Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-22

Allowed-with-Review

Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')

Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable

The product uses external input to construct a pathname that is intended to identify a file or directory that is located underneath a restricted parent directory, but the product does not properly neutralize special elements within the pathname that can cause the pathname to resolve to a location that is outside of the restricted directory.

14130 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-57079 (GCVE-0-2026-57079)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-30 11:04 – Updated: 2026-07-20 06:42

Title

Net::BitTorrent versions before 2.1.0 for Perl write files outside the download directory via path traversal in peer-supplied metadata

Summary

Net::BitTorrent versions before 2.1.0 for Perl write files outside the download directory via path traversal in peer-supplied metadata. Net::BitTorrent validates file path components only on the .torrent-file ingest path. The peer and magnet metadata path (_on_metadata_received, reached from the BEP09 ut_metadata extension) passes attacker-supplied file names straight to Storage::add_file and Storage::_parse_file_tree, where Path::Tiny's child() does not collapse "..". A v2 file tree key, a v1 files[].path element, or a single-file name containing ".." segments therefore resolves outside the download directory. Because the peer also controls the piece hashes and the served bytes, content verification passes, so a malicious magnet or peer writes attacker-chosen content to an attacker-chosen path on the downloading host.

Severity

5.3 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-06-30 13:52 UTC

CWE

CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')

Assigner

CPANSec redhat root

References

2 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/sanko/Net-BitTorrent.pm/securi…	vendor-advisory
https://metacpan.org/release/SANKO/Net-BitTorrent…	release-notes

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
SANKO	Net::BitTorrent	Affected: 0 , < 2.1.0 (custom)

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-56876 (GCVE-0-2026-56876)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-26 16:44 – Updated: 2026-06-30 19:59 Unsupported When Assigned

Title

extract-zip unvalidated symlink path traversal

Summary

extract-zip does not validate symlink targets when extracting zip archives. When processing a malicious zip file containing a symlink with a relative path like '../../../../etc/passwd', extract-zip will extract the symlink without validation, allowing it to point outside the extraction directory. Depending on how extract-zip is used, an attacker could read or write to arbitrary files.

Severity

8.1 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N

8.6 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator · cisa-cg (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-06-23 15:08 UTC

CWE

CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
CWE-61 - UNIX Symbolic Link (Symlink) Following

Assigner

cisa-cg CISA root

References

3 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/ziad626/extract-zip-security-r…	third-party-advisory
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cisagov/CSAF/de…	third-party-advisory
https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-56876	vdb-entry

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
max-mapper	extract-zip	Affected: 0 , < * (custom)

Date Public

2026-06-15 00:00

Credits

Ziad Salah, Independent

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-56845 (GCVE-0-2026-56845)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-04 00:43 – Updated: 2026-08-04 15:04

Summary

An unauthenticated path traversal (LFI) vulnerability exists under /custom-sounds/ when CustomSounds storage is configured to FileSystem. By including ../ sequences in the request path, an attacker can read arbitrary files outside the base directory.

Severity

7.5 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-08-04 14:28 UTC

CWE

CWE-22 - Path Traversal

Assigner

hackerone mitre root

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://hackerone.com/reports/3514640

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
Rocket.Chat	Rocket.Chat	Affected: 0 , < 8.2.0 (semver) Affected: 0 , < 8.1.1 (semver) Affected: 0 , < 8.0.2 (semver) Affected: 0 , < 7.13.4 (semver) Affected: 0 , < 7.12.5 (semver) Affected: 0 , < 7.11.5 (semver) Affected: 0 , < 7.10.8 (semver)

Credits

s (howtoplay)

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-56844 (GCVE-0-2026-56844)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-22 00:44 – Updated: 2026-07-22 13:02

Summary

A vulnerability in the Veeam Updater component of the Veeam Software Appliance that could allow a local user to elevate their privileges and gain root-level access to the underlying operating system.

