CWE-22
Weakness Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory
Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable
The product uses external input to construct a pathname that is intended to identify a file or directory that is located underneath a restricted parent directory, but the product does not properly neutralize special elements within the pathname that can cause the pathname to resolve to a location that is outside of the restricted directory.
Many file operations are intended to take place within a restricted directory. By using special elements such as ".." and "/" separators, attackers can escape outside of the restricted location to access files or directories that are elsewhere on the system. One of the most common special elements is the "../" sequence, which in most modern operating systems is interpreted as the parent directory of the current location. This is referred to as relative path traversal. Path traversal also covers the use of absolute pathnames such as "/usr/local/bin" to access unexpected files. This is referred to as absolute path traversal.
Mapping guidance
This CWE entry might have children that would be more appropriate.
Examine children of this entry to see if there is a better fit. Consider children such as CWE-23 (or its descendants) for relative path traversal, or CWE-36 for absolute path traversal.
Relationships and members
Modes of introduction
Detection methods
Automated Static Analysis
Automated techniques can find areas where path traversal weaknesses exist. However, tuning or customization may be required to remove or de-prioritize path-traversal problems that are only exploitable by the product's administrator - or other privileged users - and thus potentially valid behavior or, at worst, a bug instead of a vulnerability.
Effectiveness: High
Manual Static Analysis
Manual white box techniques may be able to provide sufficient code coverage and reduction of false positives if all file access operations can be assessed within limited time constraints.
Effectiveness: High
Automated Static Analysis - Binary or Bytecode
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Bytecode Weakness Analysis - including disassembler + source code weakness analysis
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Binary Weakness Analysis - including disassembler + source code weakness analysis
Effectiveness: High
Manual Static Analysis - Binary or Bytecode
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Binary / Bytecode disassembler - then use manual analysis for vulnerabilities & anomalies
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Dynamic Analysis with Automated Results Interpretation
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Web Application Scanner
Web Services Scanner
Database Scanners
Effectiveness: High
Dynamic Analysis with Manual Results Interpretation
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Fuzz Tester
Framework-based Fuzzer
Effectiveness: High
Manual Static Analysis - Source Code
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Manual Source Code Review (not inspections)
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Focused Manual Spotcheck - Focused manual analysis of source
Effectiveness: High
Automated Static Analysis - Source Code
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Source code Weakness Analyzer
Context-configured Source Code Weakness Analyzer
Effectiveness: High
Architecture or Design Review
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Formal Methods / Correct-By-Construction
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Inspection (IEEE 1028 standard) (can apply to requirements, design, source code, etc.)
Effectiveness: High
Notes
Other
In many programming languages, the injection of a null byte (the 0 or NUL) may allow an attacker to truncate a generated filename to apply to a wider range of files. For example, the product may add ".txt" to any pathname, thus limiting the attacker to text files, but a null injection may effectively remove this restriction.
Relationship
Pathname equivalence can be regarded as a type of canonicalization error.
Relationship
Some pathname equivalence issues are not directly related to directory traversal, rather are used to bypass security-relevant checks for whether a file/directory can be accessed by the attacker (e.g. a trailing "/" on a filename could bypass access rules that don't expect a trailing /, causing a server to provide the file when it normally would not).
Terminology
Like other weaknesses, terminology is often based on the types of manipulations used, instead of the underlying weaknesses. Some people use "directory traversal" only to refer to the injection of ".." and equivalent sequences whose specific meaning is to traverse directories.
Other variants like "absolute pathname" and "drive letter" have the *effect* of directory traversal, but some people may not call it such, since it doesn't involve ".." or equivalent.
Research Gap
Many variants of path traversal attacks are probably under-studied with respect to root cause. CWE-790 and CWE-182 begin to cover part of this gap.
Research Gap
Incomplete diagnosis or reporting of vulnerabilities can make it difficult to know which variant is affected. For example, a researcher might say that "..\" is vulnerable, but not test "../" which may also be vulnerable.
Any combination of directory separators ("/", "\", etc.) and numbers of "." (e.g. "....") can produce unique variants; for example, the "//../" variant is not listed (CVE-2004-0325). See this entry's children and lower-level descendants.
