CWE-22
Weakness Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory
Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable
The product uses external input to construct a pathname that is intended to identify a file or directory that is located underneath a restricted parent directory, but the product does not properly neutralize special elements within the pathname that can cause the pathname to resolve to a location that is outside of the restricted directory.
Many file operations are intended to take place within a restricted directory. By using special elements such as ".." and "/" separators, attackers can escape outside of the restricted location to access files or directories that are elsewhere on the system. One of the most common special elements is the "../" sequence, which in most modern operating systems is interpreted as the parent directory of the current location. This is referred to as relative path traversal. Path traversal also covers the use of absolute pathnames such as "/usr/local/bin" to access unexpected files. This is referred to as absolute path traversal.
Mapping guidance
This CWE entry might have children that would be more appropriate.
Examine children of this entry to see if there is a better fit. Consider children such as CWE-23 (or its descendants) for relative path traversal, or CWE-36 for absolute path traversal.
Relationships and members
Modes of introduction
Detection methods
Automated Static Analysis
Automated techniques can find areas where path traversal weaknesses exist. However, tuning or customization may be required to remove or de-prioritize path-traversal problems that are only exploitable by the product's administrator - or other privileged users - and thus potentially valid behavior or, at worst, a bug instead of a vulnerability.
Effectiveness: High
Manual Static Analysis
Manual white box techniques may be able to provide sufficient code coverage and reduction of false positives if all file access operations can be assessed within limited time constraints.
Effectiveness: High
Automated Static Analysis - Binary or Bytecode
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Bytecode Weakness Analysis - including disassembler + source code weakness analysis
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Binary Weakness Analysis - including disassembler + source code weakness analysis
Effectiveness: High
Manual Static Analysis - Binary or Bytecode
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Binary / Bytecode disassembler - then use manual analysis for vulnerabilities & anomalies
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Dynamic Analysis with Automated Results Interpretation
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Web Application Scanner
Web Services Scanner
Database Scanners
Effectiveness: High
Dynamic Analysis with Manual Results Interpretation
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Fuzz Tester
Framework-based Fuzzer
Effectiveness: High
Manual Static Analysis - Source Code
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Manual Source Code Review (not inspections)
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Focused Manual Spotcheck - Focused manual analysis of source
Effectiveness: High
Automated Static Analysis - Source Code
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Source code Weakness Analyzer
Context-configured Source Code Weakness Analyzer
Effectiveness: High
Architecture or Design Review
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Formal Methods / Correct-By-Construction
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Inspection (IEEE 1028 standard) (can apply to requirements, design, source code, etc.)
Effectiveness: High
Notes
Other
In many programming languages, the injection of a null byte (the 0 or NUL) may allow an attacker to truncate a generated filename to apply to a wider range of files. For example, the product may add ".txt" to any pathname, thus limiting the attacker to text files, but a null injection may effectively remove this restriction.
Relationship
Pathname equivalence can be regarded as a type of canonicalization error.
Relationship
Some pathname equivalence issues are not directly related to directory traversal, rather are used to bypass security-relevant checks for whether a file/directory can be accessed by the attacker (e.g. a trailing "/" on a filename could bypass access rules that don't expect a trailing /, causing a server to provide the file when it normally would not).
Terminology
Like other weaknesses, terminology is often based on the types of manipulations used, instead of the underlying weaknesses. Some people use "directory traversal" only to refer to the injection of ".." and equivalent sequences whose specific meaning is to traverse directories.
Other variants like "absolute pathname" and "drive letter" have the *effect* of directory traversal, but some people may not call it such, since it doesn't involve ".." or equivalent.
Research Gap
Many variants of path traversal attacks are probably under-studied with respect to root cause. CWE-790 and CWE-182 begin to cover part of this gap.
Research Gap
Incomplete diagnosis or reporting of vulnerabilities can make it difficult to know which variant is affected. For example, a researcher might say that "..\" is vulnerable, but not test "../" which may also be vulnerable.
Any combination of directory separators ("/", "\", etc.) and numbers of "." (e.g. "....") can produce unique variants; for example, the "//../" variant is not listed (CVE-2004-0325). See this entry's children and lower-level descendants.
