Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-203

Allowed

Observable Discrepancy

Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete

The product behaves differently or sends different responses under different circumstances in a way that is observable to an unauthorized actor.

884 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-V8JC-H92C-W33G

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-09-20 03:30 – Updated: 2024-01-25 21:32
VLAI
Details

NVIDIA DGX H100 BMC contains a vulnerability in the host KVM daemon, where an unauthenticated attacker may cause a leak of another user’s session token by observing timing discrepancies between server responses. A successful exploit of this vulnerability may lead to information disclosure, escalation of privileges, and data tampering.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-25529"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-203",
      "CWE-208"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-09-20T01:15:53Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "NVIDIA DGX H100 BMC contains a vulnerability in the host KVM daemon, where an unauthenticated attacker may cause a leak of another user\u2019s session token by observing timing discrepancies between server responses. A successful exploit of this vulnerability may lead to information disclosure, escalation of privileges, and data tampering.",
  "id": "GHSA-v8jc-h92c-w33g",
  "modified": "2024-01-25T21:32:12Z",
  "published": "2023-09-20T03:30:16Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-25529"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://nvidia.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/5473"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://nvidia.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/5510"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-V9C8-GCWH-7XVH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-05-08 21:31 – Updated: 2024-04-04 03:51
VLAI
Details

This issue was addressed by removing the vulnerable code. This issue is fixed in macOS Ventura 13.3, tvOS 16.4, watchOS 9.4, iOS 16.4 and iPadOS 16.4. An app may be able to access user-sensitive data

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-27931"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-203"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-05-08T20:15:17Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "This issue was addressed by removing the vulnerable code. This issue is fixed in macOS Ventura 13.3, tvOS 16.4, watchOS 9.4, iOS 16.4 and iPadOS 16.4. An app may be able to access user-sensitive data",
  "id": "GHSA-v9c8-gcwh-7xvh",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T03:51:38Z",
  "published": "2023-05-08T21:31:06Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-27931"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213603"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213604"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213670"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213674"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213676"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213678"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/kb/HT213603"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/kb/HT213604"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-V9PP-GJXR-78JP

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-11 00:30 – Updated: 2024-11-26 18:38
VLAI
Details

Certain Cypress (and Broadcom) Wireless Combo chips, when a January 2021 firmware update is not present, allow inferences about memory content via a "Spectra" attack.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-10369"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-203"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-11-10T23:15:04Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Certain Cypress (and Broadcom) Wireless Combo chips, when a January 2021 firmware update is not present, allow inferences about memory content via a \"Spectra\" attack.",
  "id": "GHSA-v9pp-gjxr-78jp",
  "modified": "2024-11-26T18:38:51Z",
  "published": "2024-11-11T00:30:44Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-10369"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/RPi-Distro/bluez-firmware/commit/8445a53ce2c51a77472b908a0c8f6f8e1fa5c37a"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2052676"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/fb20/aktuelles_fb20/fb20_neuigkeiten/neuigkeiten_fb20_details_203136.de.jsp"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/seemoo/team_seemoo/jiska_classen/index.en.jsp"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-V9V2-X5XP-J57G

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-26 12:30 – Updated: 2024-12-26 12:30
VLAI
Details

Some Honor products are affected by information leak vulnerability, successful exploitation could cause the information leak.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-47156"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-203"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-12-26T11:15:07Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "Some Honor products are affected by information leak vulnerability, successful exploitation could cause the information leak.",
  "id": "GHSA-v9v2-x5xp-j57g",
  "modified": "2024-12-26T12:30:44Z",
  "published": "2024-12-26T12:30:44Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-47156"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.honor.com/global/security/cve-2024-47156"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-VG4H-9M5M-RCHQ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:45 – Updated: 2022-08-06 00:00
VLAI
Details

When binding against a DN during authentication, the reply from 389-ds-base will be different whether the DN exists or not. This can be used by an unauthenticated attacker to check the existence of an entry in the LDAP database.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-35518"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-200",
      "CWE-203"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-03-26T17:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "When binding against a DN during authentication, the reply from 389-ds-base will be different whether the DN exists or not. This can be used by an unauthenticated attacker to check the existence of an entry in the LDAP database.",
  "id": "GHSA-vg4h-9m5m-rchq",
  "modified": "2022-08-06T00:00:40Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:45:30Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-35518"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/389ds/389-ds-base/issues/4480"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/389ds/389-ds-base/commit/b6aae4d8e7c8a6ddd21646f94fef1bf7f22c3f32"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/389ds/389-ds-base/commit/cc0f69283abc082488824702dae485b8eae938bc"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1905565"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-VG5J-H7R8-88X8

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-07-02 21:32 – Updated: 2025-10-22 00:33
VLAI
Details

In the Twilio Authy API, accessed by Authy Android before 25.1.0 and Authy iOS before 26.1.0, an unauthenticated endpoint provided access to certain phone-number data. (Authy accounts were not compromised, however.)