Content history
Identified weakness in Perl demonstrative example
Provided diagram to improve CWE usability
Identified weakness in "good code" for Python demonstrative example
Provided a demonstrative example in PHP
updated Potential_Mitigations, Time_of_Introduction
Suggested OWASP Top Ten 2004 mapping
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updated Affected_Resources, Causal_Nature, Likelihood_of_Exploit, References, Relationships, Relevant_Properties, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated References, Relationships
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16182 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-76PC-MQXP-3RQ5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-14 21:43 – Updated: 2026-08-14 21:43Unauthenticated Path Traversal in Dashboard Session Log API Endpoints
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| Repository | ooples/token-optimizer-mcp |
| Affected version | 5.0.1 (commit 8137147) |
| Vulnerability | CWE-22 — Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory |
| Severity | Medium |
| CVSS 3.1 | 5.3 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N) |
Summary
The dashboard HTTP server in token-optimizer-mcp exposes /api/session-summary and /api/session-events with no authentication middleware — any network-accessible client can reach them without credentials. Both handlers concatenate the caller-supplied sessionId query parameter directly into a filesystem path via path.join, and Node.js normalizes .. segments at resolution time, allowing an unauthenticated attacker to read any .jsonl file reachable from the server's filesystem. Successful reproduction confirmed exfiltration of a .jsonl file located outside the intended hooksDataPath directory with a single unauthenticated HTTP GET request.
Affected Code
src/server/web-server.ts:73–88 — /api/session-summary: unsanitized sessionId interpolated into path.join then passed to fs.readFileSync
const hooksDataPath = getHooksDataPath();
const jsonlFilePath = path.join(
hooksDataPath,
`session-log-${sessionId}.jsonl`
);
if (!fs.existsSync(jsonlFilePath)) {
return res.status(404).json({
success: false,
error: `JSONL log not found for session ${sessionId}`,
sessionId,
});
}
// Parse JSONL file
const jsonlContent = fs.readFileSync(jsonlFilePath, 'utf-8');
src/server/web-server.ts:297–311 — /api/session-events: identical unsanitized path.join + fs.readFileSync pattern
const hooksDataPath = getHooksDataPath();
const jsonlFilePath = path.join(
hooksDataPath,
`session-log-${sessionId}.jsonl`
);
if (!fs.existsSync(jsonlFilePath)) {
return res.status(404).json({
success: false,
error: `JSONL log not found for session ${sessionId}`,
});
}
// Parse JSONL file
const jsonlContent = fs.readFileSync(jsonlFilePath, 'utf-8');
req.query.sessionId flows unsanitized into path.join(hooksDataPath, \session-log-${sessionId}.jsonl`), which Node.js resolves by normalizing..traversal sequences before thefs.readFileSync` call.
Proof of Concept
Step 1 — Send traversal payload to /api/session-events with no credentials: server returns HTTP 200 with contents of a .jsonl file outside hooksDataPath — proves unauthenticated out-of-bounds file read.
curl -s "http://127.0.0.1:3100/api/session-events?sessionId=abc%2F..%2F..%2F..%2F..%2Ftraversal-target"
GET /api/session-events?sessionId=abc%2F..%2F..%2F..%2F..%2Ftraversal-target HTTP/1.1
Host: 127.0.0.1:3100
User-Agent: python-requests/2.x
Accept: */*
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
X-Powered-By: Express
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8
Content-Length: 186
{"success":true,"sessionId":"abc/../../../../traversal-target","total":1,"offset":0,"limit":100,"events":[{"type":"PATH_TRAVERSAL_EVIDENCE","secret":"sensitive-data-outside-hooks-dir"}]}
Impact
An unauthenticated remote attacker can read the contents of any .jsonl file accessible to the process running the dashboard server. In a typical deployment this includes all session log files (which contain tool invocations, hook outputs, and token usage data) as well as any other .jsonl file reachable via .. traversal from hooksDataPath. The constraint that the resolved path must end in .jsonl limits the attack surface to that file extension, but session logs can contain sensitive operational data. The same path traversal is present in both /api/session-summary and /api/session-events, and neither endpoint requires authentication.
