CWE-125
AllowedOut-of-bounds Read
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product reads data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.
11542 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-6V3X-2P95-6QM7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-01-26 21:30 – Updated: 2024-11-27 21:32This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of PDF-XChange Editor. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file. The specific flaw exists within the parsing of PDF files. Crafted data in an embedded U3D object can trigger a read past the end of an allocated buffer. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-18632.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-42402"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-01-26T18:59:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of PDF-XChange Editor. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file. The specific flaw exists within the parsing of PDF files. Crafted data in an embedded U3D object can trigger a read past the end of an allocated buffer. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-18632.",
"id": "GHSA-6v3x-2p95-6qm7",
"modified": "2024-11-27T21:32:38Z",
"published": "2023-01-26T21:30:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-42402"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.tracker-software.com/product/pdf-xchange-editor/history"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-22-1369"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-6V5V-396J-6G9J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-07 03:31 – Updated: 2024-08-07 03:31Out-of-bounds read in parsing implemention in Samsung Notes prior to version 4.4.21.62 allows local attackers to potentially read memory.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-34627"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-08-07T02:15:39Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Out-of-bounds read in parsing implemention in Samsung Notes prior to version 4.4.21.62 allows local attackers to potentially read memory.",
"id": "GHSA-6v5v-396j-6g9j",
"modified": "2024-08-07T03:31:28Z",
"published": "2024-08-07T03:31:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-34627"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.samsungmobile.com/serviceWeb.smsb?year=2024\u0026month=08"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-6V7V-GGWX-MWX7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-27 03:34 – Updated: 2025-10-23 15:30In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
net/mlx5e: add missing cpu_to_node to kvzalloc_node in mlx5e_open_xdpredirect_sq
kvzalloc_node is not doing a runtime check on the node argument (__alloc_pages_node_noprof does have a VM_BUG_ON, but it expands to nothing on !CONFIG_DEBUG_VM builds), so doing any ethtool/netlink operation that calls mlx5e_open on a CPU that's larger that MAX_NUMNODES triggers OOB access and panic (see the trace below).
Add missing cpu_to_node call to convert cpu id to node id.
[ 165.427394] mlx5_core 0000:5c:00.0 beth1: Link up [ 166.479327] BUG: unable to handle page fault for address: 0000000800000010 [ 166.494592] #PF: supervisor read access in kernel mode [ 166.505995] #PF: error_code(0x0000) - not-present page ... [ 166.816958] Call Trace: [ 166.822380] [ 166.827034] ? __die_body+0x64/0xb0 [ 166.834774] ? page_fault_oops+0x2cd/0x3f0 [ 166.843862] ? exc_page_fault+0x63/0x130 [ 166.852564] ? asm_exc_page_fault+0x22/0x30 [ 166.861843] ? __kvmalloc_node_noprof+0x43/0xd0 [ 166.871897] ? get_partial_node+0x1c/0x320 [ 166.880983] ? deactivate_slab+0x269/0x2b0 [ 166.890069] slaballoc+0x521/0xa90 [ 166.898389] ? kvmalloc_node_noprof+0x43/0xd0 [ 166.908442] __kmalloc_node_noprof+0x216/0x3f0 [ 166.918302] ? __kvmalloc_node_noprof+0x43/0xd0 [ 166.928354] __kvmalloc_node_noprof+0x43/0xd0 [ 166.938021] mlx5e_open_channels+0x5e2/0xc00 [ 166.947496] mlx5e_open_locked+0x3e/0xf0 [ 166.956201] mlx5e_open+0x23/0x50 [ 166.963551] __dev_open+0x114/0x1c0 [ 166.971292] __dev_change_flags+0xa2/0x1b0 [ 166.980378] dev_change_flags+0x21/0x60 [ 166.988887] do_setlink+0x38d/0xf20 [ 166.996628] ? ep_poll_callback+0x1b9/0x240 [ 167.005910] ? __nla_validate_parse.llvm.10713395753544950386+0x80/0xd70 [ 167.020782] ? __wake_up_sync_key+0x52/0x80 [ 167.030066] ? __mutex_lock+0xff/0x550 [ 167.038382] ? security_capable+0x50/0x90 [ 167.047279] rtnl_setlink+0x1c9/0x210 [ 167.055403] ? ep_poll_callback+0x1b9/0x240 [ 167.064684] ? security_capable+0x50/0x90 [ 167.073579] rtnetlink_rcv_msg+0x2f9/0x310 [ 167.082667] ? rtnetlink_bind+0x30/0x30 [ 167.091173] netlink_rcv_skb+0xb1/0xe0 [ 167.099492] netlink_unicast+0x20f/0x2e0 [ 167.108191] netlink_sendmsg+0x389/0x420 [ 167.116896] __sys_sendto+0x158/0x1c0 [ 167.125024] __x64_sys_sendto+0x22/0x30 [ 167.133534] do_syscall_64+0x63/0x130 [ 167.141657] ? __irq_exit_rcu.llvm.17843942359718260576+0x52/0xd0 [ 167.155181] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x4b/0x53
