Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-22

Allowed-with-Review

Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')

Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable

The product uses external input to construct a pathname that is intended to identify a file or directory that is located underneath a restricted parent directory, but the product does not properly neutralize special elements within the pathname that can cause the pathname to resolve to a location that is outside of the restricted directory.

15938 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-84421 (GCVE-0-2026-84421)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-29 17:57 – Updated: 2026-09-29 21:02
VLAI
Title
DataStage on Cloud Pak for Data has several vulnerabilities
Summary
IBM DataStage on Cloud Pak for Data 5.4.0.0 could allow a remote authenticated attacker to execute arbitrary code due to improper validation of paths during archive extraction.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-29 20:53 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
ibm CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 88/100 over 1335 records in the last 180 days details
References
URL Tags
https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7288649 vendor-advisorypatch
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
IBM DataStage on Cloud Pak for Data Affected: 5.4.0.0 (custom)
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:datastage_on_cloud_pak_for_data:5.4.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-84374 (GCVE-0-2026-84374)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-01 21:28 – Updated: 2026-09-04 02:14
VLAI
Title
Laravel Excel writes exports outside the configured filesystem disk when given a caller-controlled path
Summary
Laravel Excel provides supercharged Excel exports and imports in Laravel. From 3.1.8 until 3.1.70, in src/Files/Disk.php the Maatwebsite\Excel\Files\Disk::copy() method resolves the caller-controlled $destination supplied through Excel::store(), $export->store(), or storeExcel() against the process working directory with realpath() instead of the configured filesystem disk. If the path names an existing writable file, Disk::copy() opens it with fopen() in rb+ mode and uses stream_copy_to_stream(), bypassing Flysystem path confinement and allowing an attacker whose application input controls the export path to overwrite arbitrary existing files with export content. The rb+ behavior creates a non-truncating overwrite and trailing bytes when the new export is shorter, and overwriting an executable PHP file can lead to remote code execution. This issue is fixed in version 3.1.70.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-04 02:14 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
  • CWE-73 - External Control of File Name or Path
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7886 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
SpartnerNL Laravel-Excel Affected: >= 3.1.8, < 3.1.70
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-84373 (GCVE-0-2026-84373)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-01 21:26 – Updated: 2026-09-02 13:22
VLAI
Title
Vitest: Path Traversal / Arbitrary File Read via @vitest/mocker Redirect Mock
Summary
Vitest is a testing framework powered by Vite. From 2.1.0 until 4.1.11 and 5.0.0-rc.2, the public mockerPlugin and standalone interceptorPlugin exports in packages/mocker/src/node/interceptorPlugin.ts register the vitest:interceptor:register handler on Vite's unauthenticated HMR WebSocket without validating redirect targets against the file-serving allowlist. The implementation processes event.redirect without enforcing server.fs.allow and server.fs.deny through isFileLoadingAllowed. A remote client that can reach an exposed development server can submit an opaque URL scheme preserving .. segments, causing join(server.config.root, redirectUrl.pathname) to resolve outside the project root. The plugin's load hook then returns readFile(mock.redirect, 'utf-8') as module source, disclosing local files readable by the dev-server process. Vitest browser mode uses a token-authenticated RPC and is not remotely unauthenticated by default, although the same boundary check was missing on that path. This issue is fixed in versions 4.1.11 and 5.0.0-rc.2.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-02 13:20 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7886 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
vitest-dev vitest Affected: >= 2.1.0, < 4.1.11
Affected: >= 5.0.0-beta.1, < 5.0.0-rc.2
Create a notification for this product.
@vitest mocker Affected: >= 2.1.0, < 4.1.11
Affected: >= 5.0.0-beta.1, < 5.0.0-rc.2
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-84365 (GCVE-0-2026-84365)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-01 20:26 – Updated: 2026-09-04 02:09
VLAI
Title
Hono: Incomplete fix for CVE-2026-39408: `toSSG()` still writes files outside the output directory
Summary
