Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-125
AllowedOut-of-bounds Read
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product reads data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.
11367 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-J4QG-3QJ2-QQFV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:47 – Updated: 2025-04-20 03:38
VLAI
Details
libautotrace.a in AutoTrace 0.31.1 has a heap-based buffer over-read in the ReadImage function in input-bmp.c:492:24.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-9171"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-05-23T04:29:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "libautotrace.a in AutoTrace 0.31.1 has a heap-based buffer over-read in the ReadImage function in input-bmp.c:492:24.",
"id": "GHSA-j4qg-3qj2-qqfv",
"modified": "2025-04-20T03:38:09Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:47:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-9171"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://blogs.gentoo.org/ago/2017/05/20/autotrace-multiple-vulnerabilities-the-autotrace-nightmare"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J4RG-VR7V-M3M8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-09-17 00:00 – Updated: 2022-09-17 00:00
VLAI
Details
Adobe InDesign versions 16.4.2 (and earlier) and 17.3 (and earlier) are affected by an out-of-bounds read vulnerability that could lead to disclosure of sensitive memory. An attacker could leverage this vulnerability to bypass mitigations such as ASLR. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction in that a victim must open a malicious file.
Severity
5.5 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-30674"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-09-16T18:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Adobe InDesign versions 16.4.2 (and earlier) and 17.3 (and earlier) are affected by an out-of-bounds read vulnerability that could lead to disclosure of sensitive memory. An attacker could leverage this vulnerability to bypass mitigations such as ASLR. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction in that a victim must open a malicious file.",
"id": "GHSA-j4rg-vr7v-m3m8",
"modified": "2022-09-17T00:00:32Z",
"published": "2022-09-17T00:00:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-30674"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/indesign/apsb22-50.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/GSVZN3IJ6OCPSJL7AEX3ZHSHAHFOGESK"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/LQB6FJAM5YQ35SF5B2MN25Y2FX56EOEZ"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/XCGBVQQ47URGJAZWHCISHDWF6QBTV2LE"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J4RX-V32X-Q49G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-09 18:30 – Updated: 2026-02-09 18:30
VLAI
Details
A vulnerability was determined in janet-lang janet up to 1.40.1. This impacts the function janetc_if of the file src/core/specials.c. Executing a manipulation can lead to out-of-bounds read. The attack needs to be launched locally. The exploit has been publicly disclosed and may be utilized. This patch is called c43e06672cd9dacf2122c99f362120a17c34b391. It is advisable to implement a patch to correct this issue.
Severity
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-2242"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-119",
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-09T18:16:08Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was determined in janet-lang janet up to 1.40.1. This impacts the function janetc_if of the file src/core/specials.c. Executing a manipulation can lead to out-of-bounds read. The attack needs to be launched locally. The exploit has been publicly disclosed and may be utilized. This patch is called c43e06672cd9dacf2122c99f362120a17c34b391. It is advisable to implement a patch to correct this issue.",
"id": "GHSA-j4rx-v32x-q49g",
"modified": "2026-02-09T18:30:31Z",
"published": "2026-02-09T18:30:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-2242"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/janet-lang/janet/issues/1700"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/janet-lang/janet/issues/1702"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/janet-lang/janet/commit/c43e06672cd9dacf2122c99f362120a17c34b391"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/janet-lang/janet"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/oneafter/0123/blob/main/ja2/repro"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.344981"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.344981"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.754495"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-J4V3-95XV-Q35P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:53 – Updated: 2025-04-20 03:48
VLAI
Details
tcpdump before 4.9.3 has a heap-based buffer over-read related to aoe_print in print-aoe.c and lookup_emem in addrtoname.c.