Content history
Identified weakness in Perl demonstrative example
Provided diagram to improve CWE usability
Identified weakness in "good code" for Python demonstrative example
Provided a demonstrative example in PHP
updated Potential_Mitigations, Time_of_Introduction
Suggested OWASP Top Ten 2004 mapping
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updated Description
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updated Common_Consequences, Demonstrative_Examples, Description, Detection_Factors, Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships
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updated Affected_Resources, Causal_Nature, Likelihood_of_Exploit, References, Relationships, Relevant_Properties, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated References, Relationships
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16072 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-HM8J-79H4-Q2C7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 02:49 – Updated: 2025-04-12 12:44Directory traversal vulnerability in pixabay-images.php in the Pixabay Images plugin before 2.4 for WordPress allows remote attackers to write to arbitrary files via a .. (dot dot) in the q parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2015-1365"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2015-01-27T20:04:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Directory traversal vulnerability in pixabay-images.php in the Pixabay Images plugin before 2.4 for WordPress allows remote attackers to write to arbitrary files via a .. (dot dot) in the q parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-hm8j-79h4-q2c7",
"modified": "2025-04-12T12:44:43Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T02:49:50Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-1365"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/100036"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026new=1067992%40pixabay-images%2Ftrunk%2Fpixabay-images.php\u0026old=926633%40pixabay-images%2Ftrunk%2Fpixabay-images.php"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wordpress.org/plugins/pixabay-images/changelog"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mogwaisecurity.de/advisories/MSA-2015-01.txt"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://osvdb.org/show/osvdb/117147"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/130017/WordPress-Pixarbay-Images-2.3-XSS-Bypass-Upload-Traversal.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2015/Jan/75"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/35846"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2015/01/25/5"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/534505/100/0/threaded"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-HM95-XQG2-4W57
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-10 18:30 – Updated: 2024-04-10 18:30qdrant/qdrant is vulnerable to a path traversal and arbitrary file upload vulnerability via the /collections/{COLLECTION}/snapshots/upload endpoint, specifically through the snapshot parameter. This vulnerability allows attackers to upload and overwrite any file on the filesystem, leading to potential remote code execution. This issue affects the integrity and availability of the system, enabling unauthorized access and potentially causing the server to malfunction.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-2221"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22",
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-04-10T17:15:54Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "qdrant/qdrant is vulnerable to a path traversal and arbitrary file upload vulnerability via the `/collections/{COLLECTION}/snapshots/upload` endpoint, specifically through the `snapshot` parameter. This vulnerability allows attackers to upload and overwrite any file on the filesystem, leading to potential remote code execution. This issue affects the integrity and availability of the system, enabling unauthorized access and potentially causing the server to malfunction.",
"id": "GHSA-hm95-xqg2-4w57",
"modified": "2024-04-10T18:30:48Z",
"published": "2024-04-10T18:30:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-2221"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/qdrant/qdrant/commit/e6411907f0ecf3c2f8ba44ab704b9e4597d9705d"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://huntr.com/bounties/6be8d4e3-67e6-4660-a8db-04215a1cff3e"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HM9H-WF2R-4PC5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:12 – Updated: 2022-10-07 18:16A CWE-22: Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory exists in IGSS (Versions 14 and prior using the service: IGSSupdate), which could allow a remote unauthenticated attacker to read arbitrary files from the IGSS server PC on an unrestricted or shared network when the IGSS Update Service is enabled.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-7478"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-03-23T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A CWE-22: Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory exists in IGSS (Versions 14 and prior using the service: IGSSupdate), which could allow a remote unauthenticated attacker to read arbitrary files from the IGSS server PC on an unrestricted or shared network when the IGSS Update Service is enabled.",
"id": "GHSA-hm9h-wf2r-4pc5",
"modified": "2022-10-07T18:16:04Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:12:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-7478"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.se.com/ww/en/download/document/SEVD-2020-070-01"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-20-371"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HM9Q-792G-5C86