Remediation
- Validate
sessionIdformat before use: reject any value that does not match a strict allowlist such as/^[a-zA-Z0-9_-]{1,64}$/. This prevents/and.characters from entering the path construction entirely.
typescript
const SESSION_ID_RE = /^[a-zA-Z0-9_-]{1,64}$/;
if (!SESSION_ID_RE.test(sessionId)) {
return res.status(400).json({ success: false, error: 'Invalid sessionId' });
}
-
Alternatively, apply
path.basenameto strip all directory components:path.basename(sessionId)reduces any traversal sequence to a bare filename beforepath.join. -
Add authentication middleware to all
/api/*routes so that even if a bypass is found the endpoints are not reachable without a valid session token.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "@ooples/token-optimizer-mcp"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "5.1.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-55156"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-08-14T21:43:54Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "# Unauthenticated Path Traversal in Dashboard Session Log API Endpoints\n\n| Field | Value |\n| ---------------- | ----- |\n| Repository | ooples/token-optimizer-mcp |\n| Affected version | 5.0.1 (commit 8137147) |\n| Vulnerability | CWE-22 \u2014 Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory |\n| Severity | Medium |\n| CVSS 3.1 | 5.3 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N) |\n\n\n## Summary\n\nThe dashboard HTTP server in `token-optimizer-mcp` exposes `/api/session-summary` and `/api/session-events` with no authentication middleware \u2014 any network-accessible client can reach them without credentials. Both handlers concatenate the caller-supplied `sessionId` query parameter directly into a filesystem path via `path.join`, and Node.js normalizes `..` segments at resolution time, allowing an unauthenticated attacker to read any `.jsonl` file reachable from the server\u0027s filesystem. Successful reproduction confirmed exfiltration of a `.jsonl` file located outside the intended `hooksDataPath` directory with a single unauthenticated HTTP GET request.\n\n## Affected Code\n\n`src/server/web-server.ts:73\u201388` \u2014 `/api/session-summary`: unsanitized `sessionId` interpolated into `path.join` then passed to `fs.readFileSync`\n\n```typescript\n const hooksDataPath = getHooksDataPath();\n const jsonlFilePath = path.join(\n hooksDataPath,\n `session-log-${sessionId}.jsonl`\n );\n\n if (!fs.existsSync(jsonlFilePath)) {\n return res.status(404).json({\n success: false,\n error: `JSONL log not found for session ${sessionId}`,\n sessionId,\n });\n }\n\n // Parse JSONL file\n const jsonlContent = fs.readFileSync(jsonlFilePath, \u0027utf-8\u0027);\n```\n\n`src/server/web-server.ts:297\u2013311` \u2014 `/api/session-events`: identical unsanitized `path.join` + `fs.readFileSync` pattern\n\n```typescript\n const hooksDataPath = getHooksDataPath();\n const jsonlFilePath = path.join(\n hooksDataPath,\n `session-log-${sessionId}.jsonl`\n );\n\n if (!fs.existsSync(jsonlFilePath)) {\n return res.status(404).json({\n success: false,\n error: `JSONL log not found for session ${sessionId}`,\n });\n }\n\n // Parse JSONL file\n const jsonlContent = fs.readFileSync(jsonlFilePath, \u0027utf-8\u0027);\n```\n\n`req.query.sessionId` flows unsanitized into `path.join(hooksDataPath, \\`session-log-${sessionId}.jsonl\\`)`, which Node.js resolves by normalizing `..` traversal sequences before the `fs.readFileSync` call.\n\n## Proof of Concept\n\nStep 1 \u2014 Send traversal payload to `/api/session-events` with no credentials: server returns HTTP 200 with contents of a `.jsonl` file outside `hooksDataPath` \u2014 proves unauthenticated out-of-bounds file read.\n\n```bash\ncurl -s \"http://127.0.0.1:3100/api/session-events?sessionId=abc%2F..%2F..%2F..%2F..%2Ftraversal-target\"\n```\n\n```http\nGET /api/session-events?sessionId=abc%2F..%2F..%2F..%2F..