Severity

8.4 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-07-22 13:02 UTC

CWE

CWE-22 - Path Traversal

Assigner

hackerone mitre root

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://www.veeam.com/kb4879

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
Veeam	Backup and Replication	Unaffected: 13.0.2 , < 13.0.2 (semver)

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-56718 (GCVE-0-2026-56718)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-30 20:13 – Updated: 2026-09-01 14:15 X_Open Source

Title

AJCloud AJY IPC Firmware Path Traversal via jdbhttpd

Summary

AJCloud AJY IPC firmware prior to version 01.10715.11.37 contains a path traversal vulnerability in the jdbhttpd web service that allows unauthenticated remote attackers to read arbitrary files with root privileges by supplying path traversal sequences in the HTTP request URI. Attackers can send crafted HTTP requests to port 80 without authentication to access sensitive files including cleartext RTSP credentials, Wi-Fi SSID and pre-shared key, device serial number, and cloud binding parameters.

Severity

8.7 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

7.5 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-09-01 14:14 UTC

CWE

CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')

Assigner

VulnCheck mitre root

References

2 references

URL	Tags
https://www.ajcloud.net/	product
https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/ajcloud-ajy-…	third-party-advisory

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
AJCloud	AJY IPC Firmware	Affected: 0 , < 01.10715.11.37 (custom)

Date Public

2026-08-30 00:00

Credits

Alessandro Ciotti VulnCheck

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-56673 (GCVE-0-2026-56673)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-31 04:46 – Updated: 2026-07-31 19:31

Title

ComfyUI: Path traversal in LoadImage via the /prompt API allows arbitrary file existence probing and image exfiltration

Summary

ComfyUI is a modular diffusion model GUI, API, and backend with a graph-and-node interface. Prior to 0.28.0, folder_paths.get_annotated_filepath and exists_annotated_filepath join workflow-controlled annotated filenames to a base directory without a containment check, allowing an unauthenticated crafted POST /prompt workflow using LoadImage or sibling nodes to probe arbitrary host paths and exfiltrate image-format files through /view. LoadImage defines a VALIDATE_INPUTS method, which causes the execution engine to skip COMBO (input-directory) validation. Affected nodes include LoadImage, LoadImageMask, LoadImageOutput, LoadAudio, LoadLatent, LoadVideo, and Load3D. This issue is fixed in version 0.28.0.

Severity

7.5 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-07-31 19:30 UTC

CWE

CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')

Assigner

GitHub_M mitre root

References

3 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/Comfy-Org/ComfyUI/security/adv…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/Comfy-Org/ComfyUI/pull/14734	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/Comfy-Org/ComfyUI/releases/tag…	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
Comfy-Org	ComfyUI	Affected: < 0.28.0

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-56671 (GCVE-0-2026-56671)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-31 04:21 – Updated: 2026-07-31 23:19

Title

ComfyUI: Path traversal in /experiment/models/preview allows arbitrary image file read

Summary

ComfyUI is a modular diffusion model GUI, api and backend with a graph/nodes interface. Prior to 0.28.0, get_model_preview in app/model_manager.py joins an unrestricted filename route capture to a selected model directory without a containment check, allowing an unauthenticated remote attacker to use traversal, encoded traversal, absolute paths, or an unbounded path_index to read image-decodable files and enumerate host paths. get_model_preview (app/model_manager.py) built the path with os.path.join(folder, filename) where filename is an unrestricted {filename:.*} route capture. Literal ../, percent-encoded %2e%2e%2f, and absolute paths all escaped the model directory; path_index was also unbounded. The target file is piped through Pillow and re-encoded as WEBP, so disclosure is limited to image-decodable files plus a file-existence/enumeration oracle (and internal-path leakage via path_index errors). This issue is fixed in version 0.28.0.

Severity

7.5 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-07-31 23:18 UTC

CWE

CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')

Assigner

GitHub_M mitre root

References

3 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/Comfy-Org/ComfyUI/security/adv…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/Comfy-Org/ComfyUI/pull/14734	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/Comfy-Org/ComfyUI/releases/tag…	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
Comfy-Org	ComfyUI	Affected: < 0.28.0

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-56623 (GCVE-0-2026-56623)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-20 20:29 – Updated: 2026-07-21 17:15

Title

Apache MINA SSHD: Path traversal in org.apache.sshd:sshd-git on Windows

Summary

Path traversal on Windows in Apache MINA SSHD component sshd-git. Apache MINA SSHD is a Java library for client-side and server-side SSH. A git server implemented with Apache MINA SSHD component sshd-git and running on Windows could allow an authenticated remote user access to git repositories outside of the configured server-side root directory. The path validation applied for CVE-2026-48827 in Apache MINA SSHD 2.18.0 and 3.0.0-M4 was partly ineffective for Servers running on Windows. Applications are affected if they use org.apache.sshd:sshd-git to implement a git server and run on Windows. Applications not using sshd-git or not running on Windows are not affected. Users are advised to upgrade affected applications to Apache MINA SSHD 2.19.0, which fixes the issue. The issue also is present in the pre-release milestones 3.0.0-M1 to 3.0.0-M4 for a new upcoming new major version 3.0.0. Again, applications are affected only if they use sshd-git and run on Windows. Upgrade affected applications to 3.0.0-M5.