Severity
5.5 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-16808"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-11-13T21:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "tcpdump before 4.9.3 has a heap-based buffer over-read related to aoe_print in print-aoe.c and lookup_emem in addrtoname.c.",
"id": "GHSA-j4v3-95xv-q35p",
"modified": "2025-04-20T03:48:22Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:53:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-16808"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/the-tcpdump-group/tcpdump/issues/645"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/the-tcpdump-group/tcpdump/blob/tcpdump-4.9/CHANGES"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/62XY42U6HY3H2APR5EHNWCZ7SAQNMMJN"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/FNYXF3IY2X65IOD422SA6EQUULSGW7FN"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/R2UDPOSGVJQIYC33SQBXMDXHH4QDSDMU"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/62XY42U6HY3H2APR5EHNWCZ7SAQNMMJN"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/FNYXF3IY2X65IOD422SA6EQUULSGW7FN"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/R2UDPOSGVJQIYC33SQBXMDXHH4QDSDMU"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://seclists.org/bugtraq/2019/Dec/23"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://seclists.org/bugtraq/2019/Oct/2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/kb/HT210788"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/4252-1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/4252-2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2019-08/msg00065.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2019-10/msg00050.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2019-10/msg00053.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/154710/Slackware-Security-Advisory-tcpdump-Updates.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2019/Dec/26"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1039773"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J4X2-V364-5PPC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-23 15:31 – Updated: 2025-09-23 15:31
VLAI
Details
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
ACPI: CPPC: Avoid out of bounds access when parsing _CPC data
If the NumEntries field in the _CPC return package is less than 2, do not attempt to access the "Revision" element of that package, because it may not be present then.
BugLink: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20220322143534.GC32582@xsang-OptiPlex-9020/
Severity
7.1 (High)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-49145"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-02-26T07:00:51Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nACPI: CPPC: Avoid out of bounds access when parsing _CPC data\n\nIf the NumEntries field in the _CPC return package is less than 2, do\nnot attempt to access the \"Revision\" element of that package, because\nit may not be present then.\n\nBugLink: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20220322143534.GC32582@xsang-OptiPlex-9020/",
"id": "GHSA-j4x2-v364-5ppc",
"modified": "2025-09-23T15:31:07Z",
"published": "2025-09-23T15:31:07Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-49145"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/28d5387c1994f5e1e0d41b30a1f3dd6e1f609252"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/40d8abf364bcab23bc715a9221a3c8623956257b"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/97b5593fd1b182b3fdb180b6bbe64ec09669988b"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b3f15609ffa521de12244cd6af24002030dda3f5"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b80b19b32a432c9eee1cd200ef7aaddf608f54d1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/cb249f8c00f40dba83b7da8207ac14ca46e9ec9e"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d208ea44e25b31db5a4d5e8c31df51787a3e9303"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d7339f2a3938fb56b5f28d53f5345900b5fa0e74"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e5b681822cac1f8093759b02e16c06b2c64b6788"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J4XP-34J6-4M86
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 02:11 – Updated: 2022-05-14 02:11
VLAI
Details
Skia, as used in Google Chrome before 25.0.1364.97 on Windows and Linux, and before 25.0.1364.99 on Mac OS X, allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read) via vectors related to a "user gesture check for dangerous file downloads."
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2013-0888"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-119",
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2013-02-23T21:55:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Skia, as used in Google Chrome before 25.0.1364.97 on Windows and Linux, and before 25.0.1364.99 on Mac OS X, allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read) via vectors related to a \"user gesture check for dangerous file downloads.\"",
"id": "GHSA-j4xp-34j6-4m86",
"modified": "2022-05-14T02:11:19Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T02:11:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2013-0888"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://code.google.com/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=170666"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://oval.cisecurity.org/repository/search/definition/oval%3Aorg.mitre.oval%3Adef%3A16303"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://googlechromereleases.blogspot.com/2013/02/stable-channel-update_21.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-updates/2013-03/msg00045.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-J523-C4FP-FWV8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:27 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:27
VLAI
Details
In Wireshark 2.6.0 to 2.6.1 and 2.4.0 to 2.4.7, the IEEE 802.11 protocol dissector could crash. This was addressed in epan/crypt/airpdcap.c via bounds checking that prevents a buffer over-read.