%2Ftraversal-target HTTP/1.1\nHost: 127.0.0.1:3100\nUser-Agent: python-requests/2.x\nAccept: */*\n```\n\n```http\nHTTP/1.1 200 OK\nX-Powered-By: Express\nAccess-Control-Allow-Origin: *\nContent-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8\nContent-Length: 186\n\n{\"success\":true,\"sessionId\":\"abc/../../../../traversal-target\",\"total\":1,\"offset\":0,\"limit\":100,\"events\":[{\"type\":\"PATH_TRAVERSAL_EVIDENCE\",\"secret\":\"sensitive-data-outside-hooks-dir\"}]}\n```\n\n## Impact\n\nAn unauthenticated remote attacker can read the contents of any `.jsonl` file accessible to the process running the dashboard server. In a typical deployment this includes all session log files (which contain tool invocations, hook outputs, and token usage data) as well as any other `.jsonl` file reachable via `..` traversal from `hooksDataPath`. The constraint that the resolved path must end in `.jsonl` limits the attack surface to that file extension, but session logs can contain sensitive operational data. The same path traversal is present in both `/api/session-summary` and `/api/session-events`, and neither endpoint requires authentication.\n\n## Remediation\n\n1. **Validate `sessionId` format** before use: reject any value that does not match a strict allowlist such as `/^[a-zA-Z0-9_-]{1,64}$/`. This prevents `/` and `.` characters from entering the path construction entirely.\n\n ```typescript\n const SESSION_ID_RE = /^[a-zA-Z0-9_-]{1,64}$/;\n if (!SESSION_ID_RE.test(sessionId)) {\n return res.status(400).json({ success: false, error: \u0027Invalid sessionId\u0027 });\n }\n ```\n\n2. **Alternatively, apply `path.basename`** to strip all directory components: `path.basename(sessionId)` reduces any traversal sequence to a bare filename before `path.join`.\n\n3. **Add authentication middleware** to all `/api/*` routes so that even if a bypass is found the endpoints are not reachable without a valid session token.",
"id": "GHSA-76pc-mqxp-3rq5",
"modified": "2026-08-14T21:43:55Z",
"published": "2026-08-14T21:43:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ooples/token-optimizer-mcp/security/advisories/GHSA-76pc-mqxp-3rq5"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ooples/token-optimizer-mcp/commit/b4ee96dac799cbfba0a9f9c17844ce9d613cbcc7"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/ooples/token-optimizer-mcp"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ooples/token-optimizer-mcp/releases/tag/v5.1.0"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Token Optimizer MCP: Unauthenticated Path Traversal in Dashboard Session Log API Endpoints"
}
GHSA-76Q5-XQFH-7VW2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-10-26 09:31 – Updated: 2026-10-26 09:31Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal') vulnerability in Apache Camel Docling component.
This issue affects Apache Camel: from 4.15.0 before 4.18.5, from 4.19.0 before 4.22.2.
DoclingProducer builds the command line of the external docling tool and appends to it the custom arguments supplied in the CamelDoclingCustomArguments header, a list of strings whose flags the fix for CVE-2026-40047 restricted to an allowlist. That fix also introduced validatePathSafety to keep path-like argument values inside the intended directory, but the method only looked for relative traversal: it rejected a value containing a traversal sequence such as ../ and a value whose normalized form still held a .. element. It never checked whether a value was an absolute path, and an absolute path without traversal segments contains neither, so it passed unchanged. Every path-like value went through this check, whether it was a separate list element following its flag or was attached to the flag after an equals sign, so an absolute path was accepted in either form, for example as the directory given to the allowlisted --artifacts-path flag, which tells docling where to find its model artifacts. Such a value reached the docling command line as given, so a party able to choose the custom arguments could point the docling process at any directory the Camel process can access, outside the working directory that the check was meant to keep path values in, which is the outcome the CVE-2026-40047 fix set out to prevent. Only the CLI mode, which is the default, passes custom arguments to docling. The header belongs to the Camel header namespace, which consumers applying Camel's default header filtering, such as the JMS and Kafka consumers, remove from incoming messages, so the issue is reached where a route forwards externally influenced values into the header or where a consumer maps incoming headers without that filtering.