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-21717"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-02-27T02:15:15Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnet/mlx5e: add missing cpu_to_node to kvzalloc_node in mlx5e_open_xdpredirect_sq\n\nkvzalloc_node is not doing a runtime check on the node argument\n(__alloc_pages_node_noprof does have a VM_BUG_ON, but it expands to\nnothing on !CONFIG_DEBUG_VM builds), so doing any ethtool/netlink\noperation that calls mlx5e_open on a CPU that\u0027s larger that MAX_NUMNODES\ntriggers OOB access and panic (see the trace below).\n\nAdd missing cpu_to_node call to convert cpu id to node id.\n\n[ 165.427394] mlx5_core 0000:5c:00.0 beth1: Link up\n[ 166.479327] BUG: unable to handle page fault for address: 0000000800000010\n[ 166.494592] #PF: supervisor read access in kernel mode\n[ 166.505995] #PF: error_code(0x0000) - not-present page\n...\n[ 166.816958] Call Trace:\n[ 166.822380] \u003cTASK\u003e\n[ 166.827034] ? __die_body+0x64/0xb0\n[ 166.834774] ? page_fault_oops+0x2cd/0x3f0\n[ 166.843862] ? exc_page_fault+0x63/0x130\n[ 166.852564] ? asm_exc_page_fault+0x22/0x30\n[ 166.861843] ? __kvmalloc_node_noprof+0x43/0xd0\n[ 166.871897] ? get_partial_node+0x1c/0x320\n[ 166.880983] ? deactivate_slab+0x269/0x2b0\n[ 166.890069] ___slab_alloc+0x521/0xa90\n[ 166.898389] ? __kvmalloc_node_noprof+0x43/0xd0\n[ 166.908442] __kmalloc_node_noprof+0x216/0x3f0\n[ 166.918302] ? __kvmalloc_node_noprof+0x43/0xd0\n[ 166.928354] __kvmalloc_node_noprof+0x43/0xd0\n[ 166.938021] mlx5e_open_channels+0x5e2/0xc00\n[ 166.947496] mlx5e_open_locked+0x3e/0xf0\n[ 166.956201] mlx5e_open+0x23/0x50\n[ 166.963551] __dev_open+0x114/0x1c0\n[ 166.971292] __dev_change_flags+0xa2/0x1b0\n[ 166.980378] dev_change_flags+0x21/0x60\n[ 166.988887] do_setlink+0x38d/0xf20\n[ 166.996628] ? ep_poll_callback+0x1b9/0x240\n[ 167.005910] ? __nla_validate_parse.llvm.10713395753544950386+0x80/0xd70\n[ 167.020782] ? __wake_up_sync_key+0x52/0x80\n[ 167.030066] ? __mutex_lock+0xff/0x550\n[ 167.038382] ? security_capable+0x50/0x90\n[ 167.047279] rtnl_setlink+0x1c9/0x210\n[ 167.055403] ? ep_poll_callback+0x1b9/0x240\n[ 167.064684] ? security_capable+0x50/0x90\n[ 167.073579] rtnetlink_rcv_msg+0x2f9/0x310\n[ 167.082667] ? rtnetlink_bind+0x30/0x30\n[ 167.091173] netlink_rcv_skb+0xb1/0xe0\n[ 167.099492] netlink_unicast+0x20f/0x2e0\n[ 167.108191] netlink_sendmsg+0x389/0x420\n[ 167.116896] __sys_sendto+0x158/0x1c0\n[ 167.125024] __x64_sys_sendto+0x22/0x30\n[ 167.133534] do_syscall_64+0x63/0x130\n[ 167.141657] ? __irq_exit_rcu.llvm.17843942359718260576+0x52/0xd0\n[ 167.155181] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x4b/0x53",
"id": "GHSA-6v7v-ggwx-mwx7",
"modified": "2025-10-23T15:30:20Z",
"published": "2025-02-27T03:34:01Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-21717"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/979284535aaf12a287a2f43d9d5dfcbdc1dc4cac"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a275db45b4161d01716559dd7557db9ea0450952"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-6V7V-J76P-2497
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-02-12 06:30 – Updated: 2023-02-21 18:30Transient DOS due to buffer over-read in WLAN while processing an incoming management frame with incorrectly filled IEs.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-33306"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125",
"CWE-126"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-02-12T04:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Transient DOS due to buffer over-read in WLAN while processing an incoming management frame with incorrectly filled IEs.",
"id": "GHSA-6v7v-j76p-2497",
"modified": "2023-02-21T18:30:19Z",
"published": "2023-02-12T06:30:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-33306"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.qualcomm.com/company/product-security/bulletins/february-2023-bulletin"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-6VCF-C3PR-G749
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-29 00:38 – Updated: 2026-05-29 12:31Out of bounds read in ANGLE in Google Chrome on Windows prior to 148.0.7778.216 allowed a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: High)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-9928"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-28T23:16:50Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Out of bounds read in ANGLE in Google Chrome on Windows prior to 148.0.7778.216 allowed a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: High)",
"id": "GHSA-6vcf-c3pr-g749",
"modified": "2026-05-29T12:31:24Z",
"published": "2026-05-29T00:38:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-9928"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2026/05/stable-channel-update-for-desktop_0877304591.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://issues.chromium.org/issues/501125002"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-6VGF-3977-2X4F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:12 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:12The parse_charstrings function in type1/t1load.c in FreeType 2 before 2.7 does not ensure that a font contains a glyph name, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (heap-based buffer over-read) or possibly have unspecified other impact via a crafted file.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2016-10244"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-03-06T06:59:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The parse_charstrings function in type1/t1load.c in FreeType 2 before 2.7 does not ensure that a font contains a glyph name, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (heap-based buffer over-read) or possibly have unspecified other impact via a crafted file.",
