CWE-119
DiscouragedImproper Restriction of Operations within the Bounds of a Memory Buffer
Abstraction: Class · Status: Stable
The product performs operations on a memory buffer, but it reads from or writes to a memory location outside the buffer's intended boundary. This may result in read or write operations on unexpected memory locations that could be linked to other variables, data structures, or internal program data.
17493 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-XV62-77M9-3736
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-08 09:32 – Updated: 2026-06-08 09:32A vulnerability was determined in Tenda HG7HG9 and HG10 300001138_en_xpon. This affects the function formDOMAINBLK of the file /boaform/formDOMAINBLK. Executing a manipulation of the argument blkDomain can lead to stack-based buffer overflow. The attack may be performed from remote.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-11499"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-119"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-08T09:16:29Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was determined in Tenda HG7HG9 and HG10 300001138_en_xpon. This affects the function formDOMAINBLK of the file /boaform/formDOMAINBLK. Executing a manipulation of the argument blkDomain can lead to stack-based buffer overflow. The attack may be performed from remote.",
"id": "GHSA-xv62-77m9-3736",
"modified": "2026-06-08T09:32:00Z",
"published": "2026-06-08T09:32:00Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-11499"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ssaaaa1234/Tenda-HG10-formDOMAINBLK-stack-overflow-2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-11499"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/834888"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/369119"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/369119/cti"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.tenda.com.cn"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-XV73-W5X5-MF3H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-02 03:52 – Updated: 2022-05-02 03:52Stack-based buffer overflow in the PestPatrol ActiveX control (ppctl.dll) 5.6.7.9 in CA eTrust PestPatrol allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a long argument to the Initialize method.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2009-4225"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-119"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2009-12-08T18:30:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Stack-based buffer overflow in the PestPatrol ActiveX control (ppctl.dll) 5.6.7.9 in CA eTrust PestPatrol allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a long argument to the Initialize method.",
"id": "GHSA-xv73-w5x5-mf3h",
"modified": "2022-05-02T03:52:45Z",
"published": "2022-05-02T03:52:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2009-4225"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/54458"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.fortiguard.com/encyclopedia/vulnerability/ca.etrust.pestpatrol.ppctl.dll.activex.access.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.metasploit.com/redmine/projects/framework/repository/revisions/7167/entry/modules/exploits/windows/fileformat/etrust_pestscan.rb"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/37133"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-XV7F-HRP6-5MHH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 04:38 – Updated: 2025-10-22 03:30Stack-based buffer overflow in the acdb_ioctl function in audio_acdb.c in the acdb audio driver for the Linux kernel 2.6.x and 3.x, as used in Qualcomm Innovation Center (QuIC) Android contributions for MSM devices and other products, allows attackers to gain privileges via an application that leverages /dev/msm_acdb access and provides a large size value in an ioctl argument.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2013-2597"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-119",
"CWE-121"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2014-08-31T10:55:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Stack-based buffer overflow in the acdb_ioctl function in audio_acdb.c in the acdb audio driver for the Linux kernel 2.6.x and 3.x, as used in Qualcomm Innovation Center (QuIC) Android contributions for MSM devices and other products, allows attackers to gain privileges via an application that leverages /dev/msm_acdb access and provides a large size value in an ioctl argument.",
"id": "GHSA-xv7f-hrp6-5mhh",
"modified": "2025-10-22T03:30:37Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T04:38:00Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2013-2597"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2013-2597"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.codeaurora.org/projects/security-advisories/stack-based-buffer-overflow-acdb-audio-driver-cve-2013-2597"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-XV87-MRPM-WC53
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 01:39 – Updated: 2022-05-17 01:39Stack-based buffer overflow in the SelectDirectory method in DcsCliCtrl.dll in Camera Stream Client ActiveX Control, as used in D-Link DCS-5605 PTZ IP Network Camera, allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (crash) and possibly execute arbitrary code via a long string argument.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2012-5306"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-119"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2012-10-06T22:55:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Stack-based buffer overflow in the SelectDirectory method in DcsCliCtrl.dll in Camera Stream Client ActiveX Control, as used in D-Link DCS-5605 PTZ IP Network Camera, allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (crash) and possibly execute arbitrary code via a long string argument.",
"id": "GHSA-xv87-mrpm-wc53",
"modified": "2022-05-17T01:39:52Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T01:39:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2012-5306"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/74447"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/bugtraq/2012-03/0154.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://osvdb.org/80663"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/48602"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/18673"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/52769"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-XV8J-C5VV-VVMG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-30 18:31 – Updated: 2026-05-30 18:31A vulnerability was determined in Shibby Tomato up to 1.28. Affected is the function rip_zebra_read_ipv4 of the file /usr/sbin/ripd of the component Zserv Handler. Executing a manipulation can lead to stack-based buffer overflow. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been publicly disclosed and may be utilized. This project is superseded by FreshTomato. This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-10124"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-119"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-30T16:17:04Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was determined in Shibby Tomato up to 1.28. Affected is the function rip_zebra_read_ipv4 of the file /usr/sbin/ripd of the component Zserv Handler. Executing a manipulation can lead to stack-based buffer overflow. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been publicly disclosed and may be utilized. This project is superseded by FreshTomato. This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.",
"id": "GHSA-xv8j-c5vv-vvmg",
"modified": "2026-05-30T18:31:00Z",
"published": "2026-05-30T18:31:00Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-10124"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gitee.com/Fengyi-Wang/CVE/issues/IJ9FFG"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/818239"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/367301"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/367301/cti"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-XV8X-PR4H-73JV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-10-12 15:59 – Updated: 2024-11-18 22:44Impact
When performing a function call inside a literal struct, there is a memory corruption issue that occurs because of an incorrect pointer to the the top of the stack.
