CWE-22
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable
The product uses external input to construct a pathname that is intended to identify a file or directory that is located underneath a restricted parent directory, but the product does not properly neutralize special elements within the pathname that can cause the pathname to resolve to a location that is outside of the restricted directory.
13273 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-MGQW-MFH6-FR5V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 04:04 – Updated: 2022-05-17 04:04Directory traversal vulnerability in the command-line interface in Cisco NX-OS 6.2(2a) and earlier allows local users to read arbitrary files via unspecified input, aka Bug ID CSCul05217.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2013-6975"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2014-05-20T11:13:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Directory traversal vulnerability in the command-line interface in Cisco NX-OS 6.2(2a) and earlier allows local users to read arbitrary files via unspecified input, aka Bug ID CSCul05217.",
"id": "GHSA-mgqw-mfh6-fr5v",
"modified": "2022-05-17T04:04:49Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T04:04:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2013-6975"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityNotice/CVE-2013-6975"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://tools.cisco.com/security/center/viewAlert.x?alertId=34260"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/67426"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-MGRQ-9F93-WPP5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-12 14:21 – Updated: 2026-03-30 13:37Summary
openclaw had a workspace boundary bypass in workspace-only path validation: when an in-workspace symlink pointed outside the workspace to a non-existent leaf, the first write could pass validation and create the file outside the workspace.
Affected Packages / Versions
- Package:
openclaw(npm) - Vulnerable versions:
<= 2026.2.25 - Patched versions:
>= 2026.2.26(pre-set for next planned release) - Latest published npm version at update time:
2026.2.25
Details
The boundary check path resolved aliases in a way that allowed a non-existent out-of-root symlink target to pass the initial validation window. A first write through the guarded workspace path could therefore escape the workspace boundary.
The fix hardens canonical boundary resolution so missing-leaf alias paths are evaluated against canonical containment, while preserving valid in-root aliases. This closes the first-write escape condition without regressing valid in-root alias usage.
Fix Commit(s)
46eba86b45e9db05b7b792e914c4fe0de1b40a231aef45bc060b28a0af45a67dc66acd36aef763c9
Release Process Note
patched_versions is pre-set to the planned next release (2026.2.26). Once npm release 2026.2.26 is published, this advisory can be published directly.
Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 2026.2.25"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "openclaw"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2026.2.26"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-32055"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22",
"CWE-59"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-12T14:21:49Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Summary\n`openclaw` had a workspace boundary bypass in workspace-only path validation: when an in-workspace symlink pointed outside the workspace to a non-existent leaf, the first write could pass validation and create the file outside the workspace.\n\n### Affected Packages / Versions\n- Package: `openclaw` (npm)\n- Vulnerable versions: `\u003c= 2026.2.25`\n- Patched versions: `\u003e= 2026.2.26` (pre-set for next planned release)\n- Latest published npm version at update time: `2026.2.25`\n\n### Details\nThe boundary check path resolved aliases in a way that allowed a non-existent out-of-root symlink target to pass the initial validation window. A first write through the guarded workspace path could therefore escape the workspace boundary.\n\nThe fix hardens canonical boundary resolution so missing-leaf alias paths are evaluated against canonical containment, while preserving valid in-root aliases. This closes the first-write escape condition without regressing valid in-root alias usage.\n\n### Fix Commit(s)\n- `46eba86b45e9db05b7b792e914c4fe0de1b40a23`\n- `1aef45bc060b28a0af45a67dc66acd36aef763c9`\n\n### Release Process Note\n`patched_versions` is pre-set to the planned next release (`2026.2.26`). Once npm release `2026.2.26` is published, this advisory can be published directly.\n\nThanks @tdjackey for reporting.",
"id": "GHSA-mgrq-9f93-wpp5",
"modified": "2026-03-30T13:37:32Z",
"published": "2026-03-12T14:21:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-mgrq-9f93-wpp5"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-32055"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/1aef45bc060b28a0af45a67dc66acd36aef763c9"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/46eba86b45e9db05b7b792e914c4fe0de1b40a23"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-workspace-path-boundary-bypass-via-non-existent-symlink"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:H/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "OpenClaw: workspace path guard bypass on non-existent out-of-root symlink leaf"
}
GHSA-MH2M-M37R-927M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-02-13 06:30 – Updated: 2025-03-21 15:31Sunlogin Sunflower Simplified (aka Sunflower Simple and Personal) 1.0.1.43315 is vulnerable to a path traversal issue. A remote and unauthenticated attacker can execute arbitrary programs on the victim host by sending a crafted HTTP request, as demonstrated by /check?cmd=ping../ followed by the pathname of the powershell.exe program.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-48323"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-02-13T05:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Sunlogin Sunflower Simplified (aka Sunflower Simple and Personal) 1.0.1.43315 is vulnerable to a path traversal issue. A remote and unauthenticated attacker can execute arbitrary programs on the victim host by sending a crafted HTTP request, as demonstrated by /check?cmd=ping../ followed by the pathname of the powershell.exe program.",
"id": "GHSA-mh2m-m37r-927m",
"modified": "2025-03-21T15:31:08Z",