Severity
7.5 (High)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-14370"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-07-19T02:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In Wireshark 2.6.0 to 2.6.1 and 2.4.0 to 2.4.7, the IEEE 802.11 protocol dissector could crash. This was addressed in epan/crypt/airpdcap.c via bounds checking that prevents a buffer over-read.",
"id": "GHSA-j523-c4fp-fwv8",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:27:51Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:27:51Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-14370"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugs.wireshark.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=14686"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://code.wireshark.org/review/gitweb?p=wireshark.git;a=commit;h=b1446124eebc3ea5591d18e719c2a5cff3630638"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wireshark.org/security/wnpa-sec-2018-43.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2020-03/msg00027.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/104847"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1041608"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J53J-MFF4-VMCG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-09 18:31 – Updated: 2025-09-09 18:31
VLAI
Details
Out-of-bounds read in Windows Internet Information Services allows an unauthorized attacker to deny service over a network.
Severity
7.5 (High)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-53805"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-09T17:15:51Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Out-of-bounds read in Windows Internet Information Services allows an unauthorized attacker to deny service over a network.",
"id": "GHSA-j53j-mff4-vmcg",
"modified": "2025-09-09T18:31:19Z",
"published": "2025-09-09T18:31:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-53805"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2025-53805"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J53V-CX3P-9RMW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-06-28 18:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 05:14
VLAI
Details
In convertCbYCrY of ColorConverter.cpp, there is a possible out of bounds read due to a missing bounds check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.Product: AndroidVersions: Android-13Android ID: A-253270285
Severity
5.5 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-21168"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-06-28T18:15:14Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In convertCbYCrY of ColorConverter.cpp, there is a possible out of bounds read due to a missing bounds check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.Product: AndroidVersions: Android-13Android ID: A-253270285",
"id": "GHSA-j53v-cx3p-9rmw",
"modified": "2024-04-04T05:14:53Z",
"published": "2023-06-28T18:30:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-21168"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/pixel/2023-06-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J54M-H2Q8-V28R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-26 21:31 – Updated: 2025-06-26 21:31
VLAI
Details
PDF-XChange Editor PRC File Parsing Out-Of-Bounds Read Information Disclosure Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to disclose sensitive information on affected installations of PDF-XChange Editor. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file.
The specific flaw exists within the parsing of PRC files. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in a read past the end of an allocated buffer. An attacker can leverage this in conjunction with other vulnerabilities to execute arbitrary code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-26726.
Severity
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-6653"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-06-25T22:15:22Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "PDF-XChange Editor PRC File Parsing Out-Of-Bounds Read Information Disclosure Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to disclose sensitive information on affected installations of PDF-XChange Editor. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file.\n\nThe specific flaw exists within the parsing of PRC files. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in a read past the end of an allocated buffer. An attacker can leverage this in conjunction with other vulnerabilities to execute arbitrary code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-26726.",
"id": "GHSA-j54m-h2q8-v28r",
"modified": "2025-06-26T21:31:15Z",
"published": "2025-06-26T21:31:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-6653"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.pdf-xchange.com/support/security-bulletins.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-25-438"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- To reduce the likelihood of introducing an out-of-bounds read, ensure that you validate and ensure correct calculations for any length argument, buffer size calculation, or offset. Be especially careful of relying on a sentinel (i.e. special character such as NUL) in untrusted inputs.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Language Selection
Use a language that provides appropriate memory abstractions.
CAPEC-540: Overread Buffers
An adversary attacks a target by providing input that causes an application to read beyond the boundary of a defined buffer. This typically occurs when a value influencing where to start or stop reading is set to reflect positions outside of the valid memory location of the buffer. This type of attack may result in exposure of sensitive information, a system crash, or arbitrary code execution.