Patches
0.3.0 / #2447
*
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "vyper"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.3.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-41121"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-119"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-10-06T17:47:24Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2021-10-06T18:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nWhen performing a function call inside a literal struct, there is a memory corruption issue that occurs because of an incorrect pointer to the the top of the stack.\n\n### Patches\n0.3.0 / #2447\n\n*",
"id": "GHSA-xv8x-pr4h-73jv",
"modified": "2024-11-18T22:44:23Z",
"published": "2021-10-12T15:59:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/security/advisories/GHSA-xv8x-pr4h-73jv"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-41121"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/pull/2447"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/vyper/PYSEC-2021-365.yaml"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Memory corruption when returning a literal struct with a private call inside of it"
}
GHSA-XVCW-3RFR-7W27
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:57 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:57The gdImageRotateInterpolated function in ext/gd/libgd/gd_interpolation.c in PHP before 5.5.31, 5.6.x before 5.6.17, and 7.x before 7.0.2 allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive information or cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read and application crash) via a large bgd_color argument to the imagerotate function.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2016-1903"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-119"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2016-01-19T05:59:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The gdImageRotateInterpolated function in ext/gd/libgd/gd_interpolation.c in PHP before 5.5.31, 5.6.x before 5.6.17, and 7.x before 7.0.2 allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive information or cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read and application crash) via a large bgd_color argument to the imagerotate function.",
"id": "GHSA-xvcw-3rfr-7w27",
"modified": "2022-05-14T03:57:54Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T03:57:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-1903"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=70976"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://h20566.www2.hpe.com/portal/site/hpsc/public/kb/docDisplay?docId=emr_na-c05240731"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-updates/2016-01/msg00099.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-updates/2016-02/msg00037.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2016-2750.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2016/01/14/8"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.php.net/ChangeLog-5.php"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.php.net/ChangeLog-7.php"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/79916"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1034608"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.slackware.com/security/viewer.php?l=slackware-security\u0026y=2016\u0026m=slackware-security.461720"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/USN-2952-1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/USN-2952-2"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-XVF3-2285-FRHR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 03:24 – Updated: 2025-04-12 12:55wiretap/vwr.c in the VeriWave file parser in Wireshark 1.12.x before 1.12.9 and 2.0.x before 2.0.1 does not validate certain signature and Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) data, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read and application crash) via a crafted file.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2015-8726"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-119",
"CWE-20"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2016-01-04T05:59:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "wiretap/vwr.c in the VeriWave file parser in Wireshark 1.12.x before 1.12.9 and 2.0.x before 2.0.1 does not validate certain signature and Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) data, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read and application crash) via a crafted file.",
"id": "GHSA-xvf3-2285-frhr",
"modified": "2025-04-12T12:55:30Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T03:24:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-8726"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugs.wireshark.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=11789"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugs.wireshark.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=11791"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://code.wireshark.org/review/gitweb?p=wireshark.git%3Ba=commit%3Bh=185911de7d337246044c8e99da2f5b4bac74c0d5"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://code.wireshark.org/review/gitweb?p=wireshark.git%3Ba=commit%3Bh=b8fa3d463c1bdd9b84c897441e7a5c8ad1f0f292"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://code.wireshark.org/review/gitweb?p=wireshark.git;a=commit;h=185911de7d337246044c8e99da2f5b4bac74c0d5"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://code.wireshark.org/review/gitweb?p=wireshark.git;a=commit;h=b8fa3d463c1bdd9b84c897441e7a5c8ad1f0f292"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/201604-05"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.debian.org/security/2016/dsa-3505"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/topics/security/bulletinjan2016-2867206.