Hono is a Web application framework that provides support for any JavaScript runtime. From 4.12.12 until 4.13.5, the fix released for CVE-2026-39408 does not cover every traversal sequence, and toSSG() can still write files outside the configured output directory when a route parameter contains consecutive parent-directory segments. Static site generation builds each output path from the route path and values supplied through ssgParams, then verifies that the result stays inside the output directory using the same normalization routine that built the path. That routine does not fully collapse runs of consecutive parent-directory segments, allowing a path that the check accepts to resolve outside the output directory, and the check also treats output directories that differ in how they are rooted as equivalent. This arises when an application generates a static site from route parameter values it does not fully control, such as slugs from a CMS, API, or user submission. An untrusted ssgParams value can create or overwrite files elsewhere in the build environment and alter generated artifacts or deployment output. The vulnerability affects build-time static site generation only; request-time routing and applications with entirely developer-controlled ssgParams values are not affected. This issue is fixed in version 4.13.5.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-04 02:08 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7886 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
honojs hono Affected: < 4.13.5
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CVE-2026-84320 (GCVE-0-2026-84320)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-12 20:44 – Updated: 2026-10-13 20:24
VLAI
Title
Nginx UI: Auto backup name allows path traversal outside validated storage path
Summary
Nginx UI is a web user interface for the Nginx web server. Prior to 2.4.3, Nginx UI validates an automatic backup's storage_path, but AutoBackup.GetName returns a user-controlled name without rejecting path separators or parent-directory components, and downstream filename formatting embeds that result in the final archive filename. An authenticated user who can create or modify an automatic backup can cause filepath.Join to resolve the generated archive path outside the validated storage directory, allowing backup archives to be written with the Nginx UI process privileges. For encrypted configuration backups, the adjacent encryption key file can also be written outside the validated directory. This issue is fixed in version 2.4.3.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-13 20:13 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7886 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
0xJacky nginx-ui Affected: < 2.4.3
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Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-84294 (GCVE-0-2026-84294)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-29 15:42 – Updated: 2026-10-29 15:43
VLAI
Title
Information Disclosure in Ad Hoc Transfer in Progress WS_FTP Server
Summary
Improper limitation of pathname in the Ad Hoc Transfer component of Progress Software WS_FTP Server versions prior to 2024.0.6 and 2025.0.3 on Windows could allow an authenticated user to access files outside intended directories.
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
ProgressSoftware CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 78/100 over 160 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Progress Software WS_FTP Server Affected: 0 , < 2024.0.6 (custom)
Affected: 0 , < 2025.0.3 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-84275 (GCVE-0-2026-84275)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-08 19:03 – Updated: 2026-10-12 22:54
VLAI
Title
IBM Guardium Data Protection Path Traversal
Summary
IBM Guardium Data Protection 12.2 is vulnerable to path traversal in the GIM file-upload functionality. An unauthenticated attacker could exploit this vulnerability to write arbitrary files to the Collector.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-12 22:35 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
ibm CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 88/100 over 1335 records in the last 180 days details
References
URL Tags
https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7288035 vendor-advisorypatch
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
IBM Guardium Data Protection Affected: 12.2
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:guardium_data_protection:12.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:guardium_data_protection:12.2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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              "value": "\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cp\u003eIBM encourages customers to update their systems promptly.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u00a0Product\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVersions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u00a0Fix\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eIBM Guardium Data Protection\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e12.2\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.ibm.com/support/fixcentral/swg/quickorder?parent=IBM%20Security\u0026amp;product=ibm/Information+Management/InfoSphere+Guardium\u0026amp;release=12.2\u0026amp;platform=Linux\u0026amp;function=fixId\u0026amp;fixids=SqlGuard_12.0p233_FixPack\u0026amp;includeSupersedes=0\u0026amp;source=fc\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://www.ibm.com/support/fixcentral/swg/quickorder?parent=IBM%20Security\u0026amp;product=ibm/Information+Management/InfoSphere+Guardium\u0026amp;release=12.2\u0026amp;platform=Linux\u0026amp;function=fixId\u0026amp;fixids=SqlGuard_12.0p233_FixPack\u0026amp;includeSupersedes=0\u0026amp;source=fc\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"
            }
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CVE-2026-84247 (GCVE-0-2026-84247)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-08 21:27 – Updated: 2026-10-09 14:50