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-39891"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-203"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-07-02T18:15:03Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "In the Twilio Authy API, accessed by Authy Android before 25.1.0 and Authy iOS before 26.1.0, an unauthenticated endpoint provided access to certain phone-number data. (Authy accounts were not compromised, however.)",
  "id": "GHSA-vg5j-h7r8-88x8",
  "modified": "2025-10-22T00:33:04Z",
  "published": "2024-07-02T21:32:15Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-39891"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/203.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/hackers-abused-api-to-verify-millions-of-authy-mfa-phone-numbers"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2024-39891"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.twilio.com/docs/usage/security/reporting-vulnerabilities"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.twilio.com/en-us/changelog"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-VG5X-6Q66-RVGX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-01-08 18:30 – Updated: 2023-01-13 21:05
VLAI
Summary
Barzahlen Payment Module PHP SDK vulnerable to Observable Timing Discrepancy
Details

A vulnerability, which was classified as problematic, was found in viafintech Barzahlen Payment Module PHP SDK up to 2.0.0. Affected is the function verify of the file src/Webhook.php. The manipulation leads to observable timing discrepancy. Upgrading to version 2.0.1 is able to address this issue. The name of the patch is 3e7d29dc0ca6c054a6d6e211f32dae89078594c1. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. VDB-217650 is the identifier assigned to this vulnerability.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "barzahlen/barzahlen-php"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.0.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2016-15015"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-203",
      "CWE-208"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2023-01-13T21:05:08Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-01-08T18:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability, which was classified as problematic, was found in viafintech Barzahlen Payment Module PHP SDK up to 2.0.0. Affected is the function `verify` of the file `src/Webhook.php`. The manipulation leads to observable timing discrepancy. Upgrading to version 2.0.1 is able to address this issue. The name of the patch is 3e7d29dc0ca6c054a6d6e211f32dae89078594c1. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. VDB-217650 is the identifier assigned to this vulnerability.",
  "id": "GHSA-vg5x-6q66-rvgx",
  "modified": "2023-01-13T21:05:08Z",
  "published": "2023-01-08T18:30:25Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-15015"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/viafintech/Barzahlen-PHP/pull/8"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/viafintech/Barzahlen-PHP/commit/3e7d29dc0ca6c054a6d6e211f32dae89078594c1"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/viafintech/Barzahlen-PHP"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/viafintech/Barzahlen-PHP/releases/tag/v2.0.1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.217650"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.217650"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Barzahlen Payment Module PHP SDK vulnerable to Observable Timing Discrepancy"
}

GHSA-VG9Q-FC8F-43F3

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-14 12:31 – Updated: 2026-08-14 12:31
VLAI
Details

SiYuan before v3.7.4 contains an information disclosure vulnerability in the /api/filetree/authFilePublishAccess endpoint, which is registered with CheckAuth only and is reachable anonymously. The endpoint never sets a failure code, so its outcome is signalled entirely by the response message and by the presence of a Set-Cookie header, and these signals differ across access tiers. By submitting requests with an empty password for a candidate document identifier, an anonymous attacker can distinguish whether a document is public/nonexistent, password-protected, or exists at the hidden or forbidden tier, thereby confirming the existence of documents they are not permitted to access. Because hidden and forbidden entries store an empty password, such requests also cause the server to issue a publish-auth cookie for forbidden documents.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-73630"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-203"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-08-14T12:16:47Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "SiYuan before v3.7.4 contains an information disclosure vulnerability in the /api/filetree/authFilePublishAccess endpoint, which is registered with CheckAuth only and is reachable anonymously. The endpoint never sets a failure code, so its outcome is signalled entirely by the response message and by the presence of a Set-Cookie header, and these signals differ across access tiers. By submitting requests with an empty password for a candidate document identifier, an anonymous attacker can distinguish whether a document is public/nonexistent, password-protected, or exists at the hidden or forbidden tier, thereby confirming the existence of documents they are not permitted to access. Because hidden and forbidden entries store an empty password, such requests also cause the server to issue a publish-auth cookie for forbidden documents.",
  "id": "GHSA-vg9q-fc8f-43f3",
  "modified": "2026-08-14T12:31:28Z",
  "published": "2026-08-14T12:31:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/siyuan-note/siyuan/security/advisories/GHSA-4pjg-x8qj-33j5"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-73630"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/siyuan-before-information-disclosure-via-authfilepublishaccess"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-VGX9-M8H2-6VMQ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-30 12:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 06:25
VLAI
Details