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/79382"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1034551"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.wireshark.org/security/wnpa-sec-2015-44.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-XVFH-6P3W-W7RR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:54 – Updated: 2022-12-13 03:30Buffer overflow in McAfee Data Loss Prevention (DLPe) for Windows 11.x prior to 11.3.2.8 allows local user to cause the Windows operating system to "blue screen" via an encrypted message sent to DLPe which when decrypted results in DLPe reading unallocated memory.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-3634"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-119"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-08-21T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Buffer overflow in McAfee Data Loss Prevention (DLPe) for Windows 11.x prior to 11.3.2.8 allows local user to cause the Windows operating system to \"blue screen\" via an encrypted message sent to DLPe which when decrypted results in DLPe reading unallocated memory.",
"id": "GHSA-xvfh-6p3w-w7rr",
"modified": "2022-12-13T03:30:44Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:54:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-3634"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://kc.mcafee.com/corporate/index?page=content\u0026id=SB10295"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-XVG5-C6VG-6MFP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 00:55 – Updated: 2022-05-17 00:55Adobe Reader and Acrobat 9.x before 9.5.5, 10.x before 10.1.7, and 11.x before 11.0.03 allow attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2013-2718, CVE-2013-2719, CVE-2013-2720, CVE-2013-2722, CVE-2013-2723, CVE-2013-2725, CVE-2013-2726, CVE-2013-2731, CVE-2013-2732, CVE-2013-2734, CVE-2013-2735, CVE-2013-2736, CVE-2013-3337, CVE-2013-3338, CVE-2013-3339, CVE-2013-3340, and CVE-2013-3341.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2013-2721"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-119"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2013-05-16T11:45:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Adobe Reader and Acrobat 9.x before 9.5.5, 10.x before 10.1.7, and 11.x before 11.0.03 allow attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2013-2718, CVE-2013-2719, CVE-2013-2720, CVE-2013-2722, CVE-2013-2723, CVE-2013-2725, CVE-2013-2726, CVE-2013-2731, CVE-2013-2732, CVE-2013-2734, CVE-2013-2735, CVE-2013-2736, CVE-2013-3337, CVE-2013-3338, CVE-2013-3339, CVE-2013-3340, and CVE-2013-3341.",
"id": "GHSA-xvg5-c6vg-6mfp",
"modified": "2022-05-17T00:55:14Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T00:55:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2013-2721"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://oval.cisecurity.org/repository/search/definition/oval%3Aorg.mitre.oval%3Adef%3A16757"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2013-05/msg00004.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2013-0826.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://security.gentoo.org/glsa/glsa-201308-03.xml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.adobe.com/support/security/bulletins/apsb13-15.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
Mitigation MIT-3
Strategy: Language Selection
- Use a language that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, many languages that perform their own memory management, such as Java and Perl, are not subject to buffer overflows. Other languages, such as Ada and C#, typically provide overflow protection, but the protection can be disabled by the programmer.
- Be wary that a language's interface to native code may still be subject to overflows, even if the language itself is theoretically safe.
Mitigation MIT-4.1
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- Examples include the Safe C String Library (SafeStr) by Messier and Viega [REF-57], and the Strsafe.h library from Microsoft [REF-56]. These libraries provide safer versions of overflow-prone string-handling functions.
Mitigation MIT-10
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Use automatic buffer overflow detection mechanisms that are offered by certain compilers or compiler extensions. Examples include: the Microsoft Visual Studio /GS flag, Fedora/Red Hat FORTIFY_SOURCE GCC flag, StackGuard, and ProPolice, which provide various mechanisms including canary-based detection and range/index checking.
- D3-SFCV (Stack Frame Canary Validation) from D3FEND [REF-1334] discusses canary-based detection in detail.
Mitigation MIT-9
- Consider adhering to the following rules when allocating and managing an application's memory:
- Double check that the buffer is as large as specified.
- When using functions that accept a number of bytes to copy, such as strncpy(), be aware that if the destination buffer size is equal to the source buffer size, it may not NULL-terminate the string.
- Check buffer boundaries if accessing the buffer in a loop and make sure there is no danger of writing past the allocated space.
- If necessary, truncate all input strings to a reasonable length before passing them to the copy and concatenation functions.
Mitigation MIT-11
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Run or compile the software using features or extensions that randomly arrange the positions of a program's executable and libraries in memory. Because this makes the addresses unpredictable, it can prevent an attacker from reliably jumping to exploitable code.