VLAI
Title
IBM Guardium Data Protection is affected by multiple vulnerabilities.
Summary
IBM Guardium Data Protection 12.2 could allow a remote authenticated attacker to cause a denial of service due to a path traversal vulnerability.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-09 14:03 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
ibm CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 88/100 over 1335 records in the last 180 days details
References
URL Tags
https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7288035 vendor-advisorypatch
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
IBM Guardium Data Protection Affected: 12.2
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:guardium_data_protection:12.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:guardium_data_protection:12.2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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              "value": "\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cp\u003eIBM encourages customers to update their systems promptly.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u00a0Product\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVersions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u00a0Fix\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eIBM Guardium Data Protection\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e12.2\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.ibm.com/support/fixcentral/swg/quickorder?parent=IBM%20Security\u0026amp;product=ibm/Information+Management/InfoSphere+Guardium\u0026amp;release=12.2\u0026amp;platform=Linux\u0026amp;function=fixId\u0026amp;fixids=SqlGuard_12.0p233_FixPack\u0026amp;includeSupersedes=0\u0026amp;source=fc\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://www.ibm.com/support/fixcentral/swg/quickorder?parent=IBM%20Security\u0026amp;product=ibm/Information+Management/InfoSphere+Guardium\u0026amp;release=12.2\u0026amp;platform=Linux\u0026amp;function=fixId\u0026amp;fixids=SqlGuard_12.0p233_FixPack\u0026amp;includeSupersedes=0\u0026amp;source=fc\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"
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CVE-2026-84243 (GCVE-0-2026-84243)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-30 17:43 – Updated: 2026-10-31 03:56
VLAI
Title
gettext: Directory traversal via the LANGUAGE environment variable
Summary
The gettext family of functions in the GNU C Library version 2.0 and later accept LANGUAGE environment variable entries that contain '/' or that are equal to "..", unless the program is setuid or setgid (AT_SECURE). An attacker who can set LANGUAGE in the environment of a program that uses gettext can make it load a message catalog (.mo file) from an arbitrary location in the file system. A crafted .mo file can crash the program through out-of-range offsets, or supply translations whose format directives do not match the arguments passed by the program. That causes undefined behaviour in the printf family of functions and may allow arbitrary code execution with the privileges of the program. The safety of message catalogs relies on them being installed in trusted, read-only locations, and the directory traversal bypasses this. The fix for CVE-2014-0475 rejects ".." path components in locale names passed to setlocale or taken from the LC_ALL, LC_* and LANG environment variables. gettext reads LANGUAGE directly and appends each colon-separated entry to the message catalog directory, so that fix did not cover LANGUAGE. LANGUAGE is only used when the LC_MESSAGES locale is not "C", "C.<encoding>" or "POSIX", so the attacker must also be able to select another installed locale, for example through LANG or LC_ALL. Exploitation also requires that the attacker can place the crafted file in a location readable by the target program, and that the environment crosses a trust boundary without the program running as AT_SECURE. An example is an SSH server that accepts LANGUAGE and LANG from clients through the AcceptEnv directive and restricts an account to a forced command; the attacker may use this to escape the restriction.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-30 00:00 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
glibc CNA under the redhat root
CNA scorecard B 80/100 over 14 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
The GNU C Library glibc Affected: 2.0 , < * (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2014-07-11 05:00
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-84201 (GCVE-0-2026-84201)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-01 15:18 – Updated: 2026-09-04 02:01
VLAI
Title
appium-mcp-server through 0.1.61 Path Traversal in write_file and write_files_batch
Summary
appium-mcp-server through 0.1.61 fails to validate or normalize file paths in the write_file and write_files_batch tools, allowing attackers to write files outside the intended PROJECT_ROOT directory. Attackers can supply absolute paths or relative paths with parent directory segments to overwrite arbitrary files with the server user's privileges, including shell profiles and configuration files in the home directory.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-04 02:01 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 7402 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
argneshu appium-mcp-server Affected: 0 , ≤ 0.1.61 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-08-29 00:00
Credits
Show details on NVD website