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-09-23 03:30 – Updated: 2024-09-23 03:30Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal') vulnerability in ElementsKit ElementsKit Pro allows PHP Local File Inclusion.This issue affects ElementsKit Pro: from n/a through 3.6.0.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-43996"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-09-23T01:15:11Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory (\u0027Path Traversal\u0027) vulnerability in ElementsKit ElementsKit Pro allows PHP Local File Inclusion.This issue affects ElementsKit Pro: from n/a through 3.6.0.",
"id": "GHSA-hm9q-792g-5c86",
"modified": "2024-09-23T03:30:44Z",
"published": "2024-09-23T03:30:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-43996"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/elementskit/wordpress-elementskit-pro-plugin-3-6-0-local-file-inclusion-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HMCH-26G2-Q5QX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-22 18:33 – Updated: 2026-09-24 21:32Lantronix SLC8000 before firmware v9.7.0.5, EMG8500/EMG7500 before firmware v9.7.0.1, and all firmware versions of SLB882/SLCx-03/SLCx-02 contain a path traversal vulnerability in the web management portal upload endpoint that allows authenticated attackers to write arbitrary data to any location on the device's filesystem, leading to remote code execution. The upload filename validation strips backslash characters but does not subsequently check for forward slashes when a backslash is detected; by supplying a filename containing both characters an attacker writes outside the intended upload directory to any writable path. Attackers can use this vulnerability to achieve complete loss of confidentiality, integrity, and availability on the affected device and potentially impact downstream serial-connected devices.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-80156"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-09-22T16:18:02Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Lantronix SLC8000 before firmware v9.7.0.5, EMG8500/EMG7500 before firmware v9.7.0.1, and all firmware versions of SLB882/SLCx-03/SLCx-02 contain a path traversal vulnerability in the web management portal upload endpoint that allows authenticated attackers to write arbitrary data to any location on the device\u0027s filesystem, leading to remote code execution. The upload filename validation strips backslash characters but does not subsequently check for forward slashes when a backslash is detected; by supplying a filename containing both characters an attacker writes outside the intended upload directory to any writable path. Attackers can use this vulnerability to achieve complete loss of confidentiality, integrity, and availability on the affected device and potentially impact downstream serial-connected devices.",
"id": "GHSA-hmch-26g2-q5qx",
"modified": "2026-09-24T21:32:32Z",
"published": "2026-09-22T18:33:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-80156"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://revrb.net/2026/09/21/revrb-lantern.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://ts.lantronix.com/ftp/SLC9000/9.7.0.2R1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://ts.lantronix.com/ftp/emg/EMG_7500/9.7.0.1R2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://ts.lantronix.com/ftp/emg/EMG_8500/9.7.0.1R2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://ts.lantronix.com/ftp/slc8000/9.7.0.5R2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/lantronix-autonomous-out-of-band-devices-arbitrary-file-write-via-upload-filename-validation-bypass"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-HMCX-CH82-3FV2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-05 21:34 – Updated: 2026-05-13 13:52Vulnerability Report: Grav CMS Unauthenticated Path Traversal & Arbitrary File Write
[ZERO-DAY] Unauthenticated Path Traversal leading to Arbitrary Directory Creation and Configuration Injection
Summary
Grav CMS (v1.7.49.5 and latest development source) is vulnerable to a Zero-Day Path Traversal vulnerability within the FormFlash core component. By manipulating the session_id (passed as __form-flash-id in POST requests), an unauthenticated attacker can traverse the filesystem to create arbitrary directories and write an index.yaml file containing attacker-controlled data.
This vulnerability can lead to unauthorized modification of application behavior, potential data integrity issues, and service disruption in production environments.
Affected Component
- Versions: Confirmed in Grav v1.7.49.5 (latest stable) and the latest development source (March 2026).
- Class:
Grav\Framework\Form\FormFlash - Method:
__construct()/getTmpDir() - Parameter:
session_id(Mapped to__form-flash-idin POST requests)
Vulnerability Details
The FormFlash class is used to persist form data across redirects. It constructs a temporary storage path using the provided session_id. The path construction logic in the latest source:
$folder = $config['folder'] ?? ($this->sessionId ? 'tmp://forms/' . $this->sessionId : '');
$this->folder = $folder && $locator->isStream($folder) ? $locator->findResource($folder, true, true) : $folder;
Lack of sanitization on the sessionId (the raw session identifier) allows the use of ../ sequences. When findResource resolves the stream, it allows escape into any writable directory within the webserver's scope (typically user/config/, cache/, logs/, and tmp/).
Affected Versions & Zero-Day Status
- Tested Version: v1.7.49.5 (Latest Stable Release as of Nov 2025).
- Development Branch Status: Vulnerable. The latest source code in the GitHub develop branch (March 2026) remains unpatched.
- Affected Range: All Grav CMS versions utilizing the FormFlash component (v1.7.x and potentially older v1.6.x versions).