- Examples include Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) [REF-58] [REF-60] and Position-Independent Executables (PIE) [REF-64]. Imported modules may be similarly realigned if their default memory addresses conflict with other modules, in a process known as "rebasing" (for Windows) and "prelinking" (for Linux) [REF-1332] using randomly generated addresses. ASLR for libraries cannot be used in conjunction with prelink since it would require relocating the libraries at run-time, defeating the whole purpose of prelinking.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-SAOR (Segment Address Offset Randomization) from D3FEND [REF-1335].
Mitigation MIT-12
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Use a CPU and operating system that offers Data Execution Protection (using hardware NX or XD bits) or the equivalent techniques that simulate this feature in software, such as PaX [REF-60] [REF-61]. These techniques ensure that any instruction executed is exclusively at a memory address that is part of the code segment.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-PSEP (Process Segment Execution Prevention) from D3FEND [REF-1336].
Mitigation MIT-13
Replace unbounded copy functions with analogous functions that support length arguments, such as strcpy with strncpy. Create these if they are not available.
CAPEC-10: Buffer Overflow via Environment Variables
This attack pattern involves causing a buffer overflow through manipulation of environment variables. Once the adversary finds that they can modify an environment variable, they may try to overflow associated buffers. This attack leverages implicit trust often placed in environment variables.
CAPEC-100: Overflow Buffers
Buffer Overflow attacks target improper or missing bounds checking on buffer operations, typically triggered by input injected by an adversary. As a consequence, an adversary is able to write past the boundaries of allocated buffer regions in memory, causing a program crash or potentially redirection of execution as per the adversaries' choice.
CAPEC-123: Buffer Manipulation
An adversary manipulates an application's interaction with a buffer in an attempt to read or modify data they shouldn't have access to. Buffer attacks are distinguished in that it is the buffer space itself that is the target of the attack rather than any code responsible for interpreting the content of the buffer. In virtually all buffer attacks the content that is placed in the buffer is immaterial. Instead, most buffer attacks involve retrieving or providing more input than can be stored in the allocated buffer, resulting in the reading or overwriting of other unintended program memory.
CAPEC-14: Client-side Injection-induced Buffer Overflow
This type of attack exploits a buffer overflow vulnerability in targeted client software through injection of malicious content from a custom-built hostile service. This hostile service is created to deliver the correct content to the client software. For example, if the client-side application is a browser, the service will host a webpage that the browser loads.
CAPEC-24: Filter Failure through Buffer Overflow
In this attack, the idea is to cause an active filter to fail by causing an oversized transaction. An attacker may try to feed overly long input strings to the program in an attempt to overwhelm the filter (by causing a buffer overflow) and hoping that the filter does not fail securely (i.e. the user input is let into the system unfiltered).
CAPEC-42: MIME Conversion
An attacker exploits a weakness in the MIME conversion routine to cause a buffer overflow and gain control over the mail server machine. The MIME system is designed to allow various different information formats to be interpreted and sent via e-mail. Attack points exist when data are converted to MIME compatible format and back.
CAPEC-44: Overflow Binary Resource File
An attack of this type exploits a buffer overflow vulnerability in the handling of binary resources. Binary resources may include music files like MP3, image files like JPEG files, and any other binary file. These attacks may pass unnoticed to the client machine through normal usage of files, such as a browser loading a seemingly innocent JPEG file. This can allow the adversary access to the execution stack and execute arbitrary code in the target process.
CAPEC-45: Buffer Overflow via Symbolic Links
This type of attack leverages the use of symbolic links to cause buffer overflows. An adversary can try to create or manipulate a symbolic link file such that its contents result in out of bounds data. When the target software processes the symbolic link file, it could potentially overflow internal buffers with insufficient bounds checking.
CAPEC-46: Overflow Variables and Tags
This type of attack leverages the use of tags or variables from a formatted configuration data to cause buffer overflow. The adversary crafts a malicious HTML page or configuration file that includes oversized strings, thus causing an overflow.
CAPEC-47: Buffer Overflow via Parameter Expansion
In this attack, the target software is given input that the adversary knows will be modified and expanded in size during processing. This attack relies on the target software failing to anticipate that the expanded data may exceed some internal limit, thereby creating a buffer overflow.
CAPEC-8: Buffer Overflow in an API Call
This attack targets libraries or shared code modules which are vulnerable to buffer overflow attacks. An adversary who has knowledge of known vulnerable libraries or shared code can easily target software that makes use of these libraries. All clients that make use of the code library thus become vulnerable by association. This has a very broad effect on security across a system, usually affecting more than one software process.
CAPEC-9: Buffer Overflow in Local Command-Line Utilities
This attack targets command-line utilities available in a number of shells. An adversary can leverage a vulnerability found in a command-line utility to escalate privilege to root.