Users are recommended to upgrade to version 4.23.0, which fixes the issue. If users are on the 4.22.x releases stream, then they are suggested to upgrade to 4.22.2. If users are on the 4.18.x releases stream, then they are suggested to upgrade to 4.18.5. The 4.15.x to 4.17.x and 4.19.x to 4.21.x release lines reached end of life before this issue was resolved and will not receive a fix, so deployments on them must move to a supported release. For deployments that cannot upgrade immediately, do not build the CamelDoclingCustomArguments header from values that originate outside the deployment, remove that header from messages that arrive from outside before they reach a docling endpoint, and make sure that consumers which map incoming message headers drop the Camel header namespace, so that only the route itself chooses the custom arguments.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-95628"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-10-26T09:16:36Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory (\u0027Path Traversal\u0027) vulnerability in Apache Camel Docling component.\n\n\n\nThis issue affects Apache Camel: from 4.15.0 before 4.18.5, from 4.19.0 before 4.22.2.\n\n\n\nDoclingProducer builds the command line of the external docling tool and appends to it the custom arguments supplied in the CamelDoclingCustomArguments header, a list of strings whose flags the fix for CVE-2026-40047 restricted to an allowlist. That fix also introduced validatePathSafety to keep path-like argument values inside the intended directory, but the method only looked for relative traversal: it rejected a value containing a traversal sequence such as ../ and a value whose normalized form still held a .. element. It never checked whether a value was an absolute path, and an absolute path without traversal segments contains neither, so it passed unchanged. Every path-like value went through this check, whether it was a separate list element following its flag or was attached to the flag after an equals sign, so an absolute path was accepted in either form, for example as the directory given to the allowlisted --artifacts-path flag, which tells docling where to find its model artifacts. Such a value reached the docling command line as given, so a party able to choose the custom arguments could point the docling process at any directory the Camel process can access, outside the working directory that the check was meant to keep path values in, which is the outcome the CVE-2026-40047 fix set out to prevent. Only the CLI mode, which is the default, passes custom arguments to docling. The header belongs to the Camel header namespace, which consumers applying Camel\u0027s default header filtering, such as the JMS and Kafka consumers, remove from incoming messages, so the issue is reached where a route forwards externally influenced values into the header or where a consumer maps incoming headers without that filtering.\n\n\n\nUsers are recommended to upgrade to version 4.23.0, which fixes the issue. If users are on the 4.22.x releases stream, then they are suggested to upgrade to 4.22.2. If users are on the 4.18.x releases stream, then they are suggested to upgrade to 4.18.5. The 4.15.x to 4.17.x and 4.19.x to 4.21.x release lines reached end of life before this issue was resolved and will not receive a fix, so deployments on them must move to a supported release. For deployments that cannot upgrade immediately, do not build the CamelDoclingCustomArguments header from values that originate outside the deployment, remove that header from messages that arrive from outside before they reach a docling endpoint, and make sure that consumers which map incoming message headers drop the Camel header namespace, so that only the route itself chooses the custom arguments.",
"id": "GHSA-76q5-xqfh-7vw2",
"modified": "2026-10-26T09:31:12Z",
"published": "2026-10-26T09:31:11Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-95628"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/apache/camel/pull/26738"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/apache/camel/pull/26743"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/apache/camel/pull/26744"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://camel.apache.org/security/CVE-2026-40047.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://camel.apache.org/security/CVE-2026-78163.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://camel.apache.org/security/CVE-2026-95628.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CAMEL-24893"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-76QR-MMH8-CP8F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2018-10-19 16:56 – Updated: 2021-09-02 19:24In Spark before 2.7.2, a remote attacker can read unintended static files via various representations of absolute or relative pathnames, as demonstrated by file: URLs and directory traversal sequences. NOTE: this product is unrelated to Ignite Realtime Spark.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "com.sparkjava:spark-core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.7.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-9159"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2020-06-16T21:21:39Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In Spark before 2.7.2, a remote attacker can read unintended static files via various representations of absolute or relative pathnames, as demonstrated by file: URLs and directory traversal sequences. NOTE: this product is unrelated to Ignite Realtime Spark.",
"id": "GHSA-76qr-mmh8-cp8f",
"modified": "2021-09-02T19:24:32Z",
"published": "2018-10-19T16:56:00Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-9159"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/perwendel/spark/issues/981"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/perwendel/spark/commit/030e9d00125cbd1ad759668f85488aba1019c668"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/perwendel/spark/commit/a221a864db28eb736d36041df2fa6eb8839fc5cd"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/perwendel/spark/commit/ce9e11517eca69e58ed4378d1e47a02bd06863cc"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:2020"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:2405"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-76qr-mmh8-cp8f"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/perwendel/spark"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://sparkjava.com/news#spark-272-released"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Moderate severity vulnerability that affects com.sparkjava:spark-core"
}