Severity

7.1 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-07-21 17:07 UTC

CWE

CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')

Assigner

apache mitre root

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://lists.apache.org/thread/bhw26snzgvk0mtqqp…	vendor-advisory

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
Apache Software Foundation	Apache MINA SSHD	Affected: 2.0.0 , ≤ 2.18.0 (maven) Affected: 3.0.0-M1 , ≤ 3.0.0-M4 (maven)

Credits

Unbbal

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-56452 (GCVE-0-2026-56452)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-20 20:26 – Updated: 2026-07-21 17:15

Title

Apache MINA SSHD: Path traversal in SCP file reception

Summary

Path traversal in the sshd-scp component of Apache MINA SSHD. Apache MINA SSHD is a Java library for client-side and server-side SSH. The implementation of receiving files or directories via SCP did not validate filenames in SCP "C" or "D" commands. A malicious sender could send filenames containing paths, resulting in files to be written in attacker-controlled places. The issue affects only * applications that use no longer supported Apache MINA SSHD versions < 2.0.0 and use the SCP functions to receive files, * or applications using sshd-scp in Apache MINA SSHD >= 2.0.0 to receive files. Applications using Apache MINA SSHD >= 2.0.0 not using sshd-scp are not affected. The issue is fixed in Apache MINA 2.19.0 and 3.0.0-M5. Affected applications are advised to upgrade to these versions.

Severity

7.5 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-07-21 17:10 UTC

CWE

CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
CWE-73 - External Control of File Name or Path

Assigner

apache mitre root

References

2 references

URL	Tags
https://lists.apache.org/thread/xgoqvmksmd94fsqnz…	vendor-advisory
http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/0…

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
Apache Software Foundation	Apache MINA SSHD	Affected: 0 , ≤ 2.18.0 (maven) Affected: 3.0.0-M1 , ≤ 3.0.0-M4 (maven)

Credits

Unbbal

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-56448 (GCVE-0-2026-56448)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-22 12:54 – Updated: 2026-06-22 15:48

Title

Authenticated Path Traversal in AIL Framework Investigation Downloads Allows Arbitrary File Read

Summary

A path traversal vulnerability exists in AIL Framework before the release containing commit 0041456af25da0cdea1c1c4624e46baff2731d8f. An authenticated AIL user can supply crafted object identifiers through the investigation workflow to cause file paths to resolve outside the intended image, favicon, or screenshot storage directories. This may allow the attacker to download and read arbitrary files that are accessible to the AIL process. The issue occurs because user-controlled path components were joined with application storage paths without verifying that the resolved path remained within the expected directory. The affected download functionality could then include the contents of such files in a generated archive.

Severity

8.3 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:H/SI:N/SA:N/S:P

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-06-22 15:47 UTC

CWE

CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')

Assigner

CIRCL ENISA root

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://github.com/ail-project/ail-framework/comm…	patch

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
ail project	ail framework	Affected: 0 , ≤ 6.8.0 (semver)

Credits

Aurelien Thirion Stephen O Tomás Illuminati

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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Mitigation MIT-5.1

Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
When validating filenames, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set to be used. If feasible, only allow a single "." character in the filename to avoid weaknesses such as CWE-23, and exclude directory separators such as "/" to avoid CWE-36. Use a list of allowable file extensions, which will help to avoid CWE-434.
Do not rely exclusively on a filtering mechanism that removes potentially dangerous characters. This is equivalent to a denylist, which may be incomplete (CWE-184). For example, filtering "/" is insufficient protection if the filesystem also supports the use of "\" as a directory separator. Another possible error could occur when the filtering is applied in a way that still produces dangerous data (CWE-182). For example, if "../" sequences are removed from the ".../...//" string in a sequential fashion, two instances of "../" would be removed from the original string, but the remaining characters would still form the "../" string.