"published": "2023-02-13T06:30:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-48323"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://asec.ahnlab.com/en/47088"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/projectdiscovery/nuclei-templates/blob/8500efb7c5c52261229bb87b3af8a6e4e5afc877/cnvd/2022/CNVD-2022-03672.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cnvd.org.cn/flaw/show/CNVD-2022-03672"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MH32-G5Q6-4X93
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-09 03:32 – Updated: 2026-07-09 03:32A security vulnerability has been detected in tumf mcp-text-editor up to 1.0.2. This issue affects the function _validate_file_path of the file mcp_text_editor/text_editor.py. Such manipulation of the argument file_path leads to path traversal. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and may be used. The vendor closed the GitHub issue for this vulnerability without any explanation.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-15138"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-09T01:19:06Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "A security vulnerability has been detected in tumf mcp-text-editor up to 1.0.2. This issue affects the function _validate_file_path of the file mcp_text_editor/text_editor.py. Such manipulation of the argument file_path leads to path traversal. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and may be used. The vendor closed the GitHub issue for this vulnerability without any explanation.",
"id": "GHSA-mh32-g5q6-4x93",
"modified": "2026-07-09T03:32:45Z",
"published": "2026-07-09T03:32:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-15138"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/tumf/mcp-text-editor/issues/22"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/tumf/mcp-text-editor"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-15138"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/851188"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/376953"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/376953/cti"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-MH4J-2C4W-JXFR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-11 09:30 – Updated: 2024-01-11 09:30The BackWPup plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Directory Traversal in versions up to, and including, 4.0.1 via the Log File Folder. This allows authenticated attackers to store backups in arbitrary folders on the server provided they can be written to by the server. Additionally, default settings will place an index.php and a .htaccess file into the chosen directory (unless already present) when the first backup job is run that are intended to prevent directory listing and file access. This means that an attacker could set the backup directory to the root of another site in a shared environment and thus disable that site.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-5504"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-01-11T09:15:47Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The BackWPup plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Directory Traversal in versions up to, and including, 4.0.1 via the Log File Folder. This allows authenticated attackers to store backups in arbitrary folders on the server provided they can be written to by the server. Additionally, default settings will place an index.php and a .htaccess file into the chosen directory (unless already present) when the first backup job is run that are intended to prevent directory listing and file access. This means that an attacker could set the backup directory to the root of another site in a shared environment and thus disable that site.",
"id": "GHSA-mh4j-2c4w-jxfr",
"modified": "2024-01-11T09:30:35Z",
"published": "2024-01-11T09:30:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-5504"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/backwpup/trunk/inc/class-page-settings.php?rev=2818974#L457"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026new=3000176%40backwpup%2Ftrunk\u0026old=2980789%40backwpup%2Ftrunk\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/e830fe1e-1171-46da-8ee7-0a6654153f18?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MH5C-2V7R-XCXG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-22 09:31 – Updated: 2026-04-22 09:31The Breaking News WP plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Local File Inclusion in all versions up to, and including, 1.3. This is due to the brnwp_ajax_form AJAX endpoint lacking both authorization checks and CSRF verification, combined with insufficient path validation when the brnwp_theme option value is passed directly to an include() statement in the brnwp_show_breaking_news_wp() shortcode handler. While sanitize_text_field() is applied to user input, it does not strip directory traversal sequences (../). This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to overwrite the brnwp_theme option with a directory traversal payload (e.g., ../../../../etc/passwd) and subsequently trigger file inclusion of arbitrary files on the server when the shortcode is rendered.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-4280"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-22T09:16:25Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Breaking News WP plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Local File Inclusion in all versions up to, and including, 1.3. This is due to the brnwp_ajax_form AJAX endpoint lacking both authorization checks and CSRF verification, combined with insufficient path validation when the brnwp_theme option value is passed directly to an include() statement in the brnwp_show_breaking_news_wp() shortcode handler. While sanitize_text_field() is applied to user input, it does not strip directory traversal sequences (../). This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to overwrite the brnwp_theme option with a directory traversal payload (e.g., ../../../../etc/passwd) and subsequently trigger file inclusion of arbitrary files on the server when the shortcode is rendered.",
"id": "GHSA-mh5c-2v7r-xcxg",
"modified": "2026-04-22T09:31:33Z",