Tadiran Telecom Aeonix - CWE-204: Observable Response Discrepancy

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-37217"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-203",
      "CWE-204"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-07-30T11:15:09Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": " Tadiran Telecom Aeonix - CWE-204: Observable Response Discrepancy",
  "id": "GHSA-vgx9-m8h2-6vmq",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T06:25:59Z",
  "published": "2023-07-30T12:30:15Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-37217"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.gov.il/en/Departments/faq/cve_advisories"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-VHQV-FR8V-3CWQ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-15 21:30 – Updated: 2025-11-04 00:31
VLAI
Details

Vulnerability in the Oracle Java SE, Oracle GraalVM for JDK, Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition product of Oracle Java SE (component: Networking). Supported versions that are affected are Oracle Java SE: 8u421, 8u421-perf, 11.0.24, 17.0.12, 21.0.4, 23; Oracle GraalVM for JDK: 17.0.12, 21.0.4, 23; Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition: 20.3.15 and 21.3.11. Difficult to exploit vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via multiple protocols to compromise Oracle Java SE, Oracle GraalVM for JDK, Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition. Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in unauthorized ability to cause a partial denial of service (partial DOS) of Oracle Java SE, Oracle GraalVM for JDK, Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition. Note: This vulnerability applies to Java deployments, typically in clients running sandboxed Java Web Start applications or sandboxed Java applets, that load and run untrusted code (e.g., code that comes from the internet) and rely on the Java sandbox for security. This vulnerability does not apply to Java deployments, typically in servers, that load and run only trusted code (e.g., code installed by an administrator). CVSS 3.1 Base Score 3.7 (Availability impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L).

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-21208"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-203"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-10-15T20:15:09Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "Vulnerability in the Oracle Java SE, Oracle GraalVM for JDK, Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition product of Oracle Java SE (component: Networking).  Supported versions that are affected are Oracle Java SE: 8u421, 8u421-perf, 11.0.24, 17.0.12, 21.0.4, 23; Oracle GraalVM for JDK: 17.0.12, 21.0.4, 23; Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition: 20.3.15 and  21.3.11. Difficult to exploit vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via multiple protocols to compromise Oracle Java SE, Oracle GraalVM for JDK, Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition.  Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in unauthorized ability to cause a partial denial of service (partial DOS) of Oracle Java SE, Oracle GraalVM for JDK, Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition. Note: This vulnerability applies to Java deployments, typically in clients running sandboxed Java Web Start applications or sandboxed Java applets, that load and run untrusted code (e.g., code that comes from the internet) and rely on the Java sandbox for security. This vulnerability does not apply to Java deployments, typically in servers, that load and run only trusted code (e.g., code installed by an administrator). CVSS 3.1 Base Score 3.7 (Availability impacts).  CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L).",
  "id": "GHSA-vhqv-fr8v-3cwq",
  "modified": "2025-11-04T00:31:34Z",
  "published": "2024-10-15T21:30:38Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-21208"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2024/10/msg00020.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20241018-0010"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpuoct2024.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation MIT-46
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Separation of Privilege

  • Compartmentalize the system to have "safe" areas where trust boundaries can be unambiguously drawn. Do not allow sensitive data to go outside of the trust boundary and always be careful when interfacing with a compartment outside of the safe area.
  • Ensure that appropriate compartmentalization is built into the system design, and the compartmentalization allows for and reinforces privilege separation functionality. Architects and designers should rely on the principle of least privilege to decide the appropriate time to use privileges and the time to drop privileges.
Mitigation MIT-39
Implementation
  • Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
  • If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
  • Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
CAPEC-189: Black Box Reverse Engineering

An adversary discovers the structure, function, and composition of a type of computer software through black box analysis techniques. 'Black Box' methods involve interacting with the software indirectly, in the absence of direct access to the executable object. Such analysis typically involves interacting with the software at the boundaries of where the software interfaces with a larger execution environment, such as input-output vectors, libraries, or APIs. Black Box Reverse Engineering also refers to gathering physical side effects of a hardware device, such as electromagnetic radiation or sounds.