GHSA-76RX-46WH-9XMG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:23 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:23An issue was discovered in NcMonitorServer.exe in NC Monitor Server in NComputing vSpace Pro 10 and 11. It is possible to read arbitrary files outside the root directory of the web server. This vulnerability could be exploited remotely by a crafted URL without credentials, with .../ or ...\ or ..../ or ....\ as a directory-traversal pattern to TCP port 8667.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-10201"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-04-20T08:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in NcMonitorServer.exe in NC Monitor Server in NComputing vSpace Pro 10 and 11. It is possible to read arbitrary files outside the root directory of the web server. This vulnerability could be exploited remotely by a crafted URL without credentials, with .../ or ...\\ or ..../ or ....\\ as a directory-traversal pattern to TCP port 8667.",
"id": "GHSA-76rx-46wh-9xmg",
"modified": "2022-05-14T03:23:40Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T03:23:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-10201"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.ncomputing.com/portal/kb/articles/ncomputing-health-monitor-server-vulnerability-patch"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/44497"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.kwell.net/kwell/index.php?option=com_newsfeeds\u0026view=newsfeed\u0026id=15\u0026Itemid=173\u0026lang=es"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.kwell.net/kwell_blog/?p=5199"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-76VR-R6C5-CX5Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-07 12:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:33Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal') vulnerability in Zach Swetz Plugin A/B Image Optimizer allows Path Traversal. This issue affects Plugin A/B Image Optimizer: from n/a through 3.3.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-25163"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-02-07T10:15:21Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory (\u0027Path Traversal\u0027) vulnerability in Zach Swetz Plugin A/B Image Optimizer allows Path Traversal. This issue affects Plugin A/B Image Optimizer: from n/a through 3.3.",
"id": "GHSA-76vr-r6c5-cx5q",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:33:36Z",
"published": "2025-02-07T12:31:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-25163"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/images-optimizer/vulnerability/wordpress-plugin-a-b-image-optimizer-plugin-3-3-arbitrary-file-download-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-76VR-X382-PPF5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 04:42 – Updated: 2025-10-03 18:31Directory traversal vulnerability in Cogent DataHub before 7.3.5 allows remote attackers to read arbitrary files of unspecified types, or cause a web-server denial of service, via a crafted pathname.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2014-2352"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2014-05-30T23:55:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Directory traversal vulnerability in Cogent DataHub before 7.3.5 allows remote attackers to read arbitrary files of unspecified types, or cause a web-server denial of service, via a crafted pathname.",
"id": "GHSA-76vr-x382-ppf5",
"modified": "2025-10-03T18:31:18Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T04:42:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-2352"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-14-149-02"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://cogentdatahub.com/Download_Software.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://ics-cert.us-cert.gov/advisories/ICSA-14-149-02"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-76W5-P7QG-P8GV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-19 21:30 – Updated: 2022-12-23 21:30IBM Spectrum Scale 5.1 could allow users with permissions to create pod, persistent volume and persistent volume claim to access files and directories outside of the volume, including on the host filesystem. IBM X-Force ID: 235740.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-40607"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-12-19T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IBM Spectrum Scale 5.1 could allow users with permissions to create pod, persistent volume and persistent volume claim to access files and directories outside of the volume, including on the host filesystem. IBM X-Force ID: 235740.",
"id": "GHSA-76w5-p7qg-p8gv",
"modified": "2022-12-23T21:30:19Z",
"published": "2022-12-19T21:30:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-40607"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/235740"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/6848231"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-76X4-X3P6-RPR9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:43 – Updated: 2024-10-26 22:49An issue was discovered in through SaltStack Salt before 3002.5. The salt.wheel.pillar_roots.write method is vulnerable to directory traversal.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "salt"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2015.8.13"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "salt"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2016.3.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2016.11.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "salt"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2016.11.7"
},
{
"fixed": "2016.11.10"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "salt"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2017.5.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2017.7.8"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "salt"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2018.2.0"
},
{
"last_affected": "2018.3.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "salt"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2019.2.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2019.2.8"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "salt"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3000"
},
{
"fixed": "3000.7"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "salt"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3001"
},
{
"fixed": "3001.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "salt"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3002"
},
{
"fixed": "3002.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-25282"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-04-22T21:17:13Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2021-02-27T05:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in through SaltStack Salt before 3002.5. The `salt.wheel.pillar_roots.write` method is vulnerable to directory traversal.",
"id": "GHSA-76x4-x3p6-rpr9",