- CVE Status: Zero-Day (Non-Registered). Extensive research confirmed no existing CVE addresses this specific core FormFlash session-based traversal.
Steps to Reproduce
- Identify any page containing a Grav Form (e.g.,
/contact). - Intercept the POST request during form submission.
- Modify the
__form-flash-idparameter to include a traversal sequence targeting a writable directory (e.g.,../../user/config/proof_dir). - Submit the request.
- Observe that a new directory (
poc/) and file (index.yaml) have been created at the traversed path.
Request Example
POST /contact HTTP/1.1
Host: target.grav.cms
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
__form-name-=contact&__form-flash-id=../../user/config/proof_dir&form-data[name]=Attack&form-data[message]=Payload
Response / Result
- HTTP/1.1 302 Found (Standard redirect)
- Filesystem Modification:
- Directory Created:
/var/www/html/user/config/proof_dir/poc/ - File Created:
/var/www/html/user/config/proof_dir/poc/index.yaml
Proof of Concept Evidence (Before/After)
Before Exploitation
- Status: Directory does not exist.
- Evidence:
$ ls -la /var/www/html/user/config/proof_dir/
ls: cannot access '/var/www/html/user/config/proof_dir/': No such file or directory
After Exploitation
- Status: Arbitrary directory and
index.yamlcreated. - Evidence:
$ ls -la /var/www/html/user/config/proof_dir/poc/index.yaml
-rw-rw-r-- 1 www-data www-data 158 Mar 23 22:15 /var/www/html/user/config/proof_dir/poc/index.yaml
$ cat /var/www/html/user/config/proof_dir/poc/index.yaml
form: ''
id: ''
unique_id: poc
...
data:
poc_status: confirmed
Impact
- Clarified Cross-User Attack: By controlling the session identifier, an attacker can overwrite or interfere with other users temporary form data, breaking session isolation.
- Configuration Injection: Writing
index.yamlinto plugin/theme configuration subdirectories can alter application behavior or inject malicious settings. - Data Integrity: Unauthorized modification of configuration subfolders can lead to widespread site corruption or logical bypasses.
- Denial of Service (DoS): Recursive directory creation enables attackers to exhaust disk space or inodes (inode exhaustion).
Attack Requirements
- Authentication: None (Unauthenticated)
- Configuration: Standard Grav installation with at least one form-enabled page (e.g., Contact, Login, Registration)
Exploitability Assessment
- Complexity: Low. Requires only basic HTTP POST parameters.
- Reliability: 100% (Deterministically reproducible in vulnerable versions).
- Severity: Critical / High. The vulnerability requires no authentication and allows filesystem manipulation and session data corruption.
Remediation
- Sanitize Session IDs: Apply
basename()or a strict alphanumeric regex to thesession_idin FormFlash before path construction. - Filesystem Hardening: Ensure
user/config/and other sensitive directories have restrictive permissions preventing the webserver from creating new subdirectories. - Update Grav: Monitor for patches addressing FormFlash sanitization.
Maintainer note — fix applied (2026-04-24)
Fixed in Grav core on the 2.0 branch: commit d904efc33 — will ship in 2.0.0-beta.2.
What changed: FormFlash::__construct() now sanitizes session_id, unique_id, and id through a strict [A-Za-z0-9,_-]{1,64} allowlist before any path is constructed from them. Invalid values collapse to '', which causes save()/delete()/getTmpDir() to no-op — so a __form-flash-id=../../user/config/proof_dir POST simply does nothing on disk.
