\n\nMatrix support ships as an optional plugin (not bundled with the core install), so this only affects deployments that have installed and enabled the Matrix plugin.\n\n### Affected Packages / Versions\n\n- Package: `openclaw` (npm)\n- Affected: `\u003e= 2026.1.14-1, \u003c 2026.2.2`\n- Patched: `\u003e= 2026.2.2`\n\n### Details\n\nIn affected versions, DM allowlist decisions could be made by exact-matching `channels.matrix.dm.allowFrom` entries against multiple sender-derived candidates, including:\n\n- The sender display name (attacker-controlled and non-unique)\n- The sender MXID localpart with the homeserver discarded, so `@alice:evil.example` and `@alice:trusted.example` both match `alice`\n\nIf an operator configured `channels.matrix.dm.allowFrom` with display names or bare localparts (for example, `\"Alice\"` or `\"alice\"`), a remote Matrix user may be able to impersonate an allowed identity for allowlist purposes and reach the routing/agent pipeline.\n\n### Impact\n\nMatrix DM allowlist identity confusion. The practical impact depends on your Matrix channel policies and what capabilities are enabled downstream.\n\n### Mitigation\n\n- Upgrade to `openclaw \u003e= 2026.2.2`.\n- Ensure Matrix allowlists contain only full Matrix user IDs (MXIDs) like `@user:server` (or `*`). Do not use display names or bare localparts.\n\n### Fix Commit(s)\n\n- `8f3bfbd1c4fb967a2ddb5b4b9a05784920814bcf`\n\n### Release Process Note\n\nThe patched version is already published to npm; the advisory can be published once you\u0027re ready.\n\nThanks @MegaManSec (https://joshua.hu) of [AISLE Research Team](https://aisle.com/) for reporting.",
  "id": "GHSA-rmxw-jxxx-4cpc",
  "modified": "2026-03-06T01:01:45Z",
  "published": "2026-02-17T21:34:17Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-rmxw-jxxx-4cpc"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-28471"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/8f3bfbd1c4fb967a2ddb5b4b9a05784920814bcf"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/releases/tag/v2026.2.2"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-allowlist-bypass-via-displayname-and-cross-homeserver-localpart-matching-in-matrix"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "OpenClaw has a Matrix allowlist bypass via displayName and cross-homeserver localpart matching"
}

GHSA-RP2G-5HW2-Q565

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:14 – Updated: 2025-10-22 00:32
VLAI
Details

Open Management Infrastructure Remote Code Execution Vulnerability

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-38647"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287",
      "CWE-665"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-09-15T12:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Open Management Infrastructure Remote Code Execution Vulnerability",
  "id": "GHSA-rp2g-5hw2-q565",
  "modified": "2025-10-22T00:32:19Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:14:43Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-38647"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-US/security-guidance/advisory/CVE-2021-38647"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2021-38647"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/164694/Microsoft-OMI-Management-Interface-Authentication-Bypass.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-RP2M-9JH8-H55H

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-14 15:31 – Updated: 2025-10-28 15:30
VLAI
Details

A path traversal security issue exists within FactoryTalk View Machine Edition, allowing unauthenticated attackers on the same network as the device to delete any file within the panels operating system. Exploitation of this vulnerability is dependent on the knowledge of filenames to be deleted.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-9064"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-22",
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-10-14T13:15:39Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A path traversal security issue exists within FactoryTalk View Machine Edition, allowing unauthenticated attackers on the same network as the device to delete any file within the panels operating system. Exploitation of this vulnerability is dependent on the knowledge of filenames to be deleted.",
  "id": "GHSA-rp2m-9jh8-h55h",
  "modified": "2025-10-28T15:30:39Z",
  "published": "2025-10-14T15:31:26Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-9064"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.rockwellautomation.com/en-us/trust-center/security-advisories/advisory.SD1753.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-RP39-4V75-4GX6

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-01-07 15:30 – Updated: 2023-01-12 18:30
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, was found in holdennb CollabCal. Affected is the function handleGet of the file calenderServer.cpp. The manipulation leads to improper authentication. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The name of the patch is b80f6d1893607c99e5113967592417d0fe310ce6. It is recommended to apply a patch to fix this issue. VDB-217614 is the identifier assigned to this vulnerability.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2014-125060"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-01-07T13:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, was found in holdennb CollabCal. Affected is the function handleGet of the file calenderServer.cpp. The manipulation leads to improper authentication. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The name of the patch is b80f6d1893607c99e5113967592417d0fe310ce6. It is recommended to apply a patch to fix this issue. VDB-217614 is the identifier assigned to this vulnerability.",
  "id": "GHSA-rp39-4v75-4gx6",
  "modified": "2023-01-12T18:30:28Z",
  "published": "2023-01-07T15:30:18Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-125060"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/holdennb/CollabCal/commit/b80f6d1893607c99e5113967592417d0fe310ce6"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.217614"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.217614"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-RP4C-G8CV-43G8