"modified": "2024-10-26T22:49:50Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:43:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-25282"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2021/dsa-5011"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202310-22"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202103-01"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://saltproject.io/security_announcements/active-saltstack-cve-release-2021-feb-25"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/YOGNT2XWPOYV7YT75DN7PS4GIYWFKOK5"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/FUGLOJ6NXLCIFRD2JTXBYQEMAEF2B6XH"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/7GRVZ5WAEI3XFN2BDTL6DDXFS5HYSDVB"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/YOGNT2XWPOYV7YT75DN7PS4GIYWFKOK5"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/FUGLOJ6NXLCIFRD2JTXBYQEMAEF2B6XH"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/7GRVZ5WAEI3XFN2BDTL6DDXFS5HYSDVB"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2022/01/msg00000.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2021/11/msg00009.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/saltstack/salt/releases"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/saltstack/salt/blob/8f9405cf8e6f7d7776d5000841c886dec6d96250/doc/topics/releases/3002.3.rst#L31"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/saltstack/salt/blob/8f9405cf8e6f7d7776d5000841c886dec6d96250/doc/topics/releases/3001.5.rst#L31"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/saltstack/salt/blob/8f9405cf8e6f7d7776d5000841c886dec6d96250/doc/topics/releases/3000.7.rst#L31"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/saltstack/salt"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/salt/PYSEC-2021-51.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/162058/SaltStack-Salt-API-Unauthenticated-Remote-Command-Execution.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "SaltStack Salt Directory Traversal vulnerability"
}
GHSA-76X8-GG39-5JJG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 23:28 – Updated: 2024-09-13 18:02Directory traversal vulnerability in the _get_file_path function in (1) lib/sessions.py in CherryPy 3.0.x up to 3.0.2, (2) filter/sessionfilter.py in CherryPy 2.1, and (3) filter/sessionfilter.py in CherryPy 2.x allows remote attackers to create or delete arbitrary files, and possibly read and write portions of arbitrary files, via a crafted session id in a cookie.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "cherrypy"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.1.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "cherrypy"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3.0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.0.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2008-0252"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-04-01T19:52:43Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2008-01-12T02:46:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Directory traversal vulnerability in the _get_file_path function in (1) `lib/sessions.py` in CherryPy 3.0.x up to 3.0.2, (2) `filter/sessionfilter.py` in CherryPy 2.1, and (3) `filter/sessionfilter.py` in CherryPy 2.x allows remote attackers to create or delete arbitrary files, and possibly read and write portions of arbitrary files, via a crafted session id in a cookie.",
"id": "GHSA-76x8-gg39-5jjg",
"modified": "2024-09-13T18:02:56Z",
"published": "2022-05-01T23:28:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-0252"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/cherrypy/cherrypy/commit/37b856eba6f207231c691dae2e5b24e072f86664"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugs.gentoo.org/show_bug.cgi?id=204829"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/cherrypy/cherrypy"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/cherrypy/PYSEC-2008-3.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://issues.rpath.com/browse/RPL-2127"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20080129011723/http://secunia.com/advisories/28354"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20080312130713/http://secunia.com/advisories/28353"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20080328003510/http://secunia.com/advisories/28611"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20100122080212/http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2008/0039"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20110513223620/http://secunia.com/advisories/28769"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20111224161644/http://secunia.com/advisories/28620"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20151108024505/http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/27181"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.redhat.com/archives/fedora-package-announce/2008-January/msg00240.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.redhat.com/archives/fedora-package-announce/2008-January/msg00297.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://security.gentoo.org/glsa/glsa-200801-11.xml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.cherrypy.org/changeset/1774"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.cherrypy.org/changeset/1775"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.cherrypy.org/changeset/1776"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.cherrypy.org/ticket/744"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.debian.org/security/2008/dsa-1481"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "CherryPy Malicious cookies allow access to files outside the session directory"
}
GHSA-76XP-QWJJ-5MFV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 01:09 – Updated: 2025-04-12 12:42D-link IP camera DCS-2103 with firmware 1.0.0 allows remote attackers to obtain the installation path via the file parameter to cgi-bin/sddownload.cgi, as demonstrated by a / (forward slash) character.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2014-9238"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2014-12-03T21:59:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "D-link IP camera DCS-2103 with firmware 1.0.0 allows remote attackers to obtain the installation path via the file parameter to cgi-bin/sddownload.cgi, as demonstrated by a / (forward slash) character.",
"id": "GHSA-76xp-qwjj-5mfv",
"modified": "2025-04-12T12:42:31Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T01:09:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-9238"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/129138/D-Link-DCS-2103-Directory-Traversal.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2014/Nov/42"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://websecurity.com.ua/7250"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/71484"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
Mitigation MIT-5.1
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- When validating filenames, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set to be used. If feasible, only allow a single "." character in the filename to avoid weaknesses such as CWE-23, and exclude directory separators such as "/" to avoid CWE-36. Use a list of allowable file extensions, which will help to avoid CWE-434.