Files:
system/src/Grav/Framework/Form/FormFlash.phptests/unit/Grav/Common/Security/FormFlashSecurityTest.php— 32 test cases covering the PoC + variants.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "getgrav/grav"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.0.0-beta.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-42608"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-05T21:34:58Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-11T16:17:33Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "# Vulnerability Report: Grav CMS Unauthenticated Path Traversal \u0026 Arbitrary File Write\n\n**[ZERO-DAY] Unauthenticated Path Traversal leading to Arbitrary Directory Creation and Configuration Injection**\n\n## Summary\n\nGrav CMS (v1.7.49.5 and latest development source) is vulnerable to a Zero-Day Path Traversal vulnerability within the FormFlash core component. By manipulating the session_id (passed as `__form-flash-id` in POST requests), an unauthenticated attacker can traverse the filesystem to create arbitrary directories and write an `index.yaml` file containing attacker-controlled data.\n\nThis vulnerability can lead to unauthorized modification of application behavior, potential data integrity issues, and service disruption in production environments.\n\n## Affected Component\n\n- Versions: Confirmed in Grav v1.7.49.5 (latest stable) and the latest development source (March 2026).\n- Class: `Grav\\Framework\\Form\\FormFlash`\n- Method: `__construct()` / `getTmpDir()`\n- Parameter: `session_id` (Mapped to `__form-flash-id` in POST requests)\n\n## Vulnerability Details\n\nThe FormFlash class is used to persist form data across redirects. It constructs a temporary storage path using the provided session_id. The path construction logic in the latest source:\n\n```php\n$folder = $config[\u0027folder\u0027] ?? ($this-\u003esessionId ? \u0027tmp://forms/\u0027 . $this-\u003esessionId : \u0027\u0027);\n$this-\u003efolder = $folder \u0026\u0026 $locator-\u003eisStream($folder) ? $locator-\u003efindResource($folder, true, true) : $folder;\n```\n\nLack of sanitization on the sessionId (the raw session identifier) allows the use of `../` sequences. When `findResource` resolves the stream, it allows escape into any writable directory within the webserver\u0027s scope (typically `user/config/`, `cache/`, `logs/`, and `tmp/`).\n\n## Affected Versions \u0026 Zero-Day Status\n\n- Tested Version: v1.7.49.5 (Latest Stable Release as of Nov 2025).\n- Development Branch Status: Vulnerable. The latest source code in the GitHub develop branch (March 2026) remains unpatched.\n- Affected Range: All Grav CMS versions utilizing the FormFlash component (v1.7.x and potentially older v1.6.x versions).\n- CVE Status: Zero-Day (Non-Registered). Extensive research confirmed no existing CVE addresses this specific core FormFlash session-based traversal.\n\n## Steps to Reproduce\n\n1. Identify any page containing a Grav Form (e.g., `/contact`).\n2. Intercept the POST request during form submission.\n3. Modify the `__form-flash-id` parameter to include a traversal sequence targeting a writable directory (e.g., `../../user/config/proof_dir`).\n4. Submit the request.\n5. Observe that a new directory (`poc/`) and file (`index.yaml`) have been created at the traversed path.\n\n## Request Example\n\n```http\nPOST /contact HTTP/1.1\nHost: target.grav.cms\nContent-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded\n\n__form-name-=contact\u0026__form-flash-id=../../user/config/proof_dir\u0026form-data[name]=Attack\u0026form-data[message]=Payload\n```\n\n## Response / Result\n\n- HTTP/1.1 302 Found (Standard redirect)\n- Filesystem Modification:\n - Directory Created: `/var/www/html/user/config/proof_dir/poc/`\n - File Created: `/var/www/html/user/config/proof_dir/poc/index.yaml`\n\n## Proof of Concept Evidence (Before/After)\n\n### Before Exploitation\n\n- Status: Directory does not exist.\n- Evidence:\n\n```bash\n$ ls -la /var/www/html/user/config/proof_dir/\nls: cannot access \u0027/var/www/html/user/config/proof_dir/\u0027: No such file or directory\n```\n\n### After Exploitation\n\n- Status: Arbitrary directory and `index.yaml` created.\n- Evidence:\n\n```bash\n$ ls -la /var/www/html/user/config/proof_dir/poc/index.yaml\n-rw-rw-r-- 1 www-data www-data 158 Mar 23 22:15 /var/www/html/user/config/proof_dir/poc/index.yaml\n$ cat /var/www/html/user/config/proof_dir/poc/index.yaml\nform: \u0027\u0027\nid: \u0027\u0027\nunique_id: poc\n...\ndata:\n poc_status: confirmed\n```\n\n## Impact\n\n- Clarified Cross-User Attack: By controlling the session identifier, an attacker can overwrite or interfere with other users temporary form data, breaking session isolation.\n- Configuration Injection: Writing `index.yaml` into plugin/theme configuration subdirectories can alter application behavior or inject malicious settings.\n- Data Integrity: Unauthorized modification of configuration subfolders can lead to widespread site corruption or logical bypasses.\n- Denial of Service (DoS): Recursive directory creation enables attackers to exhaust disk space or inodes (inode exhaustion).\n\n## Attack Requirements\n\n- Authentication: None (Unauthenticated)\n- Configuration: Standard Grav installation with at least one form-enabled page (e.g., Contact, Login, Registration)\n\n## Exploitability Assessment\n\n- Complexity: Low. Requires only basic HTTP POST parameters.\n- Reliability: 100% (Deterministically reproducible in vulnerable versions).\n- Severity: Critical / High. The vulnerability requires no authentication and allows filesystem manipulation and session data corruption.\n\n## Remediation\n\n1. Sanitize Session IDs: Apply `basename()` or a strict alphanumeric regex to the `session_id` in FormFlash before path construction.\n2. Filesystem Hardening: Ensure `user/config/` and other sensitive directories have restrictive permissions preventing the webserver from creating new subdirectories.\n3. Update Grav: Monitor for patches addressing FormFlash sanitization.\n\n---\n\n## Maintainer note \u2014 fix applied (2026-04-24)\n\nFixed in Grav core on the `2.0` branch: commit [`d904efc33`](https://github.com/getgrav/grav/commit/d904efc33) \u2014 will ship in **2.0.0-beta.2**.\n\n**What changed:** `FormFlash::__construct()` now sanitizes `session_id`, `unique_id`, and `id` through a strict `[A-Za-z0-9,_-]{1,64}` allowlist before any path is constructed from them. Invalid values collapse to `\u0027\u0027`, which causes `save()`/`delete()`/`getTmpDir()` to no-op \u2014 so a `__form-flash-id=../../user/config/proof_dir` POST simply does nothing on disk.\n\n**Files:**\n\n- [`system/src/Grav/Framework/Form/FormFlash.php`](https://github.com/getgrav/grav/blob/2.0/system/src/Grav/Framework/Form/FormFlash.php)\n- [`tests/unit/Grav/Common/Security/FormFlashSecurityTest.php`](https://github.com/getgrav/grav/blob/2.0/tests/unit/Grav/Common/Security/FormFlashSecurityTest.php) \u2014 32 test cases covering the PoC + variants.",