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          "value": "appium-mcp-server through 0.1.61 fails to validate or normalize file paths in the write_file and write_files_batch tools, allowing attackers to write files outside the intended PROJECT_ROOT directory. Attackers can supply absolute paths or relative paths with parent directory segments to overwrite arbitrary files with the server user\u0027s privileges, including shell profiles and configuration files in the home directory."
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Mitigation MIT-5.1
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
  • When validating filenames, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set to be used. If feasible, only allow a single "." character in the filename to avoid weaknesses such as CWE-23, and exclude directory separators such as "/" to avoid CWE-36. Use a list of allowable file extensions, which will help to avoid CWE-434.
  • Do not rely exclusively on a filtering mechanism that removes potentially dangerous characters. This is equivalent to a denylist, which may be incomplete (CWE-184). For example, filtering "/" is insufficient protection if the filesystem also supports the use of "\" as a directory separator. Another possible error could occur when the filtering is applied in a way that still produces dangerous data (CWE-182). For example, if "../" sequences are removed from the ".../...//" string in a sequential fashion, two instances of "../" would be removed from the original string, but the remaining characters would still form the "../" string.
Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design

For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.

Mitigation MIT-20.1
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked.
  • Use a built-in path canonicalization function (such as realpath() in C) that produces the canonical version of the pathname, which effectively removes ".." sequences and symbolic links (CWE-23, CWE-59). This includes:
  • realpath() in C
  • getCanonicalPath() in Java
  • GetFullPath() in ASP.NET
  • realpath() or abs_path() in Perl
  • realpath() in PHP
Mitigation MIT-4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].

Mitigation MIT-29
Operation

Strategy: Firewall

Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].

Mitigation MIT-17
Architecture and Design Operation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.

Mitigation MIT-21.1
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion

  • When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
  • For example, ID 1 could map to "inbox.txt" and ID 2 could map to "profile.txt". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-185] provide this capability.
Mitigation MIT-22
Architecture and Design Operation

Strategy: Sandbox or Jail

  • Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
  • OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
  • This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
  • Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation MIT-34
Architecture and Design Operation

Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction

  • Store library, include, and utility files outside of the web document root, if possible. Otherwise, store them in a separate directory and use the web server's access control capabilities to prevent attackers from directly requesting them. One common practice is to define a fixed constant in each calling program, then check for the existence of the constant in the library/include file; if the constant does not exist, then the file was directly requested, and it can exit immediately.
  • This significantly reduces the chance of an attacker being able to bypass any protection mechanisms that are in the base program but not in the include files. It will also reduce the attack surface.
Mitigation MIT-39
Implementation
  • Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
  • If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
  • Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
  • In the context of path traversal, error messages which disclose path information can help attackers craft the appropriate attack strings to move through the file system hierarchy.
Mitigation MIT-16
Operation Implementation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.

CAPEC-126: Path Traversal

An adversary uses path manipulation methods to exploit insufficient input validation of a target to obtain access to data that should be not be retrievable by ordinary well-formed requests. A typical variety of this attack involves specifying a path to a desired file together with dot-dot-slash characters, resulting in the file access API or function traversing out of the intended directory structure and into the root file system. By replacing or modifying the expected path information the access function or API retrieves the file desired by the attacker. These attacks either involve the attacker providing a complete path to a targeted file or using control characters (e.g. path separators (/ or \) and/or dots (.)) to reach desired directories or files.

CAPEC-64: Using Slashes and URL Encoding Combined to Bypass Validation Logic

This attack targets the encoding of the URL combined with the encoding of the slash characters. An attacker can take advantage of the multiple ways of encoding a URL and abuse the interpretation of the URL. A URL may contain special character that need special syntax handling in order to be interpreted. Special characters are represented using a percentage character followed by two digits representing the octet code of the original character (%HEX-CODE). For instance US-ASCII space character would be represented with %20. This is often referred as escaped ending or percent-encoding. Since the server decodes the URL from the requests, it may restrict the access to some URL paths by validating and filtering out the URL requests it received. An attacker will try to craft an URL with a sequence of special characters which once interpreted by the server will be equivalent to a forbidden URL. It can be difficult to protect against this attack since the URL can contain other format of encoding such as UTF-8 encoding, Unicode-encoding, etc.

CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls

An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.

CAPEC-78: Using Escaped Slashes in Alternate Encoding

This attack targets the use of the backslash in alternate encoding. An adversary can provide a backslash as a leading character and causes a parser to believe that the next character is special. This is called an escape. By using that trick, the adversary tries to exploit alternate ways to encode the same character which leads to filter problems and opens avenues to attack.

CAPEC-79: Using Slashes in Alternate Encoding

This attack targets the encoding of the Slash characters. An adversary would try to exploit common filtering problems related to the use of the slashes characters to gain access to resources on the target host. Directory-driven systems, such as file systems and databases, typically use the slash character to indicate traversal between directories or other container components. For murky historical reasons, PCs (and, as a result, Microsoft OSs) choose to use a backslash, whereas the UNIX world typically makes use of the forward slash. The schizophrenic result is that many MS-based systems are required to understand both forms of the slash. This gives the adversary many opportunities to discover and abuse a number of common filtering problems. The goal of this pattern is to discover server software that only applies filters to one version, but not the other.