"id": "GHSA-6vgf-3977-2x4f",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:12:00Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:12:00Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-10244"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/detail?id=36"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/201706-14"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/2017-04-01"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpuapr2020.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/freetype/freetype2.git/tree/ChangeLog?h=VER-2-7"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.debian.org/security/2017/dsa-3839"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/97405"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1038090"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1038201"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-6VGJ-FV64-HCVJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-29 18:31 – Updated: 2026-07-29 18:31A maliciously crafted DWG or DXF file, when parsed through Autodesk AutoCAD, can force an Out-of-Bounds Read vulnerability. A malicious actor can leverage this vulnerability to cause a crash or disclose sensitive information.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-16465"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-29T16:17:50Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A maliciously crafted DWG or DXF file, when parsed through Autodesk AutoCAD, can force an Out-of-Bounds Read vulnerability. A malicious actor can leverage this vulnerability to cause a crash or disclose sensitive information.",
"id": "GHSA-6vgj-fv64-hcvj",
"modified": "2026-07-29T18:31:37Z",
"published": "2026-07-29T18:31:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-16465"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.autodesk.com/products/autodesk-access/overview"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.autodesk.com/products/dwg-trueview/overview"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.autodesk.com/trust/security-advisories/adsk-sa-2026-0009"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-6VGM-7J8G-RVJW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-07-09 18:30 – Updated: 2024-07-09 18:30Windows Remote Desktop Licensing Service Denial of Service Vulnerability
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-38073"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-07-09T17:15:41Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Windows Remote Desktop Licensing Service Denial of Service Vulnerability",
"id": "GHSA-6vgm-7j8g-rvjw",
"modified": "2024-07-09T18:30:52Z",
"published": "2024-07-09T18:30:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-38073"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2024-38073"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-6VJQ-P3RW-F392
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 02:46 – Updated: 2022-05-17 02:46In SWFTools 0.9.2, an out-of-bounds read of heap data can occur in the function png_load() in lib/png.c:724. This issue can be triggered by a malformed PNG file that is mishandled by png2swf. Attackers could exploit this issue for DoS.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-8401"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-05-01T19:59:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In SWFTools 0.9.2, an out-of-bounds read of heap data can occur in the function png_load() in lib/png.c:724. This issue can be triggered by a malformed PNG file that is mishandled by png2swf. Attackers could exploit this issue for DoS.",
"id": "GHSA-6vjq-p3rw-f392",
"modified": "2022-05-17T02:46:07Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T02:46:07Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-8401"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/matthiaskramm/swftools/issues/14"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-6VM3-4HHG-FM4W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:01 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:01This vulnerability allows remote attackers to disclose sensitive information on affected installations of Foxit Reader 10.1.1.37576. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file. The specific flaw exists within the handling of U3D objects embedded in PDF files. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in a read past the end of an allocated object. An attacker can leverage this in conjunction with other vulnerabilities to execute arbitrary code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-13269.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-31447"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-05-07T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "This vulnerability allows remote attackers to disclose sensitive information on affected installations of Foxit Reader 10.1.1.37576. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file. The specific flaw exists within the handling of U3D objects embedded in PDF files. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in a read past the end of an allocated object. An attacker can leverage this in conjunction with other vulnerabilities to execute arbitrary code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-13269.",
"id": "GHSA-6vm3-4hhg-fm4w",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:01:44Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:01:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-31447"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.foxitsoftware.com/support/security-bulletins.php"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-21-536"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- To reduce the likelihood of introducing an out-of-bounds read, ensure that you validate and ensure correct calculations for any length argument, buffer size calculation, or offset. Be especially careful of relying on a sentinel (i.e. special character such as NUL) in untrusted inputs.
Mitigation
Strategy: Language Selection
Use a language that provides appropriate memory abstractions.
CAPEC-540: Overread Buffers
An adversary attacks a target by providing input that causes an application to read beyond the boundary of a defined buffer. This typically occurs when a value influencing where to start or stop reading is set to reflect positions outside of the valid memory location of the buffer. This type of attack may result in exposure of sensitive information, a system crash, or arbitrary code execution.