"id": "GHSA-hmcx-ch82-3fv2",
"modified": "2026-05-13T13:52:35Z",
"published": "2026-05-05T21:34:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/getgrav/grav/security/advisories/GHSA-hmcx-ch82-3fv2"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-42608"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/getgrav/grav/commit/c66dfeb5ff679a1667678c6335eb9ff3255dfc47"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/getgrav/grav/commit/d904efc33e03ebb597afde8d3368b28cf0423632"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/getgrav/grav"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Grav has Unauthenticated Path Traversal \u0026 Arbitrary File Write in its FormFlash component"
}
GHSA-HMHG-25GG-P99M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 01:21 – Updated: 2022-05-17 01:21Directory traversal vulnerability in the file-download configuration file in the management console in Symantec Workspace Streaming (SWS) 7.5.x before 7.5 SP1 HF9 and 7.6.0 before 7.6 HF5 and Symantec Workspace Virtualization (SWV) 7.5.x before 7.5 SP1 HF9 and 7.6.0 before 7.6 HF5 allows remote authenticated users to read unspecified application files via unknown vectors.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2016-2205"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2016-07-12T02:00:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Directory traversal vulnerability in the file-download configuration file in the management console in Symantec Workspace Streaming (SWS) 7.5.x before 7.5 SP1 HF9 and 7.6.0 before 7.6 HF5 and Symantec Workspace Virtualization (SWV) 7.5.x before 7.5 SP1 HF9 and 7.6.0 before 7.6 HF5 allows remote authenticated users to read unspecified application files via unknown vectors.",
"id": "GHSA-hmhg-25gg-p99m",
"modified": "2022-05-17T01:21:37Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T01:21:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-2205"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/89395"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1036262"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1036263"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.symantec.com/security_response/securityupdates/detail.jsp?fid=security_advisory\u0026pvid=security_advisory\u0026year=\u0026suid=20160707_00"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HMHP-7248-F7FJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-10-05 12:31 – Updated: 2026-10-05 12:31A vulnerability was detected in Totolink A3002MU 1.0.0-B20230403.1455. This impacts the function sub_44B250 of the file /boafrm/formUploadFile of the component File Upload Handler. The manipulation of the argument filename results in path traversal. The attack can be executed remotely. The exploit is now public and may be used.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-105286"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-10-05T10:16:41Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was detected in Totolink A3002MU 1.0.0-B20230403.1455. This impacts the function sub_44B250 of the file /boafrm/formUploadFile of the component File Upload Handler. The manipulation of the argument filename results in path traversal. The attack can be executed remotely. The exploit is now public and may be used.",
"id": "GHSA-hmhp-7248-f7fj",
"modified": "2026-10-05T12:31:25Z",
"published": "2026-10-05T12:31:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-105286"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gist.github.com/H3rmesk1t/b107cde70392e0aff26e8219bae1a181"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-105286"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/977225"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/413467"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/413467/cti"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.totolink.net"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-HMMH-292H-3364
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-12 18:30 – Updated: 2025-12-18 01:07An issue was discovered in Weaviate OSS before 1.33.4. Due to a lack of validation of the fileName field in the transfer logic, an attacker who can call the GetFile method while a shard is in the "Pause file activity" state and the FileReplicationService is reachable can read arbitrary files accessible to the service process.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/weaviate/weaviate"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.30.0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.30.20"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/weaviate/weaviate"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.31.0-rc.0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.31.19"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/weaviate/weaviate"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.32.0-rc.0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.32.16"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/weaviate/weaviate"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.33.0-rc.0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.33.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-67819"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-12-12T20:25:06Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-12T17:15:45Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in Weaviate OSS before 1.33.4. Due to a lack of validation of the fileName field in the transfer logic, an attacker who can call the GetFile method while a shard is in the \"Pause file activity\" state and the FileReplicationService is reachable can read arbitrary files accessible to the service process.",
"id": "GHSA-hmmh-292h-3364",
"modified": "2025-12-18T01:07:29Z",
"published": "2025-12-12T18:30:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-67819"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/weaviate/weaviate/commit/4ff2cc89277c264c37d0f7316d9eb6368cfc30ff"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/weaviate/weaviate/commit/89c2270869e6d64f5b5276b8626c11cd816c6665"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/weaviate/weaviate/commit/b18cc7ea82d80a61e7943361a6e335e3fd5a49c7"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-hmmh-292h-3364"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/weaviate/weaviate"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://weaviate.io/blog/weaviate-security-release-november-2025"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Weaviate OSS has path traversal vulnerability via the Shard Movement API"
}
GHSA-HMPF-72WC-2R6X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-30 15:30 – Updated: 2026-10-30 00:30A flaw was found in GLib. The D-Bus client-side implementation of the DBUS_COOKIE_SHA1 SASL authentication mechanism does not validate the cookie_context parameter received from the server. A malicious D-Bus server can supply a cookie_context containing path traversal sequences, causing the client to read an arbitrary file and exfiltrate sensitive data by verifying guessed file contents against a generated hash.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-58015"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-30T13:19:17Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A flaw was found in GLib. The D-Bus client-side implementation of the DBUS_COOKIE_SHA1 SASL authentication mechanism does not validate the cookie_context parameter received from the server. A malicious D-Bus server can supply a cookie_context containing path traversal sequences, causing the client to read an arbitrary file and exfiltrate sensitive data by verifying guessed file contents against a generated hash.",
"id": "GHSA-hmpf-72wc-2r6x",
"modified": "2026-10-30T00:30:35Z",
"published": "2026-06-30T15:30:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-58015"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/glib/-/issues/3931"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:80769"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:77320"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:76042"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:75660"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:75659"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:75658"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:75657"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:75655"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:75654"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:75652"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:74771"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:74688"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:74687"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:74685"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:74683"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:74681"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:74679"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:74678"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:74677"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:74674"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2492256"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-58015"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:92452"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:92449"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:82888"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:82857"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:82811"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:82415"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:82372"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:82371"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:82368"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:82354"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:82347"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:82336"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:82322"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:82304"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:82066"
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{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:82061"
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{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:82059"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:80771"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:72394"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:70646"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:66357"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:66018"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:65773"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:65771"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:65770"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:65769"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:65768"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:65767"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:65763"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:65762"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:63140"
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"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5.1
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- When validating filenames, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set to be used. If feasible, only allow a single "." character in the filename to avoid weaknesses such as CWE-23, and exclude directory separators such as "/" to avoid CWE-36. Use a list of allowable file extensions, which will help to avoid CWE-434.
- Do not rely exclusively on a filtering mechanism that removes potentially dangerous characters. This is equivalent to a denylist, which may be incomplete (CWE-184). For example, filtering "/" is insufficient protection if the filesystem also supports the use of "\" as a directory separator. Another possible error could occur when the filtering is applied in a way that still produces dangerous data (CWE-182). For example, if "../" sequences are removed from the ".../...//" string in a sequential fashion, two instances of "../" would be removed from the original string, but the remaining characters would still form the "../" string.
Mitigation MIT-15
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation MIT-20.1
Strategy: Input Validation
- Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked.
- Use a built-in path canonicalization function (such as realpath() in C) that produces the canonical version of the pathname, which effectively removes ".." sequences and symbolic links (CWE-23, CWE-59). This includes:
- realpath() in C
- getCanonicalPath() in Java
- GetFullPath() in ASP.NET
- realpath() or abs_path() in Perl
- realpath() in PHP
Mitigation MIT-4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
Mitigation MIT-17
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation MIT-21.1
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "inbox.txt" and ID 2 could map to "profile.txt". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-185] provide this capability.
Mitigation MIT-22
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
- Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
- OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation MIT-34
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Store library, include, and utility files outside of the web document root, if possible. Otherwise, store them in a separate directory and use the web server's access control capabilities to prevent attackers from directly requesting them. One common practice is to define a fixed constant in each calling program, then check for the existence of the constant in the library/include file; if the constant does not exist, then the file was directly requested, and it can exit immediately.
- This significantly reduces the chance of an attacker being able to bypass any protection mechanisms that are in the base program but not in the include files. It will also reduce the attack surface.
Mitigation MIT-39
- Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
- If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
- Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
- In the context of path traversal, error messages which disclose path information can help attackers craft the appropriate attack strings to move through the file system hierarchy.
Mitigation MIT-16
Strategy: Environment Hardening
When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.
CAPEC-126: Path Traversal
An adversary uses path manipulation methods to exploit insufficient input validation of a target to obtain access to data that should be not be retrievable by ordinary well-formed requests. A typical variety of this attack involves specifying a path to a desired file together with dot-dot-slash characters, resulting in the file access API or function traversing out of the intended directory structure and into the root file system. By replacing or modifying the expected path information the access function or API retrieves the file desired by the attacker. These attacks either involve the attacker providing a complete path to a targeted file or using control characters (e.g. path separators (/ or \) and/or dots (.)) to reach desired directories or files.
CAPEC-64: Using Slashes and URL Encoding Combined to Bypass Validation Logic
This attack targets the encoding of the URL combined with the encoding of the slash characters. An attacker can take advantage of the multiple ways of encoding a URL and abuse the interpretation of the URL. A URL may contain special character that need special syntax handling in order to be interpreted. Special characters are represented using a percentage character followed by two digits representing the octet code of the original character (%HEX-CODE). For instance US-ASCII space character would be represented with %20. This is often referred as escaped ending or percent-encoding. Since the server decodes the URL from the requests, it may restrict the access to some URL paths by validating and filtering out the URL requests it received. An attacker will try to craft an URL with a sequence of special characters which once interpreted by the server will be equivalent to a forbidden URL. It can be difficult to protect against this attack since the URL can contain other format of encoding such as UTF-8 encoding, Unicode-encoding, etc.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.
CAPEC-78: Using Escaped Slashes in Alternate Encoding
This attack targets the use of the backslash in alternate encoding. An adversary can provide a backslash as a leading character and causes a parser to believe that the next character is special. This is called an escape. By using that trick, the adversary tries to exploit alternate ways to encode the same character which leads to filter problems and opens avenues to attack.
CAPEC-79: Using Slashes in Alternate Encoding
This attack targets the encoding of the Slash characters. An adversary would try to exploit common filtering problems related to the use of the slashes characters to gain access to resources on the target host. Directory-driven systems, such as file systems and databases, typically use the slash character to indicate traversal between directories or other container components. For murky historical reasons, PCs (and, as a result, Microsoft OSs) choose to use a backslash, whereas the UNIX world typically makes use of the forward slash. The schizophrenic result is that many MS-based systems are required to understand both forms of the slash. This gives the adversary many opportunities to discover and abuse a number of common filtering problems. The goal of this pattern is to discover server software that only applies filters to one version, but not the other.