- Do not rely exclusively on a filtering mechanism that removes potentially dangerous characters. This is equivalent to a denylist, which may be incomplete (CWE-184). For example, filtering "/" is insufficient protection if the filesystem also supports the use of "\" as a directory separator. Another possible error could occur when the filtering is applied in a way that still produces dangerous data (CWE-182). For example, if "../" sequences are removed from the ".../...//" string in a sequential fashion, two instances of "../" would be removed from the original string, but the remaining characters would still form the "../" string.
Mitigation MIT-15
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation MIT-20.1
Strategy: Input Validation
- Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked.
- Use a built-in path canonicalization function (such as realpath() in C) that produces the canonical version of the pathname, which effectively removes ".." sequences and symbolic links (CWE-23, CWE-59). This includes:
- realpath() in C
- getCanonicalPath() in Java
- GetFullPath() in ASP.NET
- realpath() or abs_path() in Perl
- realpath() in PHP
Mitigation MIT-4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
Mitigation MIT-17
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation MIT-21.1
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "inbox.txt" and ID 2 could map to "profile.txt". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-185] provide this capability.
Mitigation MIT-22
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
- Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
- OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation MIT-34
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Store library, include, and utility files outside of the web document root, if possible. Otherwise, store them in a separate directory and use the web server's access control capabilities to prevent attackers from directly requesting them. One common practice is to define a fixed constant in each calling program, then check for the existence of the constant in the library/include file; if the constant does not exist, then the file was directly requested, and it can exit immediately.
- This significantly reduces the chance of an attacker being able to bypass any protection mechanisms that are in the base program but not in the include files. It will also reduce the attack surface.
Mitigation MIT-39
- Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
- If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
- Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
- In the context of path traversal, error messages which disclose path information can help attackers craft the appropriate attack strings to move through the file system hierarchy.
Mitigation MIT-16
Strategy: Environment Hardening
When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.
CAPEC-126: Path Traversal
An adversary uses path manipulation methods to exploit insufficient input validation of a target to obtain access to data that should be not be retrievable by ordinary well-formed requests. A typical variety of this attack involves specifying a path to a desired file together with dot-dot-slash characters, resulting in the file access API or function traversing out of the intended directory structure and into the root file system. By replacing or modifying the expected path information the access function or API retrieves the file desired by the attacker. These attacks either involve the attacker providing a complete path to a targeted file or using control characters (e.g. path separators (/ or \) and/or dots (.)) to reach desired directories or files.
CAPEC-64: Using Slashes and URL Encoding Combined to Bypass Validation Logic
This attack targets the encoding of the URL combined with the encoding of the slash characters. An attacker can take advantage of the multiple ways of encoding a URL and abuse the interpretation of the URL. A URL may contain special character that need special syntax handling in order to be interpreted. Special characters are represented using a percentage character followed by two digits representing the octet code of the original character (%HEX-CODE). For instance US-ASCII space character would be represented with %20. This is often referred as escaped ending or percent-encoding. Since the server decodes the URL from the requests, it may restrict the access to some URL paths by validating and filtering out the URL requests it received. An attacker will try to craft an URL with a sequence of special characters which once interpreted by the server will be equivalent to a forbidden URL. It can be difficult to protect against this attack since the URL can contain other format of encoding such as UTF-8 encoding, Unicode-encoding, etc.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.
CAPEC-78: Using Escaped Slashes in Alternate Encoding
This attack targets the use of the backslash in alternate encoding. An adversary can provide a backslash as a leading character and causes a parser to believe that the next character is special. This is called an escape. By using that trick, the adversary tries to exploit alternate ways to encode the same character which leads to filter problems and opens avenues to attack.
CAPEC-79: Using Slashes in Alternate Encoding
This attack targets the encoding of the Slash characters. An adversary would try to exploit common filtering problems related to the use of the slashes characters to gain access to resources on the target host. Directory-driven systems, such as file systems and databases, typically use the slash character to indicate traversal between directories or other container components. For murky historical reasons, PCs (and, as a result, Microsoft OSs) choose to use a backslash, whereas the UNIX world typically makes use of the forward slash. The schizophrenic result is that many MS-based systems are required to understand both forms of the slash. This gives the adversary many opportunities to discover and abuse a number of common filtering problems. The goal of this pattern is to discover server software that only applies filters to one version, but not the other.