Mitigation MIT-15

Architecture and Design

For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.

Mitigation MIT-20.1

Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked.
Use a built-in path canonicalization function (such as realpath() in C) that produces the canonical version of the pathname, which effectively removes ".." sequences and symbolic links (CWE-23, CWE-59). This includes:
realpath() in C
getCanonicalPath() in Java
GetFullPath() in ASP.NET
realpath() or abs_path() in Perl
realpath() in PHP

Mitigation MIT-4

Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].

Mitigation MIT-29

Operation

Strategy: Firewall

Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].

Mitigation MIT-17

Architecture and Design Operation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.

Mitigation MIT-21.1

Architecture and Design

Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion

When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
For example, ID 1 could map to "inbox.txt" and ID 2 could map to "profile.txt". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-185] provide this capability.

Mitigation MIT-22

Architecture and Design Operation

Strategy: Sandbox or Jail

Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.

Mitigation MIT-34

Architecture and Design Operation

Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction

Store library, include, and utility files outside of the web document root, if possible. Otherwise, store them in a separate directory and use the web server's access control capabilities to prevent attackers from directly requesting them. One common practice is to define a fixed constant in each calling program, then check for the existence of the constant in the library/include file; if the constant does not exist, then the file was directly requested, and it can exit immediately.
This significantly reduces the chance of an attacker being able to bypass any protection mechanisms that are in the base program but not in the include files. It will also reduce the attack surface.

Mitigation MIT-39

Implementation

Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
In the context of path traversal, error messages which disclose path information can help attackers craft the appropriate attack strings to move through the file system hierarchy.

Mitigation MIT-16

Operation Implementation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.

CAPEC-126: Path Traversal

An adversary uses path manipulation methods to exploit insufficient input validation of a target to obtain access to data that should be not be retrievable by ordinary well-formed requests. A typical variety of this attack involves specifying a path to a desired file together with dot-dot-slash characters, resulting in the file access API or function traversing out of the intended directory structure and into the root file system. By replacing or modifying the expected path information the access function or API retrieves the file desired by the attacker. These attacks either involve the attacker providing a complete path to a targeted file or using control characters (e.g. path separators (/ or \) and/or dots (.)) to reach desired directories or files.

CAPEC-64: Using Slashes and URL Encoding Combined to Bypass Validation Logic

This attack targets the encoding of the URL combined with the encoding of the slash characters. An attacker can take advantage of the multiple ways of encoding a URL and abuse the interpretation of the URL. A URL may contain special character that need special syntax handling in order to be interpreted. Special characters are represented using a percentage character followed by two digits representing the octet code of the original character (%HEX-CODE). For instance US-ASCII space character would be represented with %20. This is often referred as escaped ending or percent-encoding. Since the server decodes the URL from the requests, it may restrict the access to some URL paths by validating and filtering out the URL requests it received. An attacker will try to craft an URL with a sequence of special characters which once interpreted by the server will be equivalent to a forbidden URL. It can be difficult to protect against this attack since the URL can contain other format of encoding such as UTF-8 encoding, Unicode-encoding, etc.

CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls

An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.

CAPEC-78: Using Escaped Slashes in Alternate Encoding

This attack targets the use of the backslash in alternate encoding. An adversary can provide a backslash as a leading character and causes a parser to believe that the next character is special. This is called an escape. By using that trick, the adversary tries to exploit alternate ways to encode the same character which leads to filter problems and opens avenues to attack.

CAPEC-79: Using Slashes in Alternate Encoding

This attack targets the encoding of the Slash characters. An adversary would try to exploit common filtering problems related to the use of the slashes characters to gain access to resources on the target host. Directory-driven systems, such as file systems and databases, typically use the slash character to indicate traversal between directories or other container components. For murky historical reasons, PCs (and, as a result, Microsoft OSs) choose to use a backslash, whereas the UNIX world typically makes use of the forward slash. The schizophrenic result is that many MS-based systems are required to understand both forms of the slash. This gives the adversary many opportunities to discover and abuse a number of common filtering problems. The goal of this pattern is to discover server software that only applies filters to one version, but not the other.

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