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:22 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:22
VLAI
Details

plays_service.exe in the plays.tv service before 1.27.7.0, as distributed in AMD driver-installation packages and Gaming Evolved products, contains an HTTP message parsing function that takes a user-defined path and writes non-user controlled data as SYSTEM to the file when the extract_files parameter is used. This occurs without properly authenticating the user.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-6547"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-04-13T16:29:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "plays_service.exe in the plays.tv service before 1.27.7.0, as distributed in AMD driver-installation packages and Gaming Evolved products, contains an HTTP message parsing function that takes a user-defined path and writes non-user controlled data as SYSTEM to the file when the extract_files parameter is used. This occurs without properly authenticating the user.",
  "id": "GHSA-rp4c-g8cv-43g8",
  "modified": "2022-05-14T03:22:26Z",
  "published": "2022-05-14T03:22:26Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-6547"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.securifera.com/advisories/CVE-2018-6547"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

Use an authentication framework or library such as the OWASP ESAPI Authentication feature.

CAPEC-114: Authentication Abuse

An attacker obtains unauthorized access to an application, service or device either through knowledge of the inherent weaknesses of an authentication mechanism, or by exploiting a flaw in the authentication scheme's implementation. In such an attack an authentication mechanism is functioning but a carefully controlled sequence of events causes the mechanism to grant access to the attacker.

CAPEC-115: Authentication Bypass

An attacker gains access to application, service, or device with the privileges of an authorized or privileged user by evading or circumventing an authentication mechanism. The attacker is therefore able to access protected data without authentication ever having taken place.

CAPEC-151: Identity Spoofing

Identity Spoofing refers to the action of assuming (i.e., taking on) the identity of some other entity (human or non-human) and then using that identity to accomplish a goal. An adversary may craft messages that appear to come from a different principle or use stolen / spoofed authentication credentials.

CAPEC-194: Fake the Source of Data

An adversary takes advantage of improper authentication to provide data or services under a falsified identity. The purpose of using the falsified identity may be to prevent traceability of the provided data or to assume the rights granted to another individual. One of the simplest forms of this attack would be the creation of an email message with a modified "From" field in order to appear that the message was sent from someone other than the actual sender. The root of the attack (in this case the email system) fails to properly authenticate the source and this results in the reader incorrectly performing the instructed action. Results of the attack vary depending on the details of the attack, but common results include privilege escalation, obfuscation of other attacks, and data corruption/manipulation.

CAPEC-22: Exploiting Trust in Client

An attack of this type exploits vulnerabilities in client/server communication channel authentication and data integrity. It leverages the implicit trust a server places in the client, or more importantly, that which the server believes is the client. An attacker executes this type of attack by communicating directly with the server where the server believes it is communicating only with a valid client. There are numerous variations of this type of attack.

CAPEC-57: Utilizing REST's Trust in the System Resource to Obtain Sensitive Data

This attack utilizes a REST(REpresentational State Transfer)-style applications' trust in the system resources and environment to obtain sensitive data once SSL is terminated.

CAPEC-593: Session Hijacking

This type of attack involves an adversary that exploits weaknesses in an application's use of sessions in performing authentication. The adversary is able to steal or manipulate an active session and use it to gain unathorized access to the application.

CAPEC-633: Token Impersonation

An adversary exploits a weakness in authentication to create an access token (or equivalent) that impersonates a different entity, and then associates a process/thread to that that impersonated token. This action causes a downstream user to make a decision or take action that is based on the assumed identity, and not the response that blocks the adversary.

CAPEC-650: Upload a Web Shell to a Web Server

By exploiting insufficient permissions, it is possible to upload a web shell to a web server in such a way that it can be executed remotely. This shell can have various capabilities, thereby acting as a "gateway" to the underlying web server. The shell might execute at the higher permission level of the web server, providing the ability the execute malicious code at elevated levels.

CAPEC-94: Adversary in the Middle (AiTM)

An adversary targets the communication between two components (typically client and server), in order to alter or obtain data from transactions. A general approach entails the adversary placing themself within the communication channel between the two components.