"published": "2026-04-22T09:31:33Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-4280"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/breaking-news-wp/tags/1.3/breaking-news.php#L366"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/breaking-news-wp/tags/1.3/breaking-news.php#L372"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/breaking-news-wp/tags/1.3/breaking-news.php#L85"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/breaking-news-wp/trunk/breaking-news.php#L366"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/breaking-news-wp/trunk/breaking-news.php#L372"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/breaking-news-wp/trunk/breaking-news.php#L85"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/4772b482-f5e5-4707-b012-aca70fc89e49?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MH5C-7Q6J-CWMG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-11-29 15:30 – Updated: 2022-12-01 21:30Apache Fineract allowed an authenticated user to perform remote code execution due to a path traversal vulnerability in a file upload component of Apache Fineract, allowing an attacker to run remote code. This issue affects Apache Fineract version 1.8.0 and prior versions. We recommend users to upgrade to 1.8.1.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-44635"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-11-29T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Apache Fineract allowed an authenticated user to perform remote code execution due to a path traversal vulnerability in a file upload component of Apache Fineract, allowing an attacker to run remote code. This issue affects Apache Fineract version 1.8.0 and prior versions. We recommend users to upgrade to 1.8.1.",
"id": "GHSA-mh5c-7q6j-cwmg",
"modified": "2022-12-01T21:30:19Z",
"published": "2022-11-29T15:30:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-44635"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/t8q6fmh3o6yqmy69qtqxppk9yg9wfybg"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2022/11/29/3"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MH5V-7J2W-5PMH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 04:39 – Updated: 2022-05-17 04:39Directory traversal vulnerability in Reportico PHP Report Designer before 4.0 allows remote attackers to read arbitrary files via a .. (dot dot) in the xmlin parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2014-3777"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2014-07-16T14:19:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Directory traversal vulnerability in Reportico PHP Report Designer before 4.0 allows remote attackers to read arbitrary files via a .. (dot dot) in the xmlin parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-mh5v-7j2w-5pmh",
"modified": "2022-05-17T04:39:49Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T04:39:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-3777"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/127280/Reportico-Admin-Credential-Leak.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2014/Jun/144"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.osvdb.org/108612"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.secveritas.com/secv-05-1402.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-MH5W-R55J-6JJP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 23:30 – Updated: 2022-05-01 23:30Directory traversal vulnerability in administrator/download.php in IDMOS (aka Phoenix) 1.0 allows remote attackers to read arbitrary files via a .. (dot dot) in the fileName parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2008-0431"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2008-01-23T22:00:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Directory traversal vulnerability in administrator/download.php in IDMOS (aka Phoenix) 1.0 allows remote attackers to read arbitrary files via a .. (dot dot) in the fileName parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-mh5w-r55j-6jjp",
"modified": "2022-05-01T23:30:14Z",
"published": "2022-05-01T23:30:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-0431"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/39823"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/4954"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/28436"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/27379"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2008/0229"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-MH66-93XC-J4C4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-03 03:30 – Updated: 2024-05-03 03:30NETGEAR ProSAFE Network Management System ZipUtils Directory Traversal Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of NETGEAR ProSAFE Network Management System. Although authentication is required to exploit this vulnerability, the existing authentication mechanism can be bypassed.
The specific flaw exists within the ZipUtils class. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of a user-supplied path prior to using it in file operations. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of SYSTEM. Was ZDI-CAN-19716.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-41182"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-05-03T03:15:27Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "NETGEAR ProSAFE Network Management System ZipUtils Directory Traversal Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of NETGEAR ProSAFE Network Management System. Although authentication is required to exploit this vulnerability, the existing authentication mechanism can be bypassed.\n\nThe specific flaw exists within the ZipUtils class. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of a user-supplied path prior to using it in file operations. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of SYSTEM. Was ZDI-CAN-19716.",
"id": "GHSA-mh66-93xc-j4c4",
"modified": "2024-05-03T03:30:59Z",
"published": "2024-05-03T03:30:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-41182"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://kb.netgear.com/000065705/Security-Advisory-for-Post-authentication-Command-Injection-on-the-Prosafe-Network-Management-System-PSV-2023-0037"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-23-1284"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5.1
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- When validating filenames, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set to be used. If feasible, only allow a single "." character in the filename to avoid weaknesses such as CWE-23, and exclude directory separators such as "/" to avoid CWE-36. Use a list of allowable file extensions, which will help to avoid CWE-434.
- Do not rely exclusively on a filtering mechanism that removes potentially dangerous characters. This is equivalent to a denylist, which may be incomplete (CWE-184). For example, filtering "/" is insufficient protection if the filesystem also supports the use of "\" as a directory separator. Another possible error could occur when the filtering is applied in a way that still produces dangerous data (CWE-182). For example, if "../" sequences are removed from the ".../...//" string in a sequential fashion, two instances of "../" would be removed from the original string, but the remaining characters would still form the "../" string.
Mitigation MIT-15
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation MIT-20.1
Strategy: Input Validation
- Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked.
- Use a built-in path canonicalization function (such as realpath() in C) that produces the canonical version of the pathname, which effectively removes ".." sequences and symbolic links (CWE-23, CWE-59). This includes:
- realpath() in C
- getCanonicalPath() in Java
- GetFullPath() in ASP.NET
- realpath() or abs_path() in Perl
- realpath() in PHP
Mitigation MIT-4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
Mitigation MIT-17
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation MIT-21.1
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "inbox.txt" and ID 2 could map to "profile.txt". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-185] provide this capability.
Mitigation MIT-22
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
- Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
- OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation MIT-34
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Store library, include, and utility files outside of the web document root, if possible. Otherwise, store them in a separate directory and use the web server's access control capabilities to prevent attackers from directly requesting them. One common practice is to define a fixed constant in each calling program, then check for the existence of the constant in the library/include file; if the constant does not exist, then the file was directly requested, and it can exit immediately.
- This significantly reduces the chance of an attacker being able to bypass any protection mechanisms that are in the base program but not in the include files. It will also reduce the attack surface.
Mitigation MIT-39
- Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
- If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
- Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
- In the context of path traversal, error messages which disclose path information can help attackers craft the appropriate attack strings to move through the file system hierarchy.
Mitigation MIT-16
Strategy: Environment Hardening
When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.
CAPEC-126: Path Traversal
An adversary uses path manipulation methods to exploit insufficient input validation of a target to obtain access to data that should be not be retrievable by ordinary well-formed requests. A typical variety of this attack involves specifying a path to a desired file together with dot-dot-slash characters, resulting in the file access API or function traversing out of the intended directory structure and into the root file system. By replacing or modifying the expected path information the access function or API retrieves the file desired by the attacker. These attacks either involve the attacker providing a complete path to a targeted file or using control characters (e.g. path separators (/ or \) and/or dots (.)) to reach desired directories or files.
CAPEC-64: Using Slashes and URL Encoding Combined to Bypass Validation Logic
This attack targets the encoding of the URL combined with the encoding of the slash characters. An attacker can take advantage of the multiple ways of encoding a URL and abuse the interpretation of the URL. A URL may contain special character that need special syntax handling in order to be interpreted. Special characters are represented using a percentage character followed by two digits representing the octet code of the original character (%HEX-CODE). For instance US-ASCII space character would be represented with %20. This is often referred as escaped ending or percent-encoding. Since the server decodes the URL from the requests, it may restrict the access to some URL paths by validating and filtering out the URL requests it received. An attacker will try to craft an URL with a sequence of special characters which once interpreted by the server will be equivalent to a forbidden URL. It can be difficult to protect against this attack since the URL can contain other format of encoding such as UTF-8 encoding, Unicode-encoding, etc.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.
CAPEC-78: Using Escaped Slashes in Alternate Encoding
This attack targets the use of the backslash in alternate encoding. An adversary can provide a backslash as a leading character and causes a parser to believe that the next character is special. This is called an escape. By using that trick, the adversary tries to exploit alternate ways to encode the same character which leads to filter problems and opens avenues to attack.
CAPEC-79: Using Slashes in Alternate Encoding
This attack targets the encoding of the Slash characters. An adversary would try to exploit common filtering problems related to the use of the slashes characters to gain access to resources on the target host. Directory-driven systems, such as file systems and databases, typically use the slash character to indicate traversal between directories or other container components. For murky historical reasons, PCs (and, as a result, Microsoft OSs) choose to use a backslash, whereas the UNIX world typically makes use of the forward slash. The schizophrenic result is that many MS-based systems are required to understand both forms of the slash. This gives the adversary many opportunities to discover and abuse a number of common filtering problems. The goal of this pattern is to discover server software that only applies